Source: Tattaunawar
Rundunar US ta 39 a Seattle, sanya abin rufe fuska don hana mura. Dec. 1918. Sojojin suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Faransa a lokacin 1918-19 na cutar mura ta 'Spanish'.
Hoto daga Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com
A Indiya, a lokacin bala'in mura na 1918, abin mamaki Mutane miliyan 12 zuwa 13 sun mutu, mafi rinjaye tsakanin watannin Satumba da Disamba. A cewar wani shaidar gani da ido, “Babu wanda zai cire gawawwakin kuma jakkuna sun yi liyafa.”
A lokacin barkewar cutar, Indiya ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sama da shekaru 150. Dukiyar ’yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya sun kasance sun sha bamban da na mutanen Indiya, kuma babu inda rarrabuwar kawuna ta fi kamar lokacin cutar mura, kamar yadda na gano yayin bincike. na Ph.D. akan batun.
Sakamakon lalacewa zai haifar da manyan canje-canje a Indiya - da kuma daular Burtaniya.
Daga Kansas zuwa Mumbai
Ko da yake ana kiranta da mura na Sipaniya, cutar ta 1918 mai yiwuwa ya fara a Kansas da kuma kashe tsakanin mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a dukan duniya.
A farkon watannin 1918, kwayar cutar ta bulla a ko'ina cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Amurka, daga karshe ta yi gabas, inda ta ya ratsa tekun Atlantika tare da sojoji da aka tura don WWI.
An shigar da shi cikin ramuka a Yammacin Gabar Turai, kwayar cutar ta tsaga sojojin da suka raunana. Yayin da yakin ya kusa kawo karshensa, kwayar cutar ta bi hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki na kasuwanci da jigilar sojoji don kamuwa da kusan kowane lungu na duniya. Yana ya isa Mumbai a karshen watan Mayu.
Yaduwa mara daidaito
Lokacin da bullar cutar ta farko ta isa, ba ta kasance mai kisa ba. Sanarwar da jami'an Biritaniya suka dauka game da hakan shine tasirinta ga wasu ma'aikata. Wani rahoto ya lura, "Yayin da lokacin yankan ciyawa ya fara… mutane sun yi rauni sosai har sun kasa yin cikakken aikin yini."
A watan Satumba, labarin ya fara canzawa. Mumbai har yanzu ita ce cibiyar kamuwa da cuta, wataƙila saboda matsayinta na cibiyar kasuwanci da jama'a. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, wata jarida ta Turanci ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mura 293 a can, amma ta tabbatar wa masu karatunta "A yanzu an kai ga mafi muni."
Madadin haka, kwayar cutar ta ratsa cikin yankin nahiyar, ta bin hanyoyin kasuwanci da na gidan waya. Bala'i da mutuwa sun mamaye garuruwa da kauyukan kauye. Jaridun Indiya sun ruwaito cewa ana karbar gawarwaki 150 zuwa 200 a kowace rana. A cewar wani mai lura da al’amura, “Gawawwakin gawawwakin da aka kona da wuraren da aka binne gawawwaki ne a zahiri; yayin da adadin da ya fi girma yana jiran cirewa."
Amma mura ba ta kama kowa daidai ba. Yawancin mutanen Biritaniya a Indiya sun zauna a cikin filaye da gidajen lambuna da yadi, idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan azuzuwan Indiyawan mazauna birni, waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa. Yawancin Birtaniyya suma sun dauki ma'aikatan gida aiki don kula da su - a lokutan lafiya da rashin lafiya - don haka cutar ta shafe su kawai kuma ba su damu da hargitsin da ke faruwa a kasar ba.
A cikin wasikun da ya aike a hukumance a farkon watan Disamba, Laftanar Gwamnan lardunan United bai ma ambaci mura ba, maimakon haka ya ce “Komai ya bushe sosai; amma na yi nasarar samun maharba dari biyu a wannan kakar.”
Yayin da cutar ba ta da wani sakamako ga yawancin mazauna Burtaniya mazauna Indiya, ra'ayin ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mutanen Indiya, wanda yayi magana akan barnar duniya. Wata wasiƙa da aka buga a cikin wani ɗan lokaci ta yi kuka, “Wataƙila Indiya ba ta taɓa ganin irin wannan mawuyacin lokaci ba. Akwai kuka a kowane bangare. ... Babu wani kauye ko gari a tsawon fadin kasar da bai biya kudi mai yawa ba."
A wani wuri, Kwamishinan Tsaftar na Punjab ya lura, " titunan da titunan biranen sun cika da matattu da matattu…
The fallout
A ƙarshe, yankuna a arewa da yammacin Indiya sun ga adadin mace-mace tsakanin kashi 4.5% zuwa 6% na yawan jama'arsu, yayin da kudu da gabas - inda kwayar cutar ta isa daga baya, yayin da take raguwa - gabaɗaya ta ɓace tsakanin 1.5% kuma 3%.
Geography ba shine kawai abin rarrabuwa ba, duk da haka. A Mumbai, kusan sau bakwai da rabi yawancin Indiyawan ƙabila sun mutu idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Biritaniya - 61.6 da dubu akasin 8.3 a kowace dubu.
A cikin Indiyawan da ke Mumbai, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki na zamantakewa ban da kabilanci ya haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen adadin mace-mace.
Jami’in Lafiya na Calcutta ya yi tsokaci game da babban bambanci na adadin mace-mace tsakanin ’yan Birtaniyya da Indiyawa: “Yawancin mace-mace a Kidderpore ya bayyana ya samo asali ne ga ɗimbin yawan masu sanyi, jahilai da masu fama da talauci, suna rayuwa ƙarƙashin mafi yawan yanayin rashin tsabta damp, duhu, datti bukkoki. Su aji ne mai wuyar sha’ani.”
Canza gaba
Adadin mace-mace a Indiya gabaɗaya ya kai kololuwar su a cikin Oktoba, tare da raguwa a hankali cikin Nuwamba da Disamba. Wani babban jami'in Biritaniya ya rubuta a cikin Disamba, "Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na hunturu zai gyara komai kuma… a hankali abubuwa za su gyara kansu."
Al'ada, duk da haka, bai koma Indiya sosai ba. Spring na 1919 zai ga Ta'asar Birtaniyya a Amritsar kuma jim kadan bayan kaddamar da Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement. Mura ta zama misali ɗaya na rashin adalci na Biritaniya wanda ya zaburar da mutanen Indiya a yaƙin neman yancin kai. A Jaridar kare hakkin dan adam ta buga Mahatma Gandhi mai fafutuka ya ce, "Ba wata kasa mai wayewa da gwamnati za ta bar abubuwa da yawa kamar yadda gwamnatin Indiya ta yi a lokacin da ake fama da wannan mummunar annoba da ta barke."
An fara doguwar mutuwar daular Burtaniya a hankali.
Faculty of Community, Jami'ar Jihar Metropolitan ce.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi