A watan Nuwamba 2009, The Economist sanya Brazil a kan murfinta. Brazil ta tashi, karanta kanun labarai, wanda aka zana a kan hoton babban mutum-mutumi na Rio na Almasihu Mai Fansa yana tashi sama da ruwan shuɗi kamar roka mai tsaka-tsaki. Da take hasashen cewa "mai yiwuwa Brazil ta zama kasa ta biyar mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya, wacce za ta zarce Birtaniya da Faransa," mujallar ta ce ya kamata kasar Amurka ta Kudu mafi karfin tattalin arziki "ta kara sauri a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa yayin da manyan sabbin rijiyoyin mai a cikin teku ke taruwa. , kuma kamar yadda ƙasashen Asiya har yanzu suna fama da yunwar abinci da ma'adanai daga faffadan ƙasar Brazil mai albarka."
A cikin 2009, ko da a lokacin da duniya ke cikin tashin hankali daga bala'in tattalin arziki. The Economist ya ga Brazil a matsayin babban bege na jari-hujja na duniya.
A lokacin, ba mujallar Burtaniya ce kaɗai ke ƙauna da Brazil ba. A karkashin jagorancin Lula da Silva, kasar tana ganin ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba da kuma sauyin zamantakewa. Yunƙurin kansa na Lula daga yaro mai sheki da injin mota zuwa shugaban ƙasa mafi girma a Latin Amurka kayan almara ne. Ya kasance batun littattafai da yawa da bugun ofis na Brazil. A taron G-20 a London a watan Afrilu 2009, Amurka shugaba Barrack Obama ya kira shi "Dan siyasa mafi shahara a duniya." Kuma tare da manyan wasannin motsa jiki guda biyu - gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA (2014) da na Olympics (2016) - da aka tsara za su faru a kasar, Brazil, wanda ake yiwa lakabi da "kasa na gaba," a karshe ya bayyana yana zuwa a duniya. mataki.
Bayan shekaru bakwai, Brazil tana kama da wata ƙasa daban. Lula, wanda ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2010 tare da samun amincewar kashi 80%, ya kasance tsare a wannan watan domin amsa tambayoyi kan badakalar cin hanci da rashawa na biliyoyin daloli da ta kai ga daure wasu ’yan uwansa na Jam’iyyar Workers Party (PT) gidan yari. Mataimakiyarsa, shugaba Dilma Rousseff na fuskantar tsige shi a Majalisar. Tattalin arzikin kasar ya ragu da kashi 3.5% a bara, kuma wannan shekarar ba za ta yi kyau ba. Haɗin kai ya ninka lambobi biyu kuma dubban ɗaruruwan suna fuskantar rashin aikin yi. Miliyoyin mutane sun fito kan tituna - duka suna goyon bayan gwamnati da kuma adawa. Babu wanda ya damu da wasannin Olympics na Rio, wanda bai wuce watanni biyar ba. Kuma kafofin watsa labaru na kamfanoni - na duniya da na gida - sun riga sun rubuta Lula, Rousseff da Brazil.
Labarin Brazil ya fara rasa wani haske a cikin 2013, musamman a idanun kafofin yada labarai na kasuwanci na duniya. A watan Satumbar 2013, The Economist sa Brazil a kan murfinsa sake. Rahoton ya harzuka kuma ya caccaki Rousseff, wacce ta shafe shekaru uku tana mulkin kasar, kuma tana fuskantar zabe a shekara mai zuwa, saboda ta yi kadan don sake fasalin gwamnatinta a shekarun da aka samu bunkasa. Ya ɗauki Brazil don ɗaukar nauyin "haraji da yawa," "yawan kashe kuɗin jama'a" da biyan fansho waɗanda suka yi "karimci."
Wannan ba shekara ce mai kyau ga Brazil ba. Tattalin arzikin kasar ya tabarbare kuma dubban daruruwan jama'a ne suka fito kan tituna gabanin gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na FIFA don nuna adawa da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma neman a inganta ayyukan gwamnati. Da alamu dai tattalin arzikin ya tsaya cak.
To me ya faru tsakanin 2009 da 2013? Yaya Rousseff, ta bayyana hakan mace mafi karfi a duniya a cikin 2010 ta Forbes, ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mai rauni da rashin iyawa? Ta yaya labarin Brazil ya juya daga bege zuwa na yanke kauna cikin kankanin lokaci?
Amsar ita ce mai sauƙi - man fetur, da kudi, iko da siyasa da yake samarwa.
Daya tsoho, mai iri daya
A shekara ta 2007, Brazil ta gano wani rijiyar mai da ke da rijiyoyin mai da yawa a yankin da ake kafin gishiri a ƙarƙashin teku. A cikin shekara guda, kasar ta gano albarkatun mai da iskar gas sama da ganga biliyan 50 - mafi girma a Kudancin Amurka. Brazil yanzu ita ce sabuwar masoyin dillalan mai na duniya, da Wall Street.
Petrobras mallakin gwamnati ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa kan hakar mai a Brazil tun lokacin da aka kirkiro shi a shekarar 1953, amma an bude sashen ga Royal Dutch Shell a shekarar 1997. Tare da gano mai na 2007-08, manyan kamfanonin duniya kamar Chevron, Shell da ExxonMobil. sun sa ido a Brazil da fatan kwangiloli masu riba. Amma ba za a iya kulla yarjejeniya ba.
A cikin 2007, Lula ya maido da wani bangare na mallakar Petrobras akan mai na Brazil. Dokokin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rousseff, wanda shi ne shugaban ma’aikatan Lula, ya ba wa kamfanin haƙƙin gudanar da aiki kawai, tare da duk abin da ya samu ya tafi ga shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na gwamnati kan ilimi da lafiya. Petrobras ya kuma fara hada gwiwa da kamfanonin mai na gwamnati daga wasu kasashe, musamman kasar Sin. (ONGC da Bharat Petroleum suma abokan aikin Petrobras ne kuma suna da ofisoshi a Rio, hedkwatar kamfanin Brazil).
