Ga mafi yawan masu fafutuka, an ba da cewa injin farfaganda mara jinkiri da aka sani da manyan kafofin watsa labarai shine shingen bayyane da bayyane ga ci gaban zamantakewa. Don haka yana da mahimmanci fiye da kowane lokaci cewa al'umma masu ci gaba suna aiki tare da haɗin kai don sake fasalin manyan kafofin watsa labaru, da ƙarfafa madadin kafofin watsa labaru waɗanda masu fafutuka suka dogara da su don samun labarai, ƙarfafawa da nishaɗi. [1]
Taimako ga madadin kafofin watsa labaru yawanci yana zuwa ne ta hanyar kuɗi, ko taimako na son rai: duk da haka a raina, yana da daidai, idan ba mafi mahimmanci ba cewa masu karatu, masu kallo da masu sauraro, ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa madadin hanyoyin dabarun watsa labarai ta hanyar gabatar da su. shi zuwa tunani (marasa hankali) zargi. Ƙungiyoyi kamar Medialens (wani mai sa ido kan kafofin watsa labarai na Biritaniya) sun bi hanyar inganta wannan burin na al'umma, saboda a cikin shekaru bakwai da suka gabata suna fallasa hanyoyin da ba su da hankali na Herman da Tsarin Farfaganda na Chomsky a cikin babban ci gaba. kafafen yada labarai (the Guardian, Independentda BBC). [2] Irin wannan ƙungiyoyin sa ido ba lallai ne a buƙaci madadin kafofin watsa labarai ba, amma irin waɗannan maganganun da ke gudana kamar waɗanda aka bayar. Medialens da magoya bayansu na ƴan ƙasa zasu iya taimakawa kawai inganta ingancin madadin kafofin watsa labarai. Amma abin takaici ko da yake, da alama duk masu fafutuka suna sadaukar da kusan dukkan karfinsu da dukiyoyinsu don yin fatali da fallasa magudi da karya na Dama, ba don kiyaye mutuncin Hagu ba. Wani abin al'ajabi shi ne yadda al'umma masu ci gaba suka tsayar da manufofin ci gaba na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda ya bar masu sukar su fallasa munanan ayyukan adawa da dimokuradiyya na tushe masu sassaucin ra'ayi a gefen har ma da madadin kafofin watsa labarai - wanda kuma abin takaici ma. ya faru ya dogara sosai kan tallafi daga tushe masu sassaucin ra'ayi. [3]
Dama duk da haka, cikin sauri ya ɗauki ainihin raunin dabara na Hagu, kuma ya ƙaddamar da motsi mai tsauri guda biyu a kansu. Za a iya siffanta jigon farko da mafi kyawun rubuce-rubuce a matsayin ‘bad’ ɗaya, kuma ya haɗa da ayyuka na ɓoye, ɓarna, tilastawa da rashin ƙarfi; amma watakila makamin da ya fi dacewa shi ne fafutukar da suke yi na zaman lafiya, 'yancin dan adam da dimokuradiyya, ko kuma abin da za a iya kiransa da ''kyakkyawa'' ko 'demokradiyya'. Misali na baya-bayan nan na nasarar wannan dabara ta dimokuradiyya ta bayyana kanta kwanan nan a cikin fitowar Fall 2006 na ɗaya daga cikin mujallun ci gaba na Amurka. Manufofin zamantakewa. Labarin da ake tambaya an yi masa taken ''Wasa Filin: Tattaunawa tare da Ivan Marovic, Hardy Merriman, da Steve York’, kuma ya dogara ne akan sa hannun ukun da aka yi hira da su wajen samar da wasan kwamfuta mai fafutuka na ci gaba ( wanda aka saki a cikin Fabrairu 2006). Ba tare da sanin alaƙar ƙungiyoyin waɗanda aka yi hira da su ba, mai karanta labarin na yau da kullun ba zai ga wani abu mara kyau ba a cikin batun. Wannan saboda ga dukkan alamu wasan da ake magana a kai ya bayyana yana tattare da ƙoƙarin majagaba don amfani da ikon (sau da yawa masu adawa da demokraɗiyya) da tasirin wasannin kwamfuta don ƙarfafa masu fafutuka su yi tunani da dabaru game da amfani da juriya mara tashin hankali. Don haka wasan ya bayyana yana cikin jerin wasannin kwamfuta kaɗan kawai waɗanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya maimakon ma'auni na banki.
Sunan wannan sabon wasan da ake ganin yana samun ci gaba shine Ƙarfin Ƙarfi: Wasan Dabarun Ƙarfi, wanda ya dogara ne akan littafin Forcearfi Powerarfi Mai :arfi: uryarni na Rikice-rikicewar Rashin Addini (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000). Har ila yau, littafin ya kasance gabanin samar da jerin shirye-shirye na sassa biyu, wanda aka fitar a cikin 1999, suna tafiya da suna guda, kuma aka watsa akan PBS a shekara mai zuwa. Yanzu da aka ɗauka cewa littafin, fim, da wasan sun kasance daidai a tarihi kuma suna da amfani ga masu fafutuka masu ci gaba, shin yana da mahimmanci cewa mutanen da ke da hannu wajen samar da waɗannan albarkatun suna da alaƙa ta kut da kut da National Endowment for Democracy (NED) da yawancin Amurka- tushen ‘ haɓaka dimokuradiyya’ kafa? Ina ba da shawarar cewa amsar wannan tambayar ita ce e, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar suna da mahimmanci.
Ga masu karatu waɗanda ba su saba da NED da ƙungiyoyin adawa da dimokuradiyya ba, to taƙaitaccen gabatarwar aikin Farfesa William I. Robinson yana cikin tsari. A taqaice dai, ya yi hasashen cewa, sakamakon yadda jama’a suka nuna adawa da gwamnatin Amurka na danniya da manufofin ketare a cikin shekarun 1970, manufofin ketare da suka sanya zababbun manyan zababbun zavavvuvvuvvuvvuvvuvvuvvuvuvvuví ga ginshikan ‘matsala. gwamnatoci ta hanyar dabarun magudi na ƙungiyoyin jama'a. A cikin 1984, an kafa wannan sabon tunani tare da ƙirƙirar ƙugiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta, National Endowment for Democracy, wacce ke aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar daidaitawa don ingantattun kuɗaɗen ‘sabon ra'ayin dimokraɗiyya' ƙungiyoyi kamar USAID da USAID. CIA. Yin aiki kafada da kafada da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin dimokraɗiyya suna amfani da dabarun ɓoyayyiya da fayyace don shiga tsakani “a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗimbin jama'a don tabbatar da mulkin demokraɗiyya da tsarin dimokraɗiyya na ƙarshe… ta hanyar ɗimbin hanyoyin siyasa, tattalin arziki, soja, diflomasiyya da akida. € . [4] Robinson ya lura da babban burin irin waɗannan ‘ haɓaka dimokraɗiyya' ƙungiyoyi shine haɓaka tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya ko ƙaramin ƙarfi a kan ƙarin ingantattun tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya, yana ba da damar “Masanya hanyoyin tilastawa na kula da al'umma tare da masu yarda. .†[5] Littafinsa na farko a kan wannan batu. Inganta Polyarchy (1996), ya ba da cikakken bincike game da rawar da ƙungiyoyin inganta dimokraɗiyya na tushen Amurka ke takawa wajen zagon mulkin dimokuradiyya a Nicaragua, Philippines, Chile da Haiti. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bincike da yawa sun goyi bayan bincikensa, suna ba da ƙarin misalan shisshigin dimokraɗiyya da ba a so a duk faɗin duniya. [6]
Don haka komawa ga wasan kwamfuta, jayayya na ne cewa yana da mahimmanci cewa mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin reincarnations daban-daban na Forcearfi mafi .arfi suna da alaƙa sosai da taron NED.
