S. Herman
Mai laifin kasa da kasa
An kafa Kotunan Tsohon Yugoslavia (ICTY ko Kotun) a cikin 1993 ta hanyar
Manyan kasashen NATO, musamman Amurka da Jamus, don bin Sabiya
shugabanni da ma'aikata, a matsayin wani ɓangare na gina yaƙi da Serbia da kuma
sauran Yugoslavia. Tare da bayyananniyar dangantakar jama'a da rawar siyasa
a cikin goyon bayan manufofin NATO, Kotun ta kasance "na kasa da kasa" ko
"mai zaman kansa" kawai a cikin ma'anar Pickwickian. Its cin zarafi na ka'idodin
Fikihun yammacin duniya ya kasance abin ban mamaki tun farkonsa har yau. Yana
yana wakiltar babban shari'ar masu iko ta amfani da murfin doka don
taimakawa kai hari da wargaza wata karamar ƙasa; wani shari'ar abin da Diana Johnstone,
Dangane da aikin Kotun daga 1993-1998, ya kira "masu nasara na gaba"
adalci.” Tun bayan yakin NATO da mamaye siyasa na Yugoslavia.
kuma tare da gwajin Milosevic na yanzu, muna da ƙarin sanannun shari'ar
madaidaiciya "Adalcin Nasara."
Wannan babba
aiki siyasa duk da haka ya kasance fitacciyar dangantakar jama'a
nasara ga dakarun NATO. Wannan saboda kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, kuma musamman
Kafofin yada labarai na Amurka, sun yi mata ba-zata, kuma sun kyale NATO ta yi nasara
kisan kai, a alamance da a zahiri. Shaidanun-makiya da aka sani
tsari, zarge-zargen "kisan kare dangi," da tsananin mayar da hankali ga wadanda aka zaba,
Yanke mahallin, da tatsuniyoyi da aka kafa, sun ba NATO damar bayyana a
kayan aikin jin kai kuma sun yi don yanayi na hankali da ɗabi'a
A cikin abin da kyawawan abubuwa, har ma da manyan maki, na son zuciya na shari'a da rashin adalci
kadan asusun.
Importantaya mai mahimmanci
sakamakon aikin kafofin watsa labarai shine rashin dacewa da shari'a ta gaskiya
Milosevic a Hague. Ta hanyar yanke hukunci a cikin son zuciya, jahilci, da
hanya mai matuƙar motsin rai, ta haka ta jawo fushin jama'a da ƙiyayya ga mutumin
gwaji, kafofin watsa labaru suna ƙirƙirar saitin fahimta da tsammanin da za su yi
Hukuncin da ba shi da laifi ya zama abin ban tsoro. Wannan tsari ya saba: da
Shari'ar Sacco-Vanzetti, Rosenbergs, da kuma misalai da yawa na haɗa kai
da "wani Hitler" a ƙasashen waje da manufofin Amurka suka yi niyya-Manuel Noriega, Saddam
Hussein, Osama bin Laden, Kadaffi bisa zargin shiga Libya a cikin
Bom na Lockerbie, "Muguwar Daular" don zargin shirya 1981
harbin Paparoma. Kafofin yada labarai cikin sauri suka gano gaskiyar hukuma ta bayyana kanta,
yi watsi da ko ware bayanan da ba su dace ba da nazari, kuma ta haka sauƙaƙe
Ayyukan manufofin hukuma, kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙasa mai kama-karya.
A cikin Milosevic
yanayin, duk da haka, an riga an tabbatar da sakamakon da manufar, ma'aikata, da
tsarin Kotun, ganin cewa hukuncin laifi yana da mahimmanci a ciki
tabbatar da yakin Amurka da NATO da mamaye Yugoslavia. Zai kasance
sabis na farfaganda na ƙarshe kuma mafi mahimmanci wanda Kotun ta aiwatar
masu shirya ta, masu ba da kuɗi, da masu kulawa, kamar yadda za a bayyana a ƙasa. Amma da
rawar da kafofin watsa labarai ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɓoye wa jama'a munanan cin zarafi
na Kotun da hidima a matsayin wakili na siyasa da farfaganda na
Amurka da NATO. Wannan boye-boye zai taimaka wajen zama “mai jin kai
shisshigi" da "yaƙe-yaƙe akan ta'addanci" sun fi dacewa, bayan sun nuna cewa yakin
da Yugoslavia yana da tushen ɗabi'a, yana dakatar da wani Hitler.