Ba da dadewa ba Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Makamashi ta Amurka (EIA) ta fara farautar jami’an Brazil a madadin kamfanonin Amurka. A cikin bayanan sirri na diflomasiyya na Amurka da Wikileaks ya fitar a shekarar 2010, an bayyana yadda Amurkawa suka damu da kasancewar kamfanonin China mallakar gwamnati a Brazil, tare da daya na USB dalla-dalla yadda Amurka ke kokarin ganin an sauya dokokin kasar zuwa ga amfaninta.
Ba da jimawa ba Brazil ta shiga yanayin zabe don zabar magajin Lula, kuma jam'iyyarsa ta PT, ta tsayar da Rousseff a matsayin dan takararta. Babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) wacce a ko da yaushe ta ke goyon bayan mayar da Petrobras mai zaman kanta, ta zabi tsohon gwamnan Sao Paulo Jose Serra a matsayin dan takararta. Amurka ta kasance kallo sosai zaben; Takardun da Wikileaks ya fitar sun nuna cewa Amurka na yin banki kan nasarar Serra don sauya dokokin. “Bari wadannan mutanen (PT) su yi abin da suke so. Zagayen ba za su faru ba, sannan za mu nuna wa kowa cewa tsohuwar ƙirar ta yi aiki… Kuma za mu canza baya, ” 2009 na USB an nakalto Serra kamar yadda ya shaida wa harabar mai.
Sai dai Serra ya cije kura a kan Rousseff a zaben 2010. Petrobras ya kasance mai kula da rijiyoyin mai na Brazil kuma kudaden shiga ya ci gaba da zuwa ga shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na gwamnati.
Ba da dadewa ba, kamfanin Sinopec na kasar Sin ya fara aikin hako mai a cikin ruwan Brazil kamar yadda ya amince da dokar da ta tanadi mafi karancin kashi 30% na hannun jari na Petrobras a dukkan harkokin kasuwanci. Wannan shine ƙarshen hutun gudun amarci na Yamma tare da Brazil. "Yayinda yunkurinsu ya kasa cin nasarar kwangilar mai, Brazil ta zama mugu, kamar Venezuela. Gwamnatin Amurka da kamfanonin mai sun kai mana hari a boye. Kafofin yada labaransu sun bi sawun,” in ji wani babban jami’in diflomasiyya a Itamaraty, hedkwatar ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Brazil, da yake magana kan sharadin boye sunansa. "Amma kuma gwamnati ta yi kuskure ta hanyar sanya bege mai yawa a Petrobras da man fetur, ta manta da cewa kayayyaki ne wanda farashinsa zai iya sauka," in ji shi.
A lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki bisa alƙawarin tabbatar da ƙasar Brazil ta kasance mai daidaito tsakanin al'umma tare da samar da kyakkyawan yanayin jin daɗi, man fetur da Petrobras sun kasance jigon shirye-shiryen gwamnatin hagu na amfani da dukiyar jama'a da kuɗi don yaƙi da talauci, samar da ayyukan yi da samar da ci gaba a yankuna masu nisa. a Brazil. Petrobras bai kasance mummunan fare ba. A cikin 2007, kasuwancin kasuwancin kamfani ya kasance dala biliyan 190. A cikin 2010, shekarar da ta gabata na Lula a kan mulki, Brazil ta karu da kashi 7.5 cikin dari kuma abubuwa sun tashi. Ko da yake an sami raguwar jari da ribar da Petrobras ke samu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin mai a duniya.
Amma an saita abubuwa su kara tabarbarewa.
Shigar da NSA
A watan Yunin 2013, Edward Snowden, mai kula da tsarin Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka (NSA), ya tsere zuwa Hong Kong da tarin manyan takardu. A cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa, tare da aiki tare da 'yan jarida daga jaridu daban-daban, Snowden ya fitar da jerin fayiloli da ke nuna yadda gwamnatin Amurka ke leken asiri kan 'yan siyasa, gwamnatoci, kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a fadin duniya. Abin mamaki, Brazil ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan hare-haren NSA, wanda ke tattara ƙarin bayanai daga nan fiye da Rasha ko China. Amurkawa sun yi iƙirarin sa idonsu na cikin matakan yaƙi da ta'addanci, amma takaddun kan Brazil - da kasashe kamar Indiya – bayyana wani gaba ɗaya hoto daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana cewa manyan hare-haren NSA a Brazil sune Petrobras da Rousseff.
NSA ta bin diddigin imel ɗin Rouseff, tarho na hukuma da wayar hannu ta sirri, kamar yadda kowane imel, kiran waya, saƙo da duk takaddun hukuma ke kan hanyar sadarwar Petrobras. Da waɗannan ayoyin, dangantakar Amurka da Brazil ta kai matsayin mafi ƙasƙanci. Jami'an Brazil sun yi gaggawar cewa an yi leken asirin ne saboda sha'awar Amurka man su da iskar gas.
A wancan lokacin, Petrobras na gab da yin gwanjon daya daga cikin manyan rijiyoyin mai, inda ake sa ran kamfanonin Amurka da dama za su shiga. Amma yayin da Rousseff ta yi sanyi a kafadar Obama a taron G-20 a Rasha kuma jami'an Petrobras sun zargi Amurka da satar bayanan da suka ba su "matsakaicin matsayi a gwanjon," labarai marasa kyau game da kamfanin na Brazil da gwanjonsa mai zuwa sun fara bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yamma. Lokacin da aka gudanar da gwanjon, babu wani kamfanin Amurka da ya bayar da tayin. Hasashen Serra ya kasance gaskiya.
Tare da sirrin kasuwancinsa da bayanansa game da kaddarorin da aka sauke a cikin wuraren NSA, Petrobras yanzu ya zama duck. Faɗuwarta ta fara.
A watan Maris na 2014, Alberto Yousseff, wanda aka samu da laifin safarar kudade da aka kama har sau biyar, ya fara rera waka kamar kanari bayan da ya yi shawarwari da masu gabatar da kara a Curitiba, babban birnin jihar Parana da ke kudancin Brazil. Ya bayyana sunayen manyan ‘yan wasa da dama da ya ce sun ci gajiyar su cin hanci da rashawa, cin hanci da rashawa a Petrobras. Tun daga wannan lokaci, binciken wannan badakala, karkashin jagorancin mai shari'a Sergio Moro, ya rera manyan 'yan kasuwa na kasar, da manyan jami'an man fetur da kuma, mafi mahimmanci, shugabancin PT. Wanda aka fi sani da "Operation Car Wash," binciken ya yi kama da telenovela, tare da manyan sunaye da 'yan sanda ke saka su ko kuma Moro ya tura su kurkuku a lokaci-lokaci.
A wannan watan, abin da ba a zata ya faru. Shugaban da ya fi shahara a tarihin kasar yana dab da kama shi bisa zargin almundahana da ke da alaka da Petrobras. A ranar 3 ga Maris, 'yan sandan tarayya sun dauko Lula daga gidansa a karkashin "sammacin tilastawa" (wanda ke tilasta mutum ya ba da shaida a cikin wani lamari) kuma suka gasa shi na tsawon sa'o'i biyar a ofishinsu da ke filin jirgin saman Sao Paulo.
Yayin da ake tsare da Lula tare da sake shi, tashin hankali ya mamaye kasar tare da wani bangare na al'ummar Brazil - babba kuma galibi fararen fata - suna murnar matakin 'yan sanda, yayin da daya bangaren ya nuna rashin amincewa da "juyin mulki". Brazil ta rabu a tsaye a ranar da aka tsare Lula.
Tarihin juyin mulki
Brazil ta kasance ƙasa mai rarrabuwar kawuna na ɗan lokaci. Mutane kalilan ne a cikin ƙasar suka yarda da kasancewar layi-layi da na kabilanci, amma ana ganin waɗannan kullun a cikin siyasar Brazil da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa. Bayan shekaru na damuwa, layukan kuskure sun fara tashi a watan Yunin 2013 yayin da Brazil ke shirin gudanar da gasar cin kofin na FIFA; dubban mutane ne suka fito kan tituna suna zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati, inda wasu ke kira da a tsige shugaban, wasu ma sun nemi sojoji da su "sa baki". Yin watsi da nau'i da nau'in launin fata na zanga-zangar, kafofin watsa labaru - na gida da na waje - sun kira shi "Brazil spring" - tashin hankali ga gwamnati mai cin hanci da rashawa.
An sake maimaita irin wannan labari a cikin 'yan kwanakin da suka gabata tun lokacin da aka tsare Lula. Sai dai da yawa daga cikin gwamnati na kallon hakan a matsayin wata makarkashiya. Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Brazil Samuel Guimaraes ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa, "Abin da ke faruwa a kasar wani makirci ne na kasa da kasa don lalata PT, da kuma bullo da tsarin tattalin arziki a Brazil kamar yadda ake yi a kasar Argentina." 'yan sanda. "Wannan juyin mulki ne na ci gaba."
Brazil ba bako ba ce ga juyin mulki. Haka kuma tsoma bakin kasashen waje - daga Amurka - ba a sani ba a nan. A cikin karni na 20, akalla shugabannin Brazil uku sun rasa aikinsu - daya kuma, rayuwarsa - don bin manufofin jama'a, wanda ya fusata manyan kasar, da Washington. A kowane hali, faɗuwarsu tana da nasaba da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, faɗuwar kudaden shiga da kuma rashin gudanar da tattalin arziki. Akwai bayyanannen tsarin tarihi a gare shi. Getúlio Vargas, wanda ya ƙirƙiri Petrobras a matsayin kamfani na jiha kuma ya ba da yancin zamantakewa ga matalautan ƙasar, ƴan wasan Rio da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan jarida sun yi masa cin hanci da rashawa da bai taɓa aikatawa ba. A shekarar 1954, ya kawo karshen wulakancin da yake yi ta hanyar sanya harsashi a kirjinsa.
Na gaba wanda zai fadi shi ne Janio Quadros, wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa tare da rata mai yawa a 1961. A wannan shekarar, Quadros ya gayyaci dan juyin juya halin Argentina Ernesto "Che" Guevara zuwa Brazil kuma ya girmama shi da Order of the Southern Cross. Matakin dai ya firgita manyan 'yan kasar Brazil da Amurkawa, wadanda dukkansu suka nuna rashin jin dadinsu game da yaduwar gurguzu a Kudancin Amurka. Sa'an nan Quadros, babban mutumi wanda ba shi da cikakkiyar akida, ya aikata ko da babban kuskure: ƙaddamar da babban kamfanin hakar ma'adinai. A cikin ƙasa da shekara guda, Majalisar da tsofaffin kuɗi, manyan al'adun gargajiya da masu goyon bayan Washington suka mamaye majalisar ta kwace masa iko. Ya bar mukaminsa kuma ya bar Brasilia saboda dalilan da suka zama abin ban mamaki har yanzu.
An maye gurbin Quadros da João Goulart. Shugaban tsakiya mai ra'ayi mai ci gaba, Goulart ya fara aiwatar da manufofin albashi mai yawa ga ma'aikata, gyare-gyaren noma, 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga dukan 'yan Brazil da adalci na zamantakewa. Yayin da gwamnatin Brazil ta dauki dan birki na hagu, John F Kennedy, wanda shi ne shugaban kasar Amurka, kuma har yanzu yana murmurewa daga mummunan halin da ya shiga a yankin Bay of Pigs a Cuba, ya fara tattaunawa da mukarrabansa hanyoyin da za a bi wajen kifar da Goulart. A cewar takardu a cikin Taskar Tsaro ta Amurka, a cikin Maris 1963 Kennedy ya gaya wa mataimakansa, "Dole ne mu yi wani abu game da Brazil." Ba da daɗewa ba, kafofin watsa labaru na Brazil sun yi wa Goulart lakabin gurguzu kuma suka fara korafi game da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. A cikin 1964, bisa umurnin Amurka, sojojin Brazil sun hambarar da Goulart don "ceton kasar" daga gurguzu. Har ya zuwa yau, da yawa a cikin jiga-jigan jiga-jigan Brazil suna kiran juyin mulkin a matsayin "juyin juya hali".
Duniya ta san irin munanan gwamnatocin mulkin kama karya na Chile da Argentina, amma duk abin ya fara ne a Brazil – a shekara ta 1964. Yawancin kasashen Kudancin Amurka sun yi fama da mulkin kama-karya da Amurka ta goyi bayan shekaru da dama. Sun fara komawa mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekarun 1990, bayan yakin cacar baki ya kaure. Sannan a cikin jujjuyawar ban mamaki da babba shiga cikin ka'idar Monroe, ƙasa ɗaya bayan ɗaya - daga Venezuela zuwa Brazil zuwa Argentina zuwa Uruguay da Chile - zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin hagu. Kudancin Amurka ba ya zama bayan Washington. A cikin shekaru 15 da suka wuce, dukkan kasashen kudancin Amurka sun sami bunkasuwar tattalin arziki yayin da suke cudanya da kasar Sin wajen yin ciniki, lamarin da ya sa kasar Asiya ta zama ta daya mai taka rawa. a yankin.
A karo na biyu bala'i
Ci gaba da tattakin hagu na Kudancin Amirka ya sa ƙararrawar ƙararrawa ta sake tashi a Washington. Hakan kuma ya sanya jiga-jigan al’ummar yankin ba su huta. Bayan shekaru 13 na mulkin PT, lokacin da aka aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare na jin dadin jama'a, 'yan Brazil sun damu da rashin lafiya game da "Bolivarisation" na Brazil - nuni ga manufofin hagu a Venezuela karkashin Hugo Chavez. A Sao Paulo, babban birnin hada-hadar kudi na Kudancin Amurka, tattaunawar da'irar hadaddiyar giyar sau da yawa ta shafi yadda za a hana Brazil "juya zuwa Venezuela". Masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da ke kan tituna suna ta maimaita irin wadannan kalamai kamar yadda suke cin zarafin duk wanda yake sanye da jar hula.
Mutane da yawa sun ce bala’in da ya faru a 1964 ana maimaita shi. “Muna fuskantar dabarun juyin mulkin da aka yi wa zababben shugaban kasa,” in ji masanin tarihi Paulo Alves de Lima. Rasha a yau kwanan nan. Lima ya shaida wa dan jaridar Brazil Pepe Escobar cewa, "Muna kan gab da wani sabon mataki na juyin-juya hali, na tsarin dimokuradiyya mai cike da kayyade, da girman kai da tashin hankali a hukumomi." "canjin mulki" a Brazil a matsayin hari a cikin rukunin BRICS.
Yawancin manyan masana na Brazil, masu lura da siyasa, masu fafutuka na zamantakewa, masana harkokin shari'a da masu kula da gwamnati sun yi imanin cewa ba kamar 1964 ba, lokacin da sojoji suka jagoranci hambarar da gwamnati, "juyin juyin juya hali" na yanzu ana shirya tare da jagorancin jam'iyyun neo-liberal cahoots tare da ɓangarorin kasuwanci na ƙasar, ƙungiyoyin dama, kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni da "masu siyasa mai zurfi".
Wanda ke kan gaba wajen tuhumar gwamnatin Rousseff ita ce PSDB, wacce ke kiran kanta a matsayin jam'iyyar dimokuradiyya, amma a gaskiya jam'iyya ce mai ra'ayin ra'ayi mai ra'ayin ra'ayin ra'ayin ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma zagon kasa ga walwala. Bayan da jam'iyyar ta PT ta sha kaye a zaben shugaban kasa sau hudu a jere, PSDB na ganin rashin jituwa tsakanin shugabanninta - wadanda duk ke son zama shugaban kasar. Jam'iyyar ta yi kamshin samun nasara a zaben 2014 bayan da aka yi hasashen cewa Rousseff ta raunana sakamakon badakalar Petrobras da zanga-zangar tituna. A tsakiyar kakar zabe, yayin da Eduardo Campos, shahararren dan takara daga jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta Brazil, ya mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama, dan takarar PSDB Aecio Neves ya fara tunanin kansa a fadar shugaban kasa. Kafofin yada labarai na yamma sun yi hasashensa a matsayin mutumin da zai iya ceto Brazil. Morgan Stanley ma'aikacin banki ko da idan aka kwatanta Tashin Neves zuwa na Firayim Ministan Indiya, Narendra Modi.