Za a iya yin wani batu cewa zai zama da kyau a yi amfani da albarkatun masu fafutuka da littafin ya tanadar da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, muddin masu fafutuka suna amfani da su waɗanda suka samar da su da kuma dalilin da ya sa. Daga nan ne kawai za a iya tantance kayan da kuma amfani da su yadda ya kamata. Duk da haka, idan masu fafutuka suka yi amfani da kuma tallata albarkatun da ba su san tushensu na adawa da dimokuradiyya ba, waɗannan masu fafutuka za su kasance cikin haɗari na yin abin da ba a sani ba ‘yan kasuwan ƙwayoyin cuta’ don samfurori na asali masu ban sha'awa, da kuma halatta ayyukan da aka yi a kaikaice. Kafa dimokuradiyya.
Abin takaici, wannan shine halin da ake ciki Manufofin zamantakewa ta tsinci kanta a ciki, wato tana matsayin masu tallata ‘ masu tallata dimokuradiyya’ Duk da haka, dangane da wannan. Manufofin zamantakewa ba shi kadai ba, kamar yadda ko da daya daga cikin masu horar da masu fafutuka masu ci gaba, George Lakey (wanda ya kafa Horowa da Canji na Amurka), yana nuni ga masu fafutuka kan muhimmancin Forcearfi mafi .arfi don haka yana taimakawa wajen halatta aikinsu. [7] Har zuwa yau kawai Jonathan Mowat (2005) ya ja hankali ga ‘ haɓaka dimokuradiyya' takaddun shaida na Ƙarfin Ƙarfi marubuta. Don haka, wannan labarin zai zurfafa sukar da ya yi kan mutanen da ke da alaƙa da wannan littafi, a ƙoƙarinsa na fallasa yadda ‘ masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya suka shiga cikin zuciyar masu fafutukar ci gaba da dabarun tunani.
Forcearfi mafi .arfi: Littafin da Marubutansa
Marubuta biyu na Forcearfi mafi .arfi Peter Ackerman da Jack DuVall. Haɗa marubutan biyu zuwa ga al'ummar ‘ haɓaka dimokraɗiyya abu ne mai sauƙi kamar yadda mafi yawan ayyukan masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya ke nufin cewa marubutan suna jin 'yanci su fito fili su bayyana alaƙarsu ta dimokraɗiyya. akan intanet. Dr Ackerman shi ne shugaban cibiyar kasa da kasa kan rikice-rikicen da ba na tashin hankali ba (ICNC), shugaban Freedom House, kuma memba a Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Amurka na Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka (USIP). [8] Mawallafinsa, Jack DuVall, shine shugaban kasa kuma wanda ya kafa Daraktan ICNC, kuma mamba ne na Cibiyar Arlington. [9]
ICNC, wacce duka Ackerman da DuVall sune daraktocin kafa, ta bayyana kanta a matsayin “wata mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, gidauniyar ilimi wacce ke haɓakawa da ƙarfafa nazari da amfani da tushen farar hula, dabarun da ba na soja ba don kafawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, dimokiradiyya. da adalci a duk duniya.†[10] Amma duk da haka kamar yadda zai bayyana daga baya, sunan kungiyarsu ya karyata ainihin manufarta da ba a bayyana ba, wato taimakawa wajen inganta juyin juya hali a kasashe masu amfani da yanayin kasa. Yin la'akari da wannan, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yawancin shugabannin ICNV na rashin tashin hankali an horar da su a cikin zuciyar masana'antun soja-masana'antu: ICNV Mataimakin Shugaban Berel Rodal, tsohon Darakta-Janar na Sakatariyar Siyasa a Sashen. na National Defence; Manajan Cibiyar Ilimi ta ICNV, Dokta Maria J. Stephan, ta yi aiki “a Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka da ma'aikatan duniya a hedkwatar NATO a Brussels†; da Shaazka Beyerle (tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa ya zama babban mai ba da shawara na ICNV), shi ne mataimakin shugaban Cibiyar Turai.
Ƙungiyoyin Cibiyar Turai mafi ban sha'awa sun haɗa da: memba na kwamitin Dr. Darakta Emeriti, Robert B. Zoellick, wanda ya kasance mai rattaba hannu kan aikin 26 ga Janairu, 1998 don sabuwar wasiƙar karnin Amurka da aka aika wa Shugaba Clinton; da kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari, Ambasada Robert E. Hunter, wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Al'ummar Dimokuradiyya kuma yana aiki a matsayin Babban Mashawarci na kasa da kasa ga manyan kera makamai a duniya, Lockheed Martin. [11]
Manufofin zamantakewa An yi hira da Hardy Merriman kwanan nan ya zama Daraktan Tsare-tsare da Bincike a ICNV, yana zuwa daga shekaru uku a Cibiyar Albert Einstein (AEI), ƙungiyar da Dr Ackerman ya kasance tsohon darekta. [12] Tsohon ma'aikacin Merriman, AEI, ya fito fili ya yarda da tallafin kuɗi da suka samu daga NED, USIP, da Cibiyar Republican ta Duniya, kuma tana aiki kafada da kafada da ICNV tana ba da ƙa'idodin ka'idoji don haɓaka dimokuradiyya. Aikin kafa €™, yana taimaka musu samar da kwasa-kwasan horo a duk faɗin duniya ga masu fafutuka da ke neman hambarar da gwamnatocinsu. [13] A ƙarshe, magajin Merriman a ICNV, Kim Hedge, yanzu ya shiga Freedom House - kakan neoconservative ‘ ƙungiyoyin inganta dimokuradiyya – a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Shirye-shiryen su na Shirin Tattaunawar Jama'a.