wasu
Maganar Kotu
Uwa uba,
Albright da Kinkel, ayyana Manufarsa. Tuƙi na asali don Kotun
Ministan harkokin wajen Jamus Klaus Kinkel ne ya jagorance shi, wanda tun farko ya matsa kaimi
Agusta 1992, kuma a bayyane yake so ya tuhumi Serbs don
"kisan kare dangi." Matsayinsa na ƙaddamar da Kotun ya jagoranci shugabanta na farko, Antonio
Cassese, don komawa zuwa Kinkel a matsayin "uban kotun."
Gabrielle Kirk
McDonald, magajin Cassese a matsayin shugaban kasa, lura da cewa Madeleine Albright na da
"ya yi aiki tare da yanke shawarar kafa Kotuna," in ji ta
"mahaifiyar Kotun." Mutumin da ya rubuta Dokar Kotun ta Albright,
Michael Scharf, yayi magana a zahiri game da manufar siyasa: Kotun ta kasance
"Abin da aka sani a cikin gwamnati kadan ne fiye da dangantakar jama'a
na'ura da ... kayan aiki mai amfani…. Laifi…zai yi aiki don ware
cin zarafin shugabanni ta hanyar diflomasiyya… da kuma karfafa manufofin siyasar duniya
yin amfani da takunkumin tattalin arziki ko amfani da karfi” (Washington Post, Oktoba 3,
1999). Yi la'akari da rawar da aka gabatar na tuhumar, wanda zai yi amfani da manufofin siyasa
kafin shari'a da hukunci, wanda ya saba wa ka'idodin Yammacin Turai na
fikihu.
Damuwa
Shari'a. Kwamitin Sulhu ba shi da tushe na doka a karkashin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
kafa hukumar shari'a, amma ta yi watsi da waccan kyawun, da'awar cewa Babi
VII, wanda ya ba shi 'yancin "ɗaukar matakan" da "kafa reshen
ƙungiyoyin” don kiyaye “zaman lafiya da tsaro,” sun ba da hakan
hukuma. Wannan dabarar doka ta kauce wa buƙatar samun ƙasashen da ba na NATO ba
yarda da sabuwar hukumar shari'a, kuma tana da fa'ida cewa duk ƙasashe suna da
wajibi ne ya karɓi ayyukan tilastawa da aka ɗauka a ƙarƙashin Babi na VII. Hujjar ta kasance
ya tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da ayyukan Kotun bisa ga wannan hukuma ta shari'a
zai "hana" mugayen mutane kuma su hana yaki, amma ba wai kawai wannan da'awar ba
masu sassaucin ra'ayi, rikodin ya nuna cewa Kotun ta sauƙaƙe ayyukan NATO
yaki.
Kudade da
Ma'aikata. Ko da yake Mataki na 32 na kundin tsarin mulkin ya ce kotun
Dole ne a samar da kashe kuɗi daga babban kasafin kuɗi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wannan yana da
An ci gaba da cin zarafi, kuma dole ne Kotun ta dogara da Amurka da sauran su
kudade na gwamnati, neman George Soros da sauran masu sha'awar
masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu, da ma'aikatan "na biyu" daga (yafi) ikon NATO. A ciki
1994-1995, {asar Amirka ta ba wa Kotun dala $700,000 a tsabar kudi, $2.3.
miliyan a cikin kayan aiki, da kuma ma'aikata da yawa, yayin da suka kasa saduwa da su
wajibcin bayar da kudade na doka ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Wannan kudade
dogaro ba wai kawai ke yin ikon sarrafa waje ba, har ma yana ba masu kuɗi damar
jagorantar ayyukan kotuna ta hanyoyin da suka dace da manufofinsu na siyasa na gaggawa.
Don haka, alal misali, gwamnatin Clinton ta sami dala miliyan 27 a lokacin
yakin bama-bamai don baiwa Kotun damar tattara bayanai kan laifukan yakin Serbia daga
'Yan gudun hijirar Albaniya. (Gilbert Guillaume, Shugaban Kotun Duniya na
Justice [ICJ], yana magana a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2000 a gaban babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,
ya lura cewa ICTY na samun kudi sau goma fiye da na ICJ, kuma ya ba da shawarar
cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna shiga cikin “cinyar da dandalin tattaunawa,” ko ma ƙirƙira
sabon dandalin tattaunawa, wanda zai kasance "mafi dacewa ga muhawarar su." Ya ba da shawarar cewa
bai dace da kyakkyawan tsarin shari'a ba cewa ya kamata a yi kotuna
bisa ga dokar kasuwa.")
Babban juzu'i
na ma'aikatan kotun sun fito ne daga jihohin NATO, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu
sun fito daga Amurka da Birtaniya; a tsakiyar 1996, 23 daga cikin 52 "na biyu"
ma'aikatan sun fito ne daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Tsaro da Shari'a. Manyan zabuka
na jami'an Kotuna ana tantance su da shugabannin manyan jihohin. Wadanda
yin aiki da kyau, kamar tsohuwar mai gabatar da kara Louise Arbour, ana ba da lada don wannan sabis ɗin
(An zaɓe ta da sauri don zama Alkalin Kotun Koli na Kanada). Wasu
kawai komawa ga tsoffin ayyukan da ya kamata, a zahiri, sun hana su
Sabis na Kotun: Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, tsohon shugaban Kotun, yana da
ya kasance darakta, kuma ya dawo a matsayin “Shawara ta Musamman ga Shugaban kan Dan Adam
Hakkoki," na Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc., sanannen haƙƙin ɗan adam
mai keta aiki a yammacin Papua tare da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Indonesia.
Lokacin Milosevic
An gurfanar da shi a watan Mayu 1999, Dr. Hans Koechler, shugaban kasa da kasa
Progress Organization (wata kungiya mai zaman kanta), ta lura cewa duk manyan jami'an Kotun
'yan ƙasa ne na jihohin NATO ko ƙawancensu (Ostiraliya). Ya tambaya ko
Cibiyar da ta kiyaye ka'idodin doka na rashin son kai da ba ta sami a
"rikicin sha'awa ga 'alkalai' daga kasashen da ke yakin da ba a bayyana ba
A kan Yugoslavia don zama a kan irin wannan kwamitin da zai fara aiwatar da matakin 'shari'a' a kan
Shugaban kasar da ake kai wa hari?”
Kwangila
Dangantaka da NATO. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1996, masu gabatar da kara na Kotun sun rattaba hannu kan wani
takardar fahimta tare da NATO wanda ya sanya ta zama gendarme na Kotun Koli.
Sai dai, sashe na 16 na kundin tsarin mulkin kotun ya bayyana cewa mai gabatar da kara zai yi
yin aiki da kansa kuma ba zai nemi ko karɓar umarni daga kowace gwamnati ba.
Amma mai gabatar da kara ba zai iya yin aiki da kansa ba idan ya dogara da takamaiman gwamnatoci
don ba da kuɗi, ma'aikata, da sabis na 'yan sanda. Da kuma masu gabatar da kara na Kotun
ba su yi aiki da kansu ba, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa.
a lokacin
An tambayi kakakin kungiyar ta NATO Jamie Shea game da harin na NATO
rauni ga tuhumar Kotun. Bai damu ba. Mai gabatar da kara, ya ce.
za ta fara bincikenta "saboda za mu kyale ta." Har ila yau, "NATO
kasashen su ne suka samar da kudi,” da kuma bukatar gina wani
majalisa ta biyu “domin a gaggauta gurfanar da mu...mu da kotuna muna
duk daya a kan wannan, muna son ganin an hukunta masu laifin yaki.” Lokacin Arbor
" duba da gaskiyar cewa za ta tuhumi mutanen kasar Yugoslavia da ni
kar ku yi tsammanin wasu a wannan matakin” (Taron manema labarai na NATO, Mayu 17,
1999).