Neves ya tabbatar da nasarar sa lokacin Veja mujallar buga labari a jajibirin zaben zagaye na karshe a watan Disambar 2014 yana mai ikirarin cewa mai karbar kudi Yousseff ya shaidawa ‘yan sanda cewa Rousseff da Lula sun san cin hanci da rashawa a Petrobras. Amma duk da haka, ya fadi zabe. Amma a cikin wata guda da rantsar da Rousseff a wa'adi na biyu a watan Janairun 2015, Neves ta fara kira a tsige ta, har yanzu tana nuna rashin amincewarta. Veja labarin a matsayin "tabbacin" haɗin kai a cikin abin kunya.
Labarin, wanda aka buga ba tare da wani martani daga Lula da Rousseff ba, ba a ware ba. Shari'ar "Operation Motar Wash" ta kasance a cikin kafofin watsa labaru kamar yadda ake yi a kotu, tare da yada labaran yau da kullum game da zarge-zargen da aka yi a cikin yarjejeniyar kara. Alkalin kotun Curitiba, wanda shine rahotanni sun yi tasiri Ta hanyar shari'ar Mani Pulite a Italiya, ya zama abin bauta ga masu matsakaicin matsayi na Brazil yayin da hotonsa da maganganunsa ke yawo a cikin mujallu da jaridu kusan kullun. Amma Moro, alkali shi ma ya fuskanci suka a kan dabararsa na tsare wanda ake tuhuma a gidan yari ba tare da beli ba da kuma yin amfani da yarjejeniyar kararraki wajen gina shari’o’in wasu. Ko da The Lahadi Times na London ya gudu kwanan nan labarin kan alƙali, yana tambayar yadda yake tafiyar da lamarin.
Rukunin kafofin watsa labarai da shari'a
Kamar dai Moro bai damu da irin wannan suka ba lokacin da ya tura 'yan sanda su tsare Lula. Duk da sunansa da ya bayyana a rubuce-rubuce da dama da ke alakanta shi da badakalar, kawo yanzu babu wata shaida ko guda da aka gabatar a kan Lula - a kotu ko a kafafen yada labarai. Haka kuma, tsohon shugaban kasar bai taba kin bada hadin kai da binciken ba. Don haka, lokacin da aka tsare Lula a karkashin sammacin tilastawa, mutane da yawa suna tunanin alkalin ya ketare layi. Wani alkalin kotun kolin Brazil, Marco Aurélio Mello, suka a bainar jama'a Alkalin kotun saboda “tilastawa zai dace idan an gayyaci Lula kuma ya ki bayar da shaida, wanda hakan bai faru ba.”
Duk da tsauraran dabarun Moro, tsare Lula bai yi daidai da rubutun ba. Da wannan labari ya bazu a Sao Paulo, fada ya barke tsakanin gungun mutanen da ke gaba da juna a gaban ginin da Lula ke zaune. Sa'an nan kuma wani tweet ya fita daga asusun PT yana cewa Lula "dan fursuna ne na siyasa". Yayin da kafafen sada zumunta ke ci gaba da yawo da labarai game da "sace" Lula da 'yan sanda suka yi, daruruwan mutane sun yi cunkoso a kan tituna a Sao Paulo, suna ihun "Ba za mu bari a yi juyin mulki ba". A yayin da rahotannin jama'a suka taru a wasu garuruwan, an bar Lula ya fita. Kai tsaye ya nufi hedikwatar jam’iyyar inda ya yi jawabi ga dimbin ‘yan gwagwarmaya da dalibai. "Na cancanci a ɗan ƙara girma a ƙasar nan," in ji Lula, da alama a gajiye amma mai azama. A wannan maraice, Lula ya kasance a taron kungiyoyin kwadago, yana mai cewa zai iya tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a 2018. “Ina fatan za ku zabi wanda zai tsaya takara a 2018, amma sai suka dunkule karen da sanda. Don haka ina so in ba da kaina gare ku [a matsayin ɗan takara], ”in ji Lula a wani filin taro cike da ruri da sunansa a cikin garin Sao Paulo.
Hatta magoya bayan jam'iyyar PT da Lula suna daukar alhakin wani bangare na abin da ke faruwa a Brazil a yau. Shigar da shugabannin jam’iyyar cikin cin hanci da rashawa ya zubar da kimarta hatta a tsakanin mabiyanta. Ban da haka, babbar kungiyar goyon bayan jam'iyyar ta kungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, masu fafutuka da masu akida sun nisanta daga PT yayin da Rousseff ta matsar da gwamnati zuwa cibiyar tare da yanke kanta daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. A cikin irin wannan yanayin, kama Lula ya kamata ya zama kisa ga jam'iyyar. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai - na gida da na duniya - an zana Lula a matsayin keɓaɓɓen adadi. Sai dai al’amarin a kasa ya sha bamban, inda miliyoyin magoya bayansa suka yi masa zanga-zanga.
Amma akwai ƙarin karkatar da za su zo.
A ranar 11 ga Maris, Rousseff ta ba Lula mukamin minista a gwamnatinta. Bayan tattaunawa da jinkiri da yawa, Lula ya amince ya zama shugaban ma'aikatan Dilma (daidai da Firayim Minista). Magoya bayan PT na ganin matakin ya zama wajibi don ceto gwamnati daga "juyin mulki", yayin da 'yan adawa suka yi gaggawar bayyana shi a matsayin wani yunkuri na Lula na ceto kansa daga kama shi a cikin badakalar cin hanci da rashawa. Washegari, Moro ya saki faifan hirar waya tsakanin shugabannin biyu. A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi ta wayar tarho, an ji su biyun suna tattaunawa game da shigar Lula a cikin gwamnati. Kunna shi a kan labaran farko, Globo TV Lula ya zage damtse a matsayin wani yunƙuri na yin watsi da dokar kasancewar ministocin tarayya za a iya gurfanar da su a gaban Kotun Koli kawai. Kamar kunna kaset ɗin da bai isa ba, Globo Masu yada labarai sun gargadi mutane da su fita kan tituna domin nuna adawa da Lula da Rousseff.