Da take rubutawa a watan Janairun 2007, Diana Barahona ta bayyana kwamitin amintattu na Freedom House, wanda Dr Ackerman kuma yake shugabanta, a matsayin “Wane ne na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya daga gwamnati, kasuwanci, ilimi, kwadago, da kuma manema labarai.†[14] Duk da haka duk da tsananin bangaranci na amintattun nasu, gidan ƴancin da suka yi ikirarin kansa har yanzu yana nuna cewa yana da “Hukumar Amintattu, wanda ya haɗa da 'yan Democrat, 'yan Republican da masu zaman kansu.†. amintattu tabbas ‘ dabam-dabam neâ€; na’am dukkansu suna rike da ayyuka daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da “Shugabannin kasuwanci da na kwadago, da tsofaffin manyan jami'an gwamnati, masana, marubuta, da 'yan jarida†, amma a hakikanin gaskiya bambancinsu ya ta'allaka ne ga matsayin aikinsu domin dukkansu sun himmatu wajen aiwatar da wata manufa ta noman ra'ayin mazan jiya da cewa. in ambato gidan yanar gizon su, bai ga wani abin mamaki ba wajen kallon “Shugabancin Amurka a cikin harkokin kasa da kasa [ya zama] muhimmaci ga fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da 'yanci." na yin biyayya ga wuraren da jama'a suka fahimce gaskiya da daidaito, wanda shi kansa ya samar da ma'auni mai fa'ida ta yadda za a yi la'akari da gaskiyar shawarar dimokuradiyya da 'yanci.
Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe ta haɓaka dimokuradiyya wacce Ackerman ke da alaƙa kai tsaye, ita ce USIP, wacce kamar Freedom House memba ce ta na'urorin haɓaka dimokraɗiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 1990, labarin da Diana Barahona ya rubuta akan Freedom House, Richard Hatch da Sara Diamond sun bayyana USIP a matsayin “wuri na ƙwararrun masu yaƙi†tare da kwamitin gudanarwa wanda “ yayi kama da Wanene wanda ke da ra'ayin dama na ilimi da Pentagon.†[16] Sun ci gaba da lura cewa:
Kamar dai yadda ba da tallafin dimokuradiyya na kasa ya zama babban makami don inganta jam'iyyun siyasa, kungiyoyin kwadago, da muryoyin kafofin watsa labarai wadanda masu tsara manufofin kasashen waje biyu, USIP, suka amince da su, ta yin amfani da irin wannan furuci na ‘ zaman lafiya’ da ‘ dimokuradiyya’ da kuma da yawa daga cikin masana tsaro da aka sake yin amfani da su, suna neman sarrafa muhawara da yanke shawara kan warware rikici.
A yau USIP har yanzu tana shagaltuwa wajen inganta tsarinta na “salama” da sojoji suka amince da su, duk da haka sabanin NED ba su samu wani zargi daga kafafen yada labarai masu ci gaba ba. Abin mamaki, kawai wanda aka ambata labarin Hatch da Diamond ya soki aikinsu. Wannan kuwa duk da cewa hukumar gudanarwarsu a halin yanzu tana gida ne ga ‘yan dimokuradiyya kamar tsohon darektan CIA James R. Schlesinger; Chester A. Crocker, Shugaban James R. Schlesinger a Nazarin Dabarun a Jami'ar Georgetown; Charles Horner, Babban Babban Jami'in Cibiyar Hudson na dama; kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa na baya-bayan nan, Seymour Martin Lipset wanda shi ma yana Cibiyar Hudson. (A bayyane yake binciken da ke kawo binciken Hatch da Diamond's na zamani zai yi amfani da mahimmin manufa don taimakawa ƙungiyar antiwar ta adawa da USIP.)
A cikin 1989, marubucin Dokta Ackerman Jack Duvall ya taimaka wajen samo wani sanannen cibiyar bincike mai haɓaka dimokuradiyya, Cibiyar Arlington. Kamar da yawa daga cikin mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin ƙungiyoyin dimokuradiyya da suka gabata babban mutumin da ke da hannu a wannan harkar, John L. Petersen, soja ne a kai a kai, [17] kuma cibiyar tana alfahari a tsakanin waɗanda suka kafa ta tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar. CIA, James Woolsey. [18] Bugu da ƙari, shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Arlington ya lura cewa sun ƙware “a cikin tunani game da makomar duniya da ƙoƙarin yin tasiri cikin sauri, canji mai kyau†, wanda ke da alaƙa da kyau tare da bayanin Jonathan Mowat na Cibiyar Arlington a matsayin masu dabaru. ga sabon juyin mulkin bayan zamani. [19]
Baya ga duka marubutan Forcearfi mafi .arfi Kasancewa kai tsaye tare da ƙungiyoyin haɓaka dimokuradiyya, Dr Ackerman kuma yana amfana daga haɗin gwiwar matarsa na dimokuradiyya. Joanne Leedom-Ackerman marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan sigar shirin littafin mijinta. A halin yanzu ita ce darekta na Cibiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta Duniya (wanda ke karɓar kuɗi daga NED, Cibiyar Kasuwancin Masu zaman kansu, Boeing da Coca-Cola, da dai sauransu), kuma ta yi aiki a hukumar Albert Einstein. [20] Joanne kuma darakta ce ta wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira International Crisis Group, wadda ta bayyana matsayinta na farko a matsayin “aiki ta hanyar bincike-bincike da kuma ba da shawara mai girma don hanawa da warware rikici mai muni. € [21] Ba kamar NED ba wannan rukuni na haƙiƙa ne na ‘dimokraɗiyya†‘dimokiradiyya’ kamar yadda gwamnatoci, gidauniyoyi da kamfanoni iri-iri da ke tallafawa ayyukansu suka tabbatar. [22] A Ƙungiyar Rikicin Ƙasashen Duniya, Joanne tana shafa kafadun ɗakin kwana tare da ‘dimokiradiyya’ sanannun kamar: Ayo Obe, Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya ta NED; Kenneth Adelman, mamban kwamitin a Freedom House; Daraktan NED Morton Abramowitz; tsohon daraktocin NED, Zbigniew Brzezinski da Wesley Kanne Clark; George Soros na Budaddiyar Cibiyar Jama'a; Douglas Schoen, abokin tarayya na Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates (kamfanin da ke aiki tare da NED); da tsohon shugaban Philippines Fidel V. Ramos, wanda shi kansa ya ci moriyar juyin juya halin NED da aka sace a karshen shekarun 1980. [23]
Duk da masaniyar Ackerman da DuVall tare da tarihin rashin tashin hankali da haɗin gwiwa tare da taron NED, suna ba da zaɓin ƙwaƙwalwar zaɓi na abokan hulɗarsu na dimokraɗiyya idan ya zo ga aikinsu - kawai ambaton NED da USIP a cikin wucewa a cikin littafin su. Sakin layi na kaɗaici da suke ba wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi yana da ban sha'awa musamman, yayin da suke gabatar da huɗu daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya na Amurka ba tare da nuna muhimmiyar rawar da suke takawa wajen aiwatar da manufofin gwamnatin Amurka na ketare ba. Sakin layi daya da ake magana a kai ya kuma fara ne da wata sanarwa mai ban sha'awa game da goyon bayan Amurka ga masu adawa da Serbia, ta hanyar lura cewa a cikin 2000 “tallafin, wanda aka ki amincewa da 'yan adawar Serbia a da, yanzu ya fara kwarara.†[24] Hakika, ko da yake goyon bayan kai tsaye. ga kungiyoyi irin su Otpor mai yiwuwa sun fi karfi a cikin 2000 (kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci), goyon bayan Amurka da sauran al'ummar duniya masu inganta dimokuradiyya sun kasance suna ambaliya cikin Serbia a cikin shekarun 1990s. Ackerman da DuVall su ma sun ba da hujjojin da kansu a cikin littafi guda, yayin da suka lura cewa a cikin 1998 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da dala miliyan 15 ga kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu a Sabiya†da kuma lokacin zaben 2000 “[w]ith goyon bayan kasashen waje, an horar da wasu masu sa ido kan zabe 30,000, an tattara su, aka kuma fantsama zuwa wuraren zabe 10,000, don hana Milosevic satar zaben ranar 24 ga Satumba.†[25]
