Lokacin da masu cin nasara na Spain suka isa tsakiyar karni na 16 a kan katafaren filayen tudu mai duhu wanda ya zama yankin yamma na abin da ake kira Bolivia a yanzu, sun dakata na wani lokaci a wani wurin da ba shi da nisa da bakin wani babban kogi. A tsayin ƙafa 12,000 sun same shi yayi sanyi sosai, kuma sun kafa tushe na dindindin a cikin dangi na gangaren gangaren ƙasa kuma suka kafa birnin La Paz.
Kauyen El Alto da ke kan tudu mai tsayi, wanda shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya kasance gida ne kawai ga filin jirgin saman babban birnin kasar, a yanzu ya zama wata babbar birni mai yawan jama'ar Indiya kusan miliyan guda, wanda karfin tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi ya kora a can cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Tsarin tattalin arziki da aka fi sani da shi, wanda masana tattalin arzikin Amurka suka tsara a shekarun 1980, ya yi nasarar lalata tsarin noma na kasar da masana'antunta na haihuwa, tare da rufe ma'adinan kwano mallakin gwamnati - wanda ya kasance tushen arzikin kasar Spain. Wannan bala’i da ake hasashen ya kawo dubban ɗaruruwan marasa aikin yi amma iyalai masu siyasa da yawa su zauna a ƙofar babban birnin, daga inda suka iya riƙe shi don fansa yadda suke so. Wasu kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙananan yankuna na ƙasar, zuwa Chapare, don shuka amfanin gona mai riba na ganyen coca, tushen hodar iblis.
Hanya ɗaya ce ta haɗa La Paz da duniyar waje, kuma tun tsakiyar watan Mayu ne Indiyawan El Alto masu fushi ke sarrafa shi. Kowane babban birni a Latin Amurka iri ɗaya ne: ƙaramin yanki na gata mara imani da ke kewaye da babban gulbi na talauci. Amma babu inda wannan rikici na al'adu ya kasance mai haske, mai ban mamaki kuma mai ban sha'awa kamar tsakanin kogin La Paz mai arziki, gida ga magada na asali fararen mazauna, da kuma tudu mai daskarewa na El Alto, wanda ke dauke da iska mai karewa. ƴan asalin ƙasar da aka kwace.
Bukatun Indiyawan sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ba sa maganar aiki ko abinci, ilimi ko lafiya. Suna da buƙatu guda biyu ne kawai: sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda zai amince da ɓangaren da ya kamata su taka a cikin gwamnatin ƙasar (wanda suke samar da fiye da kashi 60% na al'ummar miliyan 8), da kuma komawa hannun 'yan adawa. jihar ma'adanar man fetur da iskar gas ta kasar.
An ba da man fetur a Bolivia na farko a cikin 1937, shekara guda kafin a kwashe rijiyoyin Mexico da suka kasance na Lord Cowdray, kuma a cikin 1970. Harsashi na kamfanin jihar, YPFB, har yanzu yana wanzu, kuma yawancin Bolivia sun kasance masu adawa da ikon mallakar kasashen waje. amma kamfanonin mai masu zaman kansu sun yi ta dawowa. Lokacin da aka gano babban tanadin iskar gas a cikin 1990s, kimanin ƙafa biliyan 50 a ƙiyasin ƙarshe, Bolivia ta zama mafi kyawun gani ga mafarauta na waje, ajiyar ta na biyu kawai ga na Venezuela.
Gwamnati da kamfanonin (British Gas da Spain's Repsol a cikinsu) sun yi sha'awar fitar da iskar gas daga ƙasa zuwa gabar teku, don jigilar su zuwa California. Wasu, musamman masu magana da yawun mafi yawan Indiyawa, sun yi tunanin cewa iskar gas zai fi kyau a yi amfani da shi don iza ci gaban masana'antu na Bolivia. Yunkurin gwamnati na tabbatar da fitar da iskar gas ta hanyar Chile, abokan gaba na gargajiya na Bolivia (tun daga lokacin, a cikin 1880s, Chilean sun kwace yankin da bututun iskar gas zai gudana), ya ƙare a cikin Oktoba 2003 lokacin da zanga-zangar El Alto ta jagoranci. don hambarar da shugaba Sanchez de Losada, zababben shugaban kasar Bolivia na karshe. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan makon sun kasance kusan madaidaicin maimaitawa, tare da murabus din shugaban tazarar tazarar, Carlos Mesa, bayan da aka dade ana zanga-zangar Indiya tare da toshe hanyoyin da gwamnatinsa ta yi a kasar. An bukaci wani sabon abu.