Bayyanawa
Sabis ga NATO. Babban sabis ga NATO ya faru a lokacin Racak
"Kisan Kisa" a cikin Janairu 1999. Albright da abokanta suna shirye-shiryen NATO
da jama'a don yaƙi da Yugoslavia, kuma suna buƙatar hulɗar jama'a
goyon baya. Lokacin da aka ba da rahoton cewa an kashe Albaniyawan Kosovo a Racak.
Wani jami'in Amurka William Walker ya garzaya wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma ya ayyana shi a matsayin "ba za a iya magana ba
zalunci.” A washegari mai gabatar da kara Louise Arbor ta bayyana a wani
taron manema labarai cewa ta bude bincike kan wannan laifi. Ciki
kwanaki hudu, bayan tuntubar jami'an NATO kawai, ta ayyana wannan a matsayin "yaki
laifi.” Wannan sanarwar ta taimaka wajen bayyana laifin da ake zargin, kuma ko da yake
hujjojin da ke cikin lamarin sun kasance kuma sun kasance a cikin gardama, da kuma rahoton bincike kan
kisan kiyashi ya rage ba a saki OSCE ba, an jera wannan kisan kiyashi a ranar 22 ga Mayu,
1999 tuhumar Milosevic da abokan aikinsa.
Sa'an nan, a kan Maris
31 ga Satumba, 1999, mako guda bayan tashin bam na NATO, Arbor ya sanar da tuhumar
Shugabar Sabiya Arkan da laifin aikata laifuka a Bosnia, wanda ta aikata
ta shirya shekaru biyu da suka wuce amma ta kasance a asirce har sai da NATO ta bukaci dangantakar jama'a
rufe domin ta da bam.
Mafi ban mamaki
Sabis na kotun NATO ya faru watanni biyu bayan haka. NATO ta gano cewa
Sabiyawan ba sa mika kai ga hare-haren sama a kan sojojinsu, don haka NATO
don haka ya juya zuwa farmaki ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a, bugun gadoji, masana'antu,
wutar lantarki da na ruwa, da ma makarantu da asibitoci. Wadannan
hare-haren sun kasance karara ta keta dokokin kasa da kasa-ka'idar Nuremberg ta shida
sanduna da aka yi niyya "ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba" - kuma suna haifar da wani abu
zanga-zangar adawa hatta a kasashen NATO. Tare da cikakken lokaci, ranar 27 ga Mayu
Arbor ya sanar da tuhumar Milosevic, dangane da bayanai game da zargin Serb
kashe-kashen da hukumomin leken asirin Amurka suka yi amma ba a tabbatar da su ba. An kunna wannan
Albright don lura cewa tuhumar "sun bayyana wa duniya da jama'a
a cikin ƙasashenmu cewa wannan [manufofin NATO] ya dace" (Mayu 27, 1999),
sauƙaƙe ƙarin tashin bama-bamai-da ƙara keta dokokin NATO na duniya.
A lokaci guda
Arbor ya bayyana cewa, yayin da mutane ke da "yancin yin zato na
rashin laifi har sai an same shi da laifi," abubuwan da ake tuhumar "sun haifar da tambayoyi masu tsanani game da su
dacewar zama masu tabbatar da kowace yarjejeniya, balle yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya." The
Don haka mai gabatar da kara ya ɗauki matsayin "dan siyasa mai maye" (Koechler),
sanar da nata kudurin siyasa cewa Milosevic za a yi watsi da shi
mai sasantawa. A wasu lokuta da yawa, Kotun ta yi amfani da tuhumar
aikata laifuka da kuma cire mutane yadda ya kamata daga tsarin tattaunawa.
Dole ne Milosevic ya dogara ga Rashawa don yin shawarwari a madadin Yugoslavia
kawo karshen yakin bama-bamai, da kuma shugabannin Sabiyawan Bosniya Karadzic da Mladic su ma
cire daga duk wani tsarin diflomasiyya a Bosnia ta hanyar tuhume-tuhume. Ta wannan hanyar,
Har ila yau, duk an yi musu aljanu sosai kafin fitina da yanke hukunci, da kowane NATO
Kotun koli ta tabbatar da tashin hankali a cikin hulɗar jama'a / dandalin watsa labarai
tuhuma.