Yawancin masu sharhi kan harkokin siyasa da malaman kafofin watsa labaru sun lura cewa a fili yake cewa kafofin watsa labaru masu zaman kansu a Serbia “suka sauƙaƙe tsarin mulki tare da share hanyar dimokuradiyya.†[26] Saboda haka, taimakon duniya don ƙirƙirar Asocijacija Nezavisnih Elektronskih Medija (Asocijacija Nezavisnih Elektronskih Medija) Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarun Lantarki Mai Zaman Kanta) wadda aka kafa a cikin 1993, ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar kafofin watsa labaru na lantarki mai zaman kanta ta Serbia bayan 1998, saboda ya taimaka wajen kare yawancin masu watsa shirye-shirye daga zalunci na jihohi. [27] A zahiri, a farkon shekarun 1990s al'ummomin duniya sun ba da tsakanin dalar Amurka miliyan 7-10 ga tsohuwar Yugoslavia don wannan burin, yayin da bayan 1995 Amurka ta ba da ƙarin dalar Amurka miliyan 23 kuma Tarayyar Turai ta ƙara wannan da ƙarin Euro miliyan 17. . [28]
Sakin layi na Ackerman da DuVall's NED ya ci gaba:
Otpor da sauran ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da gwamnati sun sami tallafin kuɗi daga National Endowment for Democracy, mai alaƙa da gwamnatin Amurka, kuma shugabannin Otpor sun zauna tare da Daniel Serwer, darektan shirye-shirye na Balkan a Cibiyar Aminci ta Amurka, wanda labarinsa ya sa hayaki mai sa hawaye. a lokacin zanga-zangar kin jinin Vietnam ya ba shi tabbaci na musamman a idanunsu. Cibiyar Republican ta kasa da kasa, wacce kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da tallafi [a matsayin daya daga cikin masu bayar da tallafi na NED guda hudu], ta ba da tallafi ga 'yan adawa kuma ta gana da shugabannin Otpor sau da yawa. Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka, wadda ita ce mabubbugar mafi yawan wannan kudade, ita ma ta kasance tushen kudaden da aka je neman kayan kamar t-shirts da lambobi. [29]
Don ba wa marubutan yabo, a shafin da ya gabata sun lura cewa akwai Freedom House (ko da yake ita ce kawai ambaton ta a cikin littafinsu), yayin da suka rubuta cewa Otpor:
…Ingantacciyar ilimin yadda ake haɓaka ƙarfin tashin hankali bai da hankali. Miljenko Dereta, darektan wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Belgrade mai suna Civics Initiatives, ya sami kuɗi daga Freedom House a Amurka don bugawa da rarraba kwafin 5,000 na littafin Gene Sharp, Daga Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. [30]
Marubutan biyu sun nuna rashin damuwa game da yin tambayoyi game da rawar da manyan masu goyan bayan juyin juya hali da dama da suka yi nasara tun farkon shekarun 1980 suna da ma'ana yayin da aka fahimci cewa USIP ta taimaka wajen samar da sigar daftarin aiki na littafin. York Zimmerman, Inc. da WETA na Washington (wanda Duvall ya taba zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Albarkatun Shirye-shirye) don PBS. [31]
Fina-finan juyin juya hali?
Samar da lambar yabo ta PBS na Ackerman da littafin DuVall Forcearfi mafi .arfi Steve York ne ya jagoranci kuma ya samar da shi (daya daga cikin wadanda aka yi hira da su a cikin Manufofin zamantakewa labarin) na York Zimmerman, Inc. tare da karimci $3 miliyan da kasafin kuɗi. [32] Steve York da matarsa Miriam Zimmerman – Dukansu ƴan fim ɗin sun shahara sosai – shugaban York Zimmerman, wani kamfani ne na kafofin watsa labarai na Washington wanda ke samar da shirye-shirye game da mutane da ra'ayoyin da ke canza duniya. "Labarun yaki, bangaskiya, adalci, juyin juya hali." [33] York Zimmerman's biyu na baya-bayan nan takardun shaida sune Forcearfi mafi .arfi (wanda aka watsa akan PBS a watan Satumba 2000) da Kawo Karshen Mulki (wanda aka nuna akan PBS a watan Maris 2002). Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, na farko Documentary, Forcearfi mafi .arfi, sun sami tallafin kuɗi daga USIP, amma Ackerman da DuVall kuma sun yarda cewa fim ɗin ya yiwu ta hanyar “ goyan bayan haske na Susan da Perry Lerner, Cibiyar Albert Einstein, Elizabeth da John H. van Merkensteijn III, Abby da Alan Levy , da Arthur Vining Davis Foundations.†[34]
Perry Lerner, wanda ke aiki tare da Ackerman a kamfani mai zaman kansa na Crown Capital Group, da John H. van Merkensteijn III duk suna da alaƙa da Lester Wunderman's kai tsaye marketing database m, I-Behavior Inc. – Lerner a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma van Merkensteijn a matsayin darekta. Lester Wunderman an fi saninsa da kafa Wunderman, “Hukumar tallata tallace-tallacen kai tsaye ta duniya.†[35] Saboda haka watakila ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ƙwararrun sha'awarsu ga magudin dimokuradiyya (I-Behavior yana alfahari da samun bayanan da ke ɗauke da miliyan 96). Gidajen Amurka) ya jagoranci su zuwa aikin Ackerman. [36]
Abin damuwa, tun lokacin da aka saki fim din Forcearfi mafi .arfi Masu fafutuka na gaske da ‘ haɓaka dimokuradiyya’ sun sami karbuwa cikin farin ciki. Alal misali, a cikin 2005, Franklin Foer ya ba da rahoton cewa “[t] shekaru da suka gabata, an fassara fina-finan [Ackerman] zuwa Farsi†da “[f] ko kuma na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, idan kun karɓi Los Angeles. Har ila yau, labarin Foer ya kara fadada kan alakar Iran, yana mai cewa Ackerman ya yi aiki tare da [shugaban AEI] Bob Helvey don horar da Iraniyawan Amurkawa [sic] ], da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aiki ga Reza Pahlavi, ɗan tsohon shah.†[37] Ba zato ba tsammani, Pahlavi kuma ya faru da gudanar da Foundation for Promotion of Democracy, kungiyar da ta fassara da kuma yada biyu documentaries, Forcearfi mafi .arfi da kuma Kawo saukar da Dambe ga kasuwar Iran. [38] Bugu da ƙari kuma, duk da cewa gidan yanar gizon Mu'assasar ya ba da ƙarin bayani kaɗan, amma sun lura cewa “Ƙungiyar 'yar'uwarsu’ Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Iran tana da burin inganta dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam da “tattalin arzikin 'yantacciyar kasuwa a Iran. [39] Wannan bayanin yana da alaƙa da yunƙurin gwamnatin Amurka na baya-bayan nan don korar gwamnatin Iran daga ciki (ta amfani da rashin biyayya) kuma ba tare da (amfani da barazanar yaƙi). [40] Bugu da ƙari, Foer ya bayyana cewa Ackerman ya kasance “ gabatar da Ackerman ga al'ummar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Iran ta hanyar Dr. Azar Nafisi – farfesa a jami'ar Johns Hopkins wanda ke kan littafan kamfanin hulda da jama'a na Neoconservative, Benador Associates. . [41] Wannan yana da ban sha'awa musamman yayin da Dokta Nafisi ma'aikaciyar Gidauniyar Nazarin Iran ce, ƙungiyar da babban daraktarta, Ms. Mahnaz Afkhami, ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar ilmantarwa na mata da NED ke tallafawa wanda ta kafa. Madam Afkhami kuma ta kasance shugabar Cibiyar Sisterhood is Global Institute, wacce ita ma ta samu tallafin NED a baya.