Satar wayar Rousseff da 'yan sandan tarayya na Brazil suka yi, yayin da suke magana da wani tsohon shugaban kasar, nan da nan ya haifar da kwatancen sa ido na NSA. A fusata da matakin, manyan masana harkokin shari'a na Brazil sun nuna shakku kan shawarar da Moro ya yanke na yin rikodin tattaunawa ta sirri tare da watsa ta ga manema labarai kafin a gabatar da ita a kotu a matsayin shaida. Amma Moro ya ba da hujjar aikinsa da kwatanta shi ga tsohon shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon da badakalar Watergate.
Hoton na dakika 30, wanda ba shi da darajar shari'a kuma, ya ba da isassun harsasai ga 'yan adawa don neman a kama Lula tare da gaggauta aiwatar da shirin tsige Rousseff. Ko da Mai Shari'a Mello na Kotun Koli ya caccaki Moro ta hanyar kiran karar wayar da aka yi na wayar shugaban a matsayin "laifi", faifan da aka fallasa. GloboBabban kanun labarai masu cike da rudani sun yi tasirin da ake so: An toshe nadin Lula a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata kuma an yi zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati.
Mutanen Brazil biyu, tatsuniyoyi biyu
Kwana guda bayan da aka fitar da hirar da aka yi ta wayar tarho, wasu mutane miliyan 1.5, kusan dukkansu sanye da rigar rawaya mai launin rawaya ta kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Brazil tare da daga tutocin kasar, sun fito kan titunan kasar. Yayin da masu daukar hoto suka kama tekun ruwan rawaya da kore daga masu sara suna shawagi a kan Avenida Paulista a Sao Paulo, inda mutane 400,000 suka taru a zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati mafi girma a birnin, an zana jaridun washegari da launin rawaya da kore. Da alama duk Brazil suna neman shugaban PT. Labarin "tashin hankalin jama'a ga gwamnati mai cin hanci da rashawa" ya dawo a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na duniya.
Gaskiya ta ɗan ƙara rikitarwa. Duk da cewa an yi sanye da tufafin ƙasa, jama'ar da suka yi zanga-zangar ba wani abu bane illa halayen ƙasa. Wani bincike da Datafolha ya yi kan mahalarta taron ya nuna cewa kashi 80% daga cikinsu farare ne, kashi 77% na da ilimi mai zurfi sannan kashi 75% na kungiyoyin masu samun kudin shiga ne. A cikin ƙasar da ke da yawan fararen fata 50%, 11% tare da ilimi mai zurfi, kuma ƙasa da 6% a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin samun kudin shiga, ba shi da wahala a tantance bayanan masu zanga-zangar. Yawancin su sun fito ne daga babban ɓawon burodi na al'ummar Brazil: masu arziki, fari da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.
Manyan mutanen Brazil sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da gwamnatin hagu; Jam’iyyarsu ta PSDB, ana ci gaba da kadawa a zabuka. A karkashin mulkin PT, fiye da mutane miliyan 40 sun shawo kan talauci kuma sun shiga tsaka-tsaki. Ya kasance lokaci mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa samun bunƙasar haɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa a cikin ƙasar da ta shahara ga rashin daidaito. An sami yawaitar sauye-sauyen zamantakewa a Brazil. Tare da dokokin da ke ba da garantin mafi ƙarancin albashi da fansho, masu matsakaicin matsayi ba za su iya samun kuyangi da direbobi ba kuma. Tare da ƙididdiga a cikin ilimi, ɗaliban baƙar fata suna shiga jami'o'in jama'a da kasuwar ƙwararrun aiki a cikin lambobin rikodin. Kuma da karuwar kudaden shiga, talakawa a yanzu suna tafiya ta jirgin sama, suna siyayya a manyan kantuna da siyan gidaje a unguwannin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi - da fararen fata. An damu da tsarin zamantakewar da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin mulkin PT.
Kasashe kadan ne suka ga canjin zamantakewa a cikin kankanin lokaci. Kamar dai yadda attajirai suka fashe cikin fushi a lokacin canji a karkashin Vargas da Goulart, a wannan karon ma kasar. azuzuwan gata suna jin daɗi a PT don ba da kuɗi kai tsaye ga matalauta a ƙarƙashin shirin Bolsa Familia (wanda ya ƙarfafa MNREGA a Indiya). A cikin jawabansa, Lula ya kan caccaki manyan mutanen Brazil kan rashin amincewa da wannan sauyi na zamantakewa da kuma jin haushin yadda rayuwar talakawa ke inganta. Mutane da yawa a cikin PT sun yi imanin cewa manyan mutane ne suka kirkiro rikicin Brazil don dakile gwamnati tare da sanya mutanensu.
“An fara zanga-zangar adawa da Dilma ne a shekarar 2013, lokacin da muke shirin karbar bakuncin gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Turai. A wancan lokacin, rashin aikin yi ya yi kadan, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya kasance a lamba daya, albashi yana karuwa kuma Dilma na da 70% na amincewa, amma duk da haka mutane suna neman canji. Babu ma'ana. Amma wannan shi ne farkon wani aiki na canza tsarin mulki a Brazil,” in ji wani jami’in jam’iyyar da bai so a sakaya sunansa ba. “Duk an shirya shi kuma an tallata shi ta kafafen sada zumunta. Ya kasance kamar aikin leken asiri ne,” in ji shi.