Babban jarumin da ya fito a mataki na gaba na wasan kwaikwayo na Bolivia shine Evo Morales, ɗan ƙasar Indiya Aymara daga tudu mai tudu wanda ya zama mai shirya masu noman koko a cikin Chapare, a cikin ruwan Amazon. Daga wannan tushe na ƙauyen da ba su da ƙasa da kuma siyasa na tsoffin masu hakar gwangwani, ya zama ɗan ƙasa, yana mai alaƙa da maganganun gurguzu na al'adun gargajiyar Bolivia da ya bar sabon harshe na ƴan asalin ƙasar, yanzu ya tashi da fushi.
Wani mutum mai shekaru 40, mai hagu mai tsananin fara'a da kwarjini, Morales ne ke jagorantar kungiyar Movement Towards Socialism, kuma mai fafutuka ne mai goyon bayan Cuban Castro. Shi ne kuma ɗan Hugo Chavez na Venezuela da aka fi so, wanda babban burinsa shi ne ya kwaikwayi juyin juya halin Simón BolÃvar, ɗan Venezuelan wanda ya 'yantar da ƙasashen Andes daga ikon Spain a cikin 1820s kuma sunansa ya mutu a cikin na Bolivia. Amurkawa sun zargi Chavez da ba wa Morales taimako a zaben shugaban kasa a 2002 (wanda ya zo na biyu), kuma wannan ba zai zama sabon abu ba tunda duk jam'iyyun Bolivia sun dogara ne da masu goyon bayan waje, daga Turai ko Amurka. Ko shakka babu Morales ya dauki leda daga littafin Chavez na neman a gudanar da taron kundin tsarin mulkin kasar don tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Wannan ita ce nasarar da Chavez ya samu a shekarar 1999, inda ya zamanantar da kasar tare da mayar da kasar gaba daya, kafin dakarun adawa su tashi tsaye domin hana shi.
Rikicin da ya kunno kai a daren ranar Alhamis, yayin da majalisar ta yi taro don amincewa da murabus din shugaba Mesa a tsohuwar babban birnin mulkin mallaka na Sucre (daga masu zanga-zanga a La Paz), nasara ce ga Indiyawa. Hatsarin ya kasance fadar shugaban kasa ta fada hannun Hormando Vaca DÃaz, shugaban majalisar dattijai kuma hamshakin attajirin nan farar fata daga yankin gabas mai karamin karfi, wanda ya shafi birnin Santa Cruz. Ya samu goyon bayan manyan jam'iyyu a majalisa amma Indiyawa sun yi adawa da shi. Wurin da ke kusa da Santa Cruz shi ne babban mai samar da arziki a ƙasar, tare da filayen noma na waken soya a saman ƙasa, da mai da iskar gas a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan ita ce ƙasar wasu fararen fata na baya-bayan nan, masu arziki da wariyar launin fata, waɗanda ke adawa da fitowar siyasa na mafi yawan Indiyawa a cikin manyan ƙasashe na yamma, da kuma tsayin daka na Indiya da ya fito don kalubalanci su a cikin ƙananan wurare. Kungiyar jiga-jigan farar fata na neman 'yancin cin gashin kai - wasu ma suna jayayyar samun 'yancin kai - kuma ba tare da wani bangare ba ta yi kira da a gudanar da zaben raba gardama kan wannan batu a cikin watan Agusta.
Kowa ya san cewa Vaca DÃaz bai yarda da Indiyawa ba kuma, saboda matsin lamba daga shugabannin sojoji da cocin Katolika, ya ƙi aikin. Haka ma Mario Cossio, zabi na biyu na tsarin mulki. Ya fadi ga na uku, Eduardo RodrÃguez, shugaban kotun koli kuma mutumin da ba shi da alaka da siyasa, ya dauki wannan kalubale. Za a sake gudanar da sabon zabe kafin karshen shekara, kuma bukatar Morales na gudanar da babban taro na kan gaba.
Idan a karshe Morales ya zama zababben shugaban kasar Bolivia, za a canza dukkan dangantakar dakaru a kasashen Andes, tun da kwatankwacin kungiyoyin 'yan asalin kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su suna neman rabonsu na mulki. Amma duk da haka an sami wayewar qarya da yawa. Lura da abubuwan da suka faru a Bolivia, wani gogaggen ɗan Brazil ya ba da shawarar, kamar 'kallon jirgin ƙasa na tarihi yana wucewa a lokuta da yawa ba tare da Indiyawa sun sami tikitin hawa' ba. Ba tun karshen karni na 18 ba irin wannan tashin hankalin ya afku a tsakanin 'yan asalin nahiyar. Wannan lokacin abubuwa na iya bambanta.
Littafin Richard Gott, Hugo Chavez da juyin juya halin Bolivarian, Verso ne zai buga a watan Yuli. [email kariya]
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