Fim ɗin juyin juya hali na kwanan nan na York Zimmerman, Kawo saukar da Dambe, wanda aka bayyana a cikin gidan yanar gizon su a matsayin fim din da ke nuna “Nasarar Slobodan Milosevic a watan Oktoba, 2000… ta hanyar dabarun rashin tashin hankali na zaɓe na gaskiya da kuma babban rashin biyayya.†[42] Abin ban sha'awa, masu yin fim sun yarda (a kan gidan yanar gizon su) cewa ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali sun kasance “Amurka da yammacin Turai ne suka dauki nauyin wani bangare na su††– batu wanda kuma aka yi a cikin fim din. Wannan wani bangare na gaskiya, duk da haka, yana taimakawa ne kawai ga yadda goyon bayan waje ke tabbatar da nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci yadda ya kamata, da kuma yin watsi da tasirin yaki kan nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci. Muhimmancin NED da sauran ƙungiyoyin haɓaka dimokuradiyya masu ƙawance wajen taimaka wa hambarar da Milosevic wannan marubucin a wani wuri ne ya rubuta shi sosai kuma ba za a sake yin nazari a nan ba, ya isa a ce juyin ya yi nasara a babban bangare saboda. Milosevic ba dan mulkin kama karya ne na abokantaka na Amurka ba.
Hakazalika, juyin-juya-halin da ake kira "sauye-sauye masu launi" wadanda suka bi tsarin Serbian, sun kuma sami gagarumin goyon baya daga Amurkawa da na duniya ‘ masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya†. Jojiya fim Kawo saukar da Dambe:
… ya zama babban abin hawa don koyar da gungun jama'a masu tasowa cikin ka'idojin gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali. Kowace Asabar na tsawon watanni, cibiyar sadarwar TV mai zaman kanta ta Rustavi 2 tana watsa shirye-shirye Kawo saukar da Dambe, sai kuma wani sashi wanda Georgian za su tattauna abubuwan da fim ɗin ya haifar da motsin nasu. A cikin kwanaki goma da suka kai ga rugujewar Shevardnadze, hanyar sadarwa ta ƙara yawan watsa shirye-shirye. Kuma, lokacin da Shevardnadze ya mika mulki ba tare da harba harsashi ba, Georgian ba su kasance masu son kai ba wajen amincewa da yabo. Wani shugaba ya fada The Washington Post, “Mafi mahimmanci shine fim din. Duk masu zanga-zangar sun san dabarun juyin juya hali a Belgrade da zuciya saboda sun nuna [fim]…. Kowa ya san abin yi.†[43]
Muhimmancin kafofin watsa labaru don samun nasarar juyin juya hali, ‘Masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya' sun fahimci cewa: alal misali, Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya da Taimakon Zabe, har ma ta lura cewa “Ci gaban kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu shi ne mafi girma. nasarar juyin mulkin demokradiyya na Jojiya.†[44] A bayyane yake cewa Rustavi 2 (“Shahararriyar gidan talabijin mai zaman kanta ta Georgiaâ€TM) [45] ta duba. Kawo saukar da Dambe da kuma bayar da “kusan ba tsayawa†̃ zanga-zangar zanga-zangar a duk lokacin juyin juya halin “sanar da[ing] Georgian game da zanga-zangar da ayyuka masu zuwa.†[46] Tare da wannan a zuciya, watakila ba abin mamaki ba ne don sanin cewa York Zimmerman yana yin a halin yanzu. wani fim din da ya dogara da wani juyin juya halin NED mai goyon baya, taken aiki wanda shine Aikin Yukren (wanda aka shirya don fitarwa a cikin 2006). [47]
Kamar fina-finan biyu da suka gabace shi, da alama hakan Aikin Yukren zai samar da wani farar fata na aikin NED. Wannan shi ne mafi kusantar kamar jim kadan bayan juyin juya halin Yukren, Ackerman da Duvall sun rubuta labarin a cikin littafin. Jaridar International Herald Tribune wanda ya nuna cewa muhawarar da ta shafi “Hakika Amurka da Turai na bayar da tallafin gina dimokuradiyya a Ukraine††̃ gaske “rasa[d] gaskiyar yadda juyin juya halin Orange ya yi nasara.†[48] Sun kara da cewa “Kamar duk Nasarorin da mutane suka samu a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, ba ta hanyar taimakon kasashen waje ba, amma ta hanyar ’yan asalin kasar da suka yi amfani da dabarunsu na kalubalantar mulkin kama karya. wadanda suka yi tambaya kan dalilan ‘ masu fafutukar dimokuradiyya a matsayin “masu ra'ayin makirci.†Hakika su ba wawaye ba ne kuma sun yarda cewa “[e] taimakon waje na iya taimakawa, amma [sun kara da cewa] ba hakan ba ne. wajibi ne kuma bai isa ba†don samun nasarar juyin juya hali. Wannan fassarar abubuwan da suka faru sun tashi a gaban bincike mai mahimmanci (ba a buga su a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na yau da kullum ba), kamar na Farfesa William I. Robinson. Ayyukan polyarchal na Robinson - wanda aka gabatar a baya a cikin wannan takarda - ya nuna cewa yawancin juyin juya halin da ya faru a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata NED (da kuma 'yan uwansu na duniya) sun shiga cikin su sosai. to, nasarar da suka yi wajen korar gwamnatocin nasu ta tabbata ne kawai da zarar sarakunan da aka ba su na hukuma. nod. Misali, duk da cewa NED na neman 'yan adawa a Uzbekistan, amma nod bai fito daga jiga-jigan manufofin kasashen waje a Amurka ba, don haka maimakon samun nasara a tituna masu zanga-zangar sukan hadu da mutuwa (har ma wadanda ‘ goyon bayan’ ta NED).