Ko da yake babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a shekarar 2013 an yi ta ne daga waje, amma ko shakka babu jama'ar da suka taru a lokacin sun yi fice. Wani bincike da Datafolha yayi a wancan lokacin ya nuna cewa kashi 90% na masu zanga-zangar fararen fata ne kuma 77% na da ilimi mai zurfi. Tun daga shekara ta 2013, duk wata zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta faru a yankunan masu wadata da masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, nesa da yankunan da mafi yawan jama'a ke zaune. Amma kafafen yada labarai na ci gaba da kiransa da fushin talakawan Brazil.
Kafofin watsa labarai na Brazil sun mamaye oligarchs. Da zarar an kira Ƙasar Berlusconis 30 a cikin takarda ta Masu rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba, an yi wani budaddiyar yaki tsakanin gwamnatin masu ra’ayin rikau da kafafen yada labarai tun farkon wa’adin mulkin Lula a shekara ta 2003. A cikin shekarun Rousseff, yakin ya kara kazanta. Rikicin da aka yi wa gwamnatocin PT ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Globo kungiyar, wacce ke gudanar da dimbin jaridu, mujallu, tashoshin TV da gidajen yanar gizo. Ƙungiyar, wacce ke da kusancin keɓantacce kan labarai, nishaɗi, ƙwallon ƙafa da bukin buki, a tarihi sun kasance anti-PT. Hakanan ta goyi bayan juyin mulkin 1964. Kungiyar ta samu riba mai yawa a lokacin mulkin soja na shekaru 21.
amma GloboSautin tashin hankali bai yi kyau ba ga matalauta da masu matsakaicin matsayi na Brazil, tare da da yawa suna kira da a kauracewa ta. Kwana daya bayan tashar TV ta kunna kaset na Lula-Rousseff, shahararren dan wasan Brazil Wagner Moura, tauraron dan wasan. Narcos on Netflix, ya sanya wani bidiyo a shafinsa na Facebook, yana nuna damuwa game da "cikakken yada labarai" da "ajandar siyasa" na bangaren shari'a. "Yan jarida, ba shakka, idan muka waiwaya baya, duk suna da hannu a juyin mulkin '64," in ji Moura a cikin bidiyon.
Daren dogayen wukake
Kafofin yada labarai na kasar Brazil na da matukar karfi a kasar, amma ba kasafai suke amfani da su wajen yiwa bangaren shari'a tambayoyi ba. Ana buga duk wasu zaɓaɓɓun leƙen asiri daga Moro da 'yan sandan tarayya da gaskiya. An dai samu manyan tuhume-tuhume na cin hanci da rashawa a kan manyan shugabannin PSDB, ciki har da Neves, da kuma kakakin majalisar dokokin kasar, Eduardo Cunha, wanda ke jagorantar yunkurin tsige Rousseff. Sai dai kafafen yada labarai ba su damu ba wajen tayar da tambayoyi a fili game da wadannan shugabannin. Manyan masanan kasar suna ganin babbar matsala a can. A cikin kalmomin Jesse de Souza, sanannen masanin ilimin zamantakewa, hukumar shari'a ta ɗauki matsayi na "mafi girma mai daidaitawa," fiye da siyasa, da sojoji suka mamaye, kuma kafin wannan lokacin sarauta. "Kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da damar wannan," de Souza ya rubuta a wata kasida makon da ya gabata.
Ga masu sharhi na hagu, kasar na fuskantar "juyin mulki," kuma kafofin yada labarai da na shari'a suna aiki tare. Miguel de Rosario, editan Ya Cafezinho, wani shafin yanar gizon madadin hagu, yana ganin babban makircin da ya fi na 1964. "Kamar yadda 1964, yunkurin juyin mulkin na yanzu yana goyon bayan babbar kungiyar kafofin watsa labaru na Brazil. Globo. Ba kamar shekarar 1964 ba, yunkurin juyin mulkin da ake yi a halin yanzu ya samo asali ne daga bangaren shari’a mai bin akida mai manufa guda uku: hambarar da zababben shugaban kasa ta hanyar dimokuradiyya; hana tsohon shugaban kasa Lula tsayawa takara a zaben 2018; kuma daga karshe sanya Jam’iyyar Ma’aikata ta Brazil ta haramtacciya,” inji shi ya rubuta a wata kasida.
Wannan na iya zama kamar abin ban tsoro amma yadda abubuwa ke faruwa a Brazil, akwai tsoro a iska: tsoro ga makomar demokradiyya da bin doka.
A ranar 18 ga Maris, dubban daruruwan talakawa sun cika tituna a "kare dimokuradiyya" a birane 45 a fadin kasar. Babban taron ya faru ne a Sao Paulo inda mutane 250,000 da suka hada da masu sukar Rousseff da Lula suka yi wa Avenida Paulista tarnaki, duk da barazanar tashin hankali daga 'yan daba. Ya kasance nunin ƙarfi a kan "juyin mulki". Ya kasance nuni na bambance-bambancen Brazil. Magariba ta koma zazzaɓi lokacin da Lula sanye da jar riga ta iso bakin titi ta yi magana na tsawon mintuna 20 tana tsaye saman wata motar bas da ta tsallaka. "Nao vai ter golpe," (ba za mu yi juyin mulki ba) Lula ya yi ihu kuma dubban muryoyi suka shiga tare da shi. "Dimokradiyya ita ce muryar jama'a, game da muryar mafi rinjaye," in ji Lula, yana zabar taron jama'a.
Tsare Lula ya ƙarfafa hagu na Brazil. Hannun tituna sun mamaye hannun dama tun 2013. Yanzu, tare da masu barin hagu suna sake tattara kansu da yawa suna tsoron mafi muni: tashin hankali da rikici na zamantakewa.