Wasan Dabarun Rashin Tashin hankali: “Wasanni masu mahimmanci don dalilai na ilimi†[49]
Manufar wasanni masu mahimmanci don dalilai na ilimi sun girme fiye da yadda muke gani. A cikin sojoji ne suka yi amfani da wasanni na ilimi tsawon shekaru… [I] ba wani lokaci ba ne kafin waɗannan ra'ayoyin su janye daga aikin soja kuma sauran ƙasashen duniya su karɓe ni, kuma na yi farin ciki. cewa muna cikin dozin na farko a wajen sojoji da suka fara amfani da wasanni ta wannan hanya. [50]
Maganar da ke sama an ɗauko daga Manufofin zamantakewa labarin, ya kwatanta cewa Ivan Marovic, yayi la'akari Ƙarfin Ƙarfi sauyi daga littafi zuwa wasan kwamfuta don kasancewa cikin matakan dabarun soja. Koyaya, abin da ba'a bayyana ba a cikin labarin shine yawancin masu kera wasan kwamfuta ainihin tsoffin dabarun soja ne, kuma abin mamaki shine BreakAway Games ne suka shirya wasan (tare da ICNC da York Zimmerman), kamfani ne wanda ya kware wajen kera wasannin kwaikwayo ga sojoji.
BreakAway a fili ya yarda cewa yana da “hulɗar dabarun†tare da manyan ƴan kwangilar soja da suka haɗa da “AAI, Boeing, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, GMA Industries, da General Dynamics da sauransu†kuma a cikin fadar shugabansu. suna samun kusan kashi 75% na kasuwancin su daga “Uncle Sam.†[51] Ayyukan Tarayya na baya-bayan nan da aka aiwatar ta hanyar Tsarin Tarayyar Tarayya na BreakAway sun haɗa da Mai horar da Rundunar Sojan Sama wanda “ sanya Sojojin a cikin yanayin Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma yana ba su damar ganowa da amsa da sauri. don yin kwanton bauna a cikin birane da kuma lokacin ayyukan ayari, da Kwamandan da ke shirya 'yan wasansa “don al'amura da dama da suka hada da hare-haren ta'addanci, harbin makaranta, da bala'o'i.†[52] Saboda haka ba abin mamaki ba ne Deborah Tillett, shugabar BreakAway, “Ba ta ga wani sabani a cikin samar da wasannin da ke taimaka wa masu yaƙi da masu adawa da zaman lafiya.†Hasali ma, ta ma ce “Asali na ICNC shi ne yin amfani da tsattsauran koyarwa na dabarun soja da kuma amfani da shi. zuwa ga motsin juriya mara tashin hankali yana ba ku iko ne kawai.†[53].
A karshe yana da ban sha'awa a lura da cewa manyan masu zane-zanen fim din guda uku, Forcearfi mafi .arfi, su ne kuma manyan mutanen da ke da hannu wajen ƙirƙirar wasan kwamfuta: Steve York shi ne Babban Furodusa; Mirriam Zimmerman ita ce Abokin Zane; kuma Peter Ackerman shine Babban Mashawarci na wasan. Don kammala tsarin dimokuradiyya, Colonel Robert Helvey, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da bita a Budapest don horar da masu fafutuka na Otpor, an kawo shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, kuma shugaban Otpor, Ivan Marovic, shi ma ya yi aiki tare da Mirriam. Zimmerman a matsayin Abokin Zane na wasan kwamfuta. [54]
kammala Zamantakewa
Kamar yadda wannan labarin ya nuna, yawancin ayyukan polyarchal na waɗancan daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya da Cibiyar Albert Einstein, galibi masu fafutuka masu ci gaba (da kafofin watsa labaru) sun yi watsi da su. Wannan lamari ne da ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma mai yuwuwar bala'i ga duk masu goyon bayan sauyin ci gaba na zamantakewa, kuma al'ummar masu fafutuka na bukatar su hanzarta yin yaki da irin wadannan kungiyoyi masu satar bayanan dimokradiyya, zaman lafiya da rashin biyayya.
Wani abin ban mamaki shi ne, masu horar da dimokuradiyya da aka tattauna a wannan labarin, tare da alakar da ke tsakanin su da rundunonin soja, su ma su ne ke watsi da dabarun rashin biyayya. Da alama yawancin masu fafutuka ba za su yarda cewa a zahiri akwai iyakoki ga dabarun amfani da rashin biyayyar jama'a - wanda Ward Churchill ya gabatar a cikin makalarsa "Pacifism as Pathology" amma da alama yana da hankali sosai. cewa ya kamata masu fafutuka su tattauna dabarun dabarun duk dabarun da ake da su. Masu horar da masu fafutuka na ci gaba, kamar George Lakey, sun magance batutuwan da aikin Ward Churchill ya taso a cikin muhawarar jama'a, amma da yawa daga cikin Hagu har yanzu suna son yin watsi da ra'ayin Churchill a cikin jimla, ba tare da ɗanɗano ko ba tare da wata mahimmanci ba tare da ɗan juyin juya halinsa. ra'ayoyi. [55] Babu shakka wani ɓangare na wannan matsala an ƙara inganta shi ta wurin matsayin hegemonic ‘'yan ra'ayin dimokuradiyya ba masu fafutuka ba sun cimma kan nazarin rashin biyayya ga jama'a, wanda a cikin da'irori da yawa ya haifar da tattaunawa mai zurfi game da sauyin zamantakewa na gaba. to ba zai yiwu ba.
Don canza wannan yanayin, da farko, masu fafutuka za su wayar da kan kansu game da ayyukan masu rajin kare dimokuradiyya, tsarin da aka samu sauki ta hanyar kaddamar da kungiyoyi biyu a shekarar da ta gabata, wadanda suka sanya ya zama wajibi a kansu. don fallasa dabarun adawa da demokradiyya na NED da abokansa. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sune Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafa Dimokuradiyya na Duniya (http://www.iefd.org) da kuma Sunan Dimokuradiyya (http://inthenameofdemocracy.org/). Da alama sai da sauran al'ummar da suka ci gaba suka yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen gudanar da ayyukan masu fafutuka na 'yan tawaye na dimokuradiyya, masu fafutuka za su fara tabbatar da cewa suna amfani da dabarun da suka dace don baiwa duniyarmu damar ci gaba zuwa gaba. Dimokuradiyya mai cike da ruɗani, maimakon ƙaramin ƙarfi neoliberal ‘dimokiradiyya’ ko tsarin mulki.
Michael Barker ɗan takarar digiri ne a Jami'ar Griffith, Ostiraliya. Ana iya samunsa a: [email kariya]
Endnotes
1. Don ƙarin bayani kan wajibcin sake fasalin kafofin watsa labarai, duba Michael Barker, ‘Conform or Reform? Social Movements da Mass Media’, Fifth-Estate-Online – International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticism, Fabrairu 2007.
http://www.fifth-estate-online.co.uk/criticsm/conformorreformsocialmovements.html
2. Edward S. Herman da Noam Chomsky, Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci: Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); Duba: http://www.medialens.org/; Don albarkatun da suka shafi samfurin farfaganda duba:
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Propaganda_Model
3. Don ƙarin bayani kan wannan batu duba, Joan Roelofs, Tushen da Manufofin Jama'a: Mask of Pluralism (Albany: Jami'ar Jihar New York Press, 2003). Michael Barker ne ya samar da takarda mai zuwa kan alakar da ke tsakanin tushe masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kafafen yada labarai, ''The Liberal Foundations of Media Reform? Ƙirƙirar Dorewar Damar Ba da Tallafin Kuɗi don Gyaran Watsa Labarai na Radical’.
http://www.ourmedia07.net
4. William I. Robinson, Haɓaka Polyarchy: Duniya, Tsangwamar Amurka, da Hegemony (Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, 1996), 9.
5. Robinson, Inganta Polyarchy, 16. Don ƙarin bayani kan madadin fassarori na dimokuradiyya, duba Paul Street, ‘Menene Dimokuradiyya? Rahoton daular da rashin daidaito, a'a. 9†, Znet, Fabrairu 03, 2007.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=72&ItemID=12033
6. Dubi Michael Barker, ‘Cutar Haɗari Daga Cikin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a: Harnessing Social movements and Regulating Revolutions’, takardar da aka gabatar ga taron Ƙungiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Australiya, Jami'ar Newcastle 25-27 Satumba 2006.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/ept/politics/apsa/PapersFV/IntRel_IPE/Barker,%20Michael.pdf
7. George Lakey, ‘Aiki marar tashin hankali a matsayin takobin da ke warkarwa’, Horar da Sauyi, Maris 2001, Ƙarshen Bayani na 11.
http://trainingforchange.org/content/view/131/53/1/14/
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Maris 2005, William Domhoff kuma ya yi magana game da ayyukan Ackerman da Lakey, ya rubuta: "Don cikakkun bayanai na rashin tashin hankali, duba Peter Ackerman da Christopher Kruegler. Dabarun rikice-rikice mara tashin hankali: Matsalolin iko na mutane a karni na ashirin. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994; Ronald M. McCarthy da Gene Sharp. Ayyukan da ba na tashin hankali: Jagorar bincike, New York: Garland Publishing, 1997; da George Lakey, Ƙarfafa zaman lafiya: Dabarar juyin juya hali mai rai, Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1987.††††‘Matsalolin zamantakewa da rashin zaman lafiya’.
http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/change/science_nonviolence.html
8. Dr Ackerman kuma shi ne Manajan Darakta na Crown Capital Groups, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na saka hannun jari, shugaban kwamitin kula da harkokin shari'a da diflomasiyya na Fletcher, mamban hukumar CARE, kuma memba ne a majalisar kula da harkokin kasashen waje. Duba ‘Board of Trustees’.
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?boardmember=1&page=10
9. DuVall ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Albarkatun Shirye-shiryen Ƙungiyar Talabijin Ilimin Washington; “Daraktan hulda da kamfanoni na Jami'ar Chicago; Daraktan Yarjejeniyar Masana'antu, Kuɗin Majalisar Rayuwa, Babban Ofishin Shugaban kasa; da wani jami'i a rundunar sojojin saman Amurka.†Dubi ‘Speaker Biography’.
http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Clubs/sbdoves/announce.html
10. Duba: http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/
11. Duba: http://www.europeaninstitute.org/content.php?section=boards
http://www.nbr.org/about_NBR/governance/bod/gadbaw.html
http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm
http://www.ata-sec.org/index.php?mod=1&smod=23&id=1
12. Don cikakkun bayanai guda biyu na ayyukan AEI's '' demokraɗiyya '', duba Jonathan Mowat, ''Coup d'État in Disguise: New World Order na Washington “Democratization†Template’ , Cibiyar Bincike kan Duniya, Fabrairu 9, 2005;
http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/MOW502A.html
Kuma Thierry Meyssan, ‘Albert Einstein Institution: rashin tashin hankali a cewar CIA’, Voltaire, Janairu 4, 2005;
http://www.voltairenet.org/article30032.html#nh7
Dr Ackerman kuma ya kasance darekta na AEI, kuma a cikin 1994 Ackerman ya ba da wani littafi. Dabarun Rikici Mara Rikici: Matsalolin Ƙarfin Mutane a Karni na Ashirin, tare da shugaban AEI na lokacin, Christopher Kruegler. Duba Cibiyar Albert Einstein, ‘Rahoton Biennial 1990-1992’.
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/scannedPDFs/Biennial%20Report%20-%201988-1990.pdf
13. Cibiyar Albert Einstein, ‘Rahoto kan Ayyukan 1993-1999’.
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/1993-99rpt.pdf
14. Diana Barahona, ‘The Freedom House Files’, Bincike a cikin watanni, Janairu 3, 2007.
http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/barahona030107.html
15. Duba: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?shafi=265;
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=2
16. Richard Hatch da Sara Diamond, ‘Operation Peace Institute’, Zmag, Yuli/Agusta 1990; Hakanan duba Yanar Gizo mai Dama, ‘Group Watch: Cibiyar Aminci ta Amurka’, Sabuntawar ƙarshe na Satumba 1990.
http://rightweb.irc-online.org/groupwatch/usip.php
17. Bisa ga tarihin rayuwarsa: “Mr. Gwamnatin Petersen da gogewar siyasa sun haɗa da aiki a Kwalejin Yaƙi ta ƙasa, Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ta ƙasa, Ofishin Sakataren Tsaro da Ma'aikatan Majalisar Tsaro ta ƙasa a Fadar White House. Ya kasance jami'in jirgin ruwa na ruwa kuma tsohon soja ne da aka yi wa ado a yakin Viet Nam da Persian Gulf.†Dubi ‘Board of Directors’.
http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/about_tai/bod_05.asp
18. Duba: http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/about_tai/bod_04.asp
19. Duba: http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/
20. Duba: http://www.icfj.org/donors.html
21. Duba: http://www.crisisgroup.org
22. Duba: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1151&l=1
23. Duba: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=1139
Michael Barker, ‘Fidel Ramos da Cibiyar Dimokiradiyya ta Australiya’, Znet, Afrilu 16, 2006.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10106
24. Peter Ackerman da Jack DuVall. Forcearfi mafi .arfi (New York: St Martins Press, 2000), 486.
25. Ackerman da DuVall. Forcearfi mafi .arfi, 484, 488.
26. Misali, duba Krishna Kumar, ‘USAID's taimakon watsa labarai: Manufofi da darussan shirye-shirye’, Takardar aiki na kimantawa 16, Hukumar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka, Ofishin Kula da Manufofi da Shirye-shirye, 2004, xiii.