Wasan karshe
Ƙila ƴan ƙasar Brazil na yau da kullun suna yin ƙarfin gwiwa don faɗan kan titi, amma ana yin wasannin na gaske a Brasilia, babban birnin ƙasar. Wani alkalin kotun koli, Gilmar Mendes, ya dakatar da nadin Lula a matsayin minista. Cunha ya hada hannu da PSDB don hanzarta tsige Rousseff. Rahotanni sun ce, Michel Temer, mataimakin shugaban kasar, ya tattauna batun kafa gwamnatin Rousseff da Serra, wanda yanzu ya zama dan majalisar dattawa. Akwai jita-jitar cewa shirin tsige shi na iya kawo karshe a karshen watan Afrilu, kuma Temer, wanda ya yi fice a wasu laifukan cin hanci da rashawa, zai karbi ragamar mulkin kasar.
Brazil tana kan gaba. Tsohon shugaban da ya kawo sauyi a kasar na iya shiga gidan yari. Za a iya tsige shugaban na yanzu, wanda ba a tuhume shi da cin hanci da rashawa. Kuma duk wannan a cikin shekara dole ne kasar ta karbi bakuncin gasar Olympics. Amma duk da yadda wasu ke fargabar rikicin na yanzu zai haifar lalacewar cibiyoyin kasar wasu kuma suna kiranta barazana ga dimokradiyya, Manyan mutanen Brazil ba su damu ba. A cikin nunin abin da ake dafawa a Brasilia, sanannen mai daukar hoto Franco Ilimar ya buga wani tarkon taron cin abinci a ranar 16 ga Maris, kwana daya kafin nadin Lula a gwamnati ya tsaya. A cikin hoton Mendes, alkali wanda ya tsaya wa Lula nadin, ana ganin yana cin abincin rana tare da Serra da Arminio Fraga, tsohon manajan asusun Quantum na George Soros. Hoton ya yi ta yaduwa a shafukan sada zumunta, inda mutane ke mamakin abin da ake tattaunawa tsakanin alkali, dan siyasar da ya fito a cikin kebul na Wikileaks da kuma wani manajan asusu da ke wakiltar muradun kamfanonin hada-hadar kudi na Amurka.
Wataƙila sun hadu ne don tattaunawa game da ƙwallon ƙafa.
Amma tare da Serra, ƙwararren masanin dabarun siyasa, a tsakiyar matakin bayan cin kashin kashin da Dilma ya yi a 2010, 'yan makonni masu zuwa za su kasance masu mahimmanci ga Brazil, PT da Petrobras. A Brasilia, ana kiransa yaƙin “yi ko mutu”, yayin da ƙawancen siyasa a ɓangarorin biyu ke yunƙurin samun lambobi don adawa da tsige Dilma. Dilma da Lula na fafutukar ganin sun tsira a siyasance da dimokuradiyya, amma tuni masu fafutuka ke aiki tukuru don karya kashin da Petrobras ke da shi kan man Brazil.
A tsakiyar dukkanin fadace-fadacen da ake yi a kotuna, Majalisa da tituna, majalisar dattawan Brazil kwanan nan ya zartar da doka wanda zai "sake buƙatun cewa Petrobras ya zama mai aiki kuma ya riƙe aƙalla kashi 30 cikin dari na sha'awar aiki a duk filayen gishiri". Idan kudirin, wanda Jose Serra ya dauki nauyi, ya zama doka, zai kawo karshen ikon Petrobras a kan rijiyoyin mai na kasar. Ko da yake wasu Sanatoci irin su Roberto Requiao daga jihar Paraná sun nuna adawa da shi sosai, majalisar dattijai ta amince da kudurin da gagarumin rinjaye. Da yake mamakin yadda aka yi gaggawar mayar da kamfanonin mai, Requiao ya ce ana aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan cikin gaggawa ba tare da bin kwamitoci ba, yayin da masu fafutuka ke halartar ofisoshi a madadin manyan kamfanoni kamar Shell da British Petroleum. Amma a fuskar babban fage na kamfanonin mai, adawar Requiao ga kudirin bai wadatar ba. "Shin Brazil ta rasa rinjaye a Majalisar Dattawa ga kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa? Har yanzu dai ba na fata ba,” wani tsohon dan majalisar dattawa ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter bayan kada kuri’ar.
Yanzu kudirin ya koma Majalisa sannan kuma ga shugaban kasa don amincewa. Rousseff, a matsayin shugaban kasa, na iya yin watsi da kudirin. Amma idan mataimakin shugaban kasar Michel Temer, wanda ya samu sabani da Dilma, ya karbi ragamar mulki daga hannunta, babu shakka cewa kudirin ya zama doka. A ƙarshe, duk wasan kwaikwayo na Brazil - tsare Lula, tsige Dilma da ƙwace PT yana tafasa zuwa mai.
Kamar dai ana ganin Big Oil, The Economist sake sanya Brazil a kan murfinta a wannan makon. "Lokacin tafiya", in ji mujallar a kan hoton wata baƙar fata Rousseff. Da take maimaitu irin wannan tsohon rubutun na “rashin tafiyar da tattalin arziki”, mujallar ta bukaci a tsige shugaban da ya yi nasara a zaben da aka yi cikin ‘yanci da adalci watanni 15 da suka gabata.
Manyan mutanen Brazil da kafofin watsa labarai ma suna bin rubutun iri ɗaya. Kamar shugabannin da suka gabata Vargas, Quardos da Goulart, idan Dilma Rousseff za ta bar ofis, da kamfanonin mai sun yi nasara. Kuma da Brazil ta sake fadawa cikin juyin mulki.
Shobhan Saxena ɗan jarida ɗan Indiya ne wanda ke ba da rahoto game da Kudancin Amurka daga Sao Paulo
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