27. Spasa Bosnjak, ‘Yaƙi da iko: rawar da kafofin watsa labaru na lantarki masu zaman kansu na Serbia ke takawa wajen tabbatar da mulkin demokraɗiyya na Serbia’, Littafin MA da ba a buga ba, Jami'ar Simon Fraser, 2005, 71.
http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/646
28. Ellen Hume, Mishan Media: Tallafin Amurka don ƙwararrun aikin jarida da ƴan jarida a duk faɗin duniya (Knight Foundation, 2004), shiga Satumba, 2006, 37.
http://www.ellenhume.com/articles/missionaries.pdf,
29. Ackerman da DuVall. Forcearfi mafi .arfi, 486.
30. Ackerman da DuVall. Forcearfi mafi .arfi, 485.
31. Ackerman da DuVall. Forcearfi mafi .arfi, xv; ‘Jack Duvall’s Biography’.
http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Clubs/sbdoves/announce.html
32. ‘Pipeline 2000: Jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen lokutan talabijin na jama'a na gaba, tun daga faɗuwar 1999’.
http://www.current.org/pipeline/pipe2000.html
33. Duba: http://www.yorkzim.com/about/about.html
34. Ackerman da DuVall. Forcearfi mafi .arfi, xv.
35. Duba: http://www.i-behavior.com/about/management/
36. I-Behavior Co-operative Database shine “A Co-operative, ma'amala data database dauke da siyan hali na sama da 96MM US gidaje, da gudummawar da kusan 800 Membobi kamfanoni. Co-op yana haɗa tarihin siyan tashoshi kai tsaye akan layi da a waje kuma yana ƙara sabbin kamfanoni Membobi da abokan cinikin su kowane mako.†;
Duba: http://www.i-behavior.com/faq/ Domin samun cikakkiyar kulawa game da magudin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar sarrafa bayanai, duba Gerald Sussman, Zaɓen Duniya na Duniya: Tuntuɓar Kamfen, Sadarwa, da Tallafin Ƙungiya (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005); Don nazarin matsalolin sa ido kan layi ga masu fafutuka, duba Michael Barker, ‘Sirri na kan layi? Sa ido kan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa akan Intanet’.
http://www.thechangeagency.org/_dbase_upl/Barker2005_Online_privacy.pdf
37. Franklin Foer, ‘Regime Change, Inc.: Neman Peter Ackerman na kawar da mulkin zalunci’, The New Jamhuriyar, Afrilu 25, 2005.
http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050425&s=foer042505
Don ƙarin bayani kan Robert Helvey duba Jonathan Mowat, ‘Wane ne Col. Bob Helvey?’.
http://onlinejournal.org/Special_Reports/031905Mowat-1/031905Mowat-2/031905mowat-2.html
38. http://www.ffpd.org/iran.html ; Eugene Bird, ‘Reza Pahlavi: Sabuwar/tsohuwar tsarin kula da Iran’, (Ayyukan Diflomasiyya), Washington Report on Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afrilu 1, 2002.
http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-1743744_ITM
39. http://www.iraninstitutefordemocracy.org/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1
Har ila yau, yana da kyau a san cewa Cibiyar Dimokaradiyya ta Iran ta gudanar da wani abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "binciken ra'ayin jama'a na farko a kan al'ummar Iran a duk fadin birnin Tehran." A shekara ta 2004, gidauniyar inganta dimokuradiyya ita ma ta dauki nauyin †̃ tare da daukar nauyin shirin horon fafutukar siyasa na kwanaki biyar, a Washington, wanda ya samu halartar matasa masu fafutukar siyasar Iran da aka shigo da su daga kasashen waje da Turai.†.
Duba: http://www.ffpd.org/iran.html
40. Michael Barker, ‘Mai karawa Iran Resistance: Amurka “Masu yada dimokiradiyya†da canjin tsarin mulki a Iran’. Znet, Disamba 18, 2006.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=11670
Edward S. Herman da David Peterson, ‘Hegemony and Appeasement: Kafa Target na Amurka da Isra'ila na gaba (Iran) Don Wani “Babban Laifukan Duniya†’, Kafka Zaman Nazarin Lamba 4, Janairu 27, 2007.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11963
41. Don kyakkyawar suka akan aikin Dr. Nafisi, wanda yafi shahara ya hada da Karatun Lolita a Tehran, duba Hamid Dabashi, ‘Masu ba da labari na asali da kuma yin daular Amurka’, Al-Ahram Online Weekly, 1-7 Yuni 2006.
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/797/special.htm
42. Duba: http://www.yorkzim.com/pastProd/bringingDown.html
43. Franklin Foer, ‘Regime Change, Inc.’.
44. Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya da Taimakon Zabe, ‘Gina dimokuradiyya a Jojiya: Ajandar muhawara Mayu 2003’.
http://www.idea.int/publications/georgia/index.cfm
45. George Sulkanishvili, ‘Yancin Magana a Jumhuriyar Jojiya: Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Rufe Gidan Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta’, Rubutun MSc da Ba a Buga ba: Jami’ar Jihar Louisiana, 2003, 2.
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01192004-053159/unrestricted/Sulkhanishvili_thesis.pdf
46. Ilgar Khudiyev, ‘Labarin zanga-zangar 2003 bayan zaɓe a Azerbaijan: Tasirin ikon mallakar kafofin watsa labarai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam’, ba a buga littafin BA: Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, 2005, 60.
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11152005-113447/unrestricted/Khudiyev_thesis.pdf
47. Duba: http://www.yorkzim.com/inProduction/inProduction.html
48. Peter Ackerman da Jack DuVall, ‘ Sirrin cin nasara a Ukraine’. Jaridar International Herald Tribune, Disamba 29, 2004.
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2004/12/ackerman2.shtml
49. Aikin da ake kira Ƙaddamarwar Wasannin Mahimmanci, a halin yanzu Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson na Masanan Duniya da ke Washington ke tafiyar da ita.
50. Ivan Marovic ya ambata a cikin "Wasa Filin: Tattaunawa tare da Ivan Marovic, Hardy Merriman, da Steve York’, Manufofin zamantakewa.
51. Duba: http://www.breakawayfederal.com/company.html
Brad Grimes, ‘wasan kare yana inganta dabarun sojoji’, Kafofin watsa labarai na PostNewsweek Tech, Satumba 13, 2004.
http://www.gcn.com/print/23_27/27233-1.html
52. Duba: http://www.breakawayfederal.com/
http://www.incidentcommander.net/
53. Bob Greiner, ‘Masana'antar Wasan Nemo Mahimman Kanti don Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa’, Washington Post, Oktoba 31, 2005.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/30/AR2005103000578.html
54. Don sharhi mai mahimmanci akan aikin Robert Helvey‘mai fafutuka, duba Mowat, ‘Coup d'État in Disguise’, 2005.
55. Ward Churchill, Pacifism a matsayin Pathology (Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 1998); George Lakey, ‘Aiki marar tashin hankali azaman Takobin da ke warkarwa’, Maris 2001.
http://trainingforchange.org/content/view/131/33/
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