Keɓancewa
Laifukan Yakin NATO. Kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta yi watsi da batun laifukan yaki
zuwa ga ikon Kotun abin da Robert Jackson a gwajin Nuremberg ya bayyana
zama laifi mafi muni: yin yaƙin zalunci. Don haka NATO za ta iya kai hari
Yugoslavia ta keta dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba tare da hakan ta atomatik ba
aikata laifin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Kotun. Duk da haka, Mataki na 5 na
Yarjejeniyar kotun ta yi “laifi kan bil Adama,” wanda ya haɗa da
"kisan kai" da "sauran ayyukan rashin mutuntaka;" da Mataki na 3 ya hada da “aiki na
makamai masu guba ko wasu makaman da aka lissafta don haifar da wahala da ba dole ba,”
da “kai hari, ko tashin bama-bamai, ta kowace hanya, na garuruwa, ƙauyuka, da ba a karewa,
gidaje, ko gine-gine,” da sauransu. Labari na 1 da 16 na hukunce-hukuncen kotuna
doka ta wajabta ta hukunta duk irin wannan haramcin.
Yadda Arbor da
Del Ponte ya kora daga ko da binciken laifukan yaki na NATO, da bambanci
tare da saurin hidimar su ga NATO, yana da ban sha'awa a cikin babban bambanci
tsakanin su biyun. Masanin shari'a na Kanada Michael Mandel ya kwatanta yadda a cikin Mayu 1999
shi da gungun lauyoyi daga Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka sun shigar da bayanai masu kyau
laifuffukan yaki a kan shugabannin NATO 68, kuma sun tafi Hague don yin hakan
shari’ar Arbor da magajinta Carla Del Ponte; kuma “kamar zahiri
dubbai a duniya, mun bukaci Arbor da Del Ponte su aiwatar da aikin
doka da NATO" ("Siyasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam A cikin International Criminal
Kotun Koli Ga Tsohuwar Yugoslavia: Shari'ar Mu Akan NATO Da Darussan Da Zasu Kasance
An Koyi Daga Shi,” Fordham International Law Journal 25: 95-128 [2001]).
A ƙarshe ya daina lokacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa "koli ɗin yaudara ce." Yana
ya ɗauki Del Ponte fiye da shekara guda don sanar, a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2000, cewa NATO ta kasance
ba tare da wani laifi ba, "kuma (maimakon rashin fahimta) ba ta bude wani
binciken ko sun aikata wani abu” (ibid.). A lokacin ta
ta fitar da rahoton ofishinta na mai gabatar da kara (OTP), a fili bisa ga
Imani da cewa “Maganganun labarai na NATO da ƙasashen NATO gabaɗaya abin dogaro ne
kuma an ba da bayanin da gaske” (Rahoto na ƙarshe ga Mai gabatar da kara
Kwamitin da aka kafa don yin bita kan yaƙin neman zaɓe na NATO… Doc.
PR/PIS/510-E [2000], akwai a www.un.org/icty/pressreal/nato061300.htm
(bayan OTP)). OTP ta lura duk da haka, cewa wasu lokuta NATO ta ƙi ba da amsa
("kasa magance takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru"); a wannan yanayin, NATO ba ta son wani
bincike, OTP ya zaɓi kada ya sake dubawa kuma kawai ya watsar da
batun. Yaya hakan yake don tantance shari'a mai zaman kanta?
A cikin tuhumar
na Milosevic, Arbor ya yi amfani da shaida game da abubuwan da suka faru kawai makonni shida
tun da farko daga wani yanki na yaƙi, wanda wata ƙungiya mai sha'awa (NATO) ta samar. Amma ba ita ba
kuma Del Ponte zai iya ko da "bude bincike" a kan NATO, bayan shekara guda, tare da
shaidu masu yawa a cikin jama'a game da ayyukan NATO da suka kashe mutane da yawa
fiye da lambobin da aka gabatar a farkon tuhumar Milosevic. Wannan
tuhuma da tuhumar "laifi kan bil'adama" ya dogara ne akan wani zargin 385
kashe-kashe; amma rahoton na OTP ya gano cewa mutuwar 500 da NATO ke dangantawa ita ma
'yan kaɗan don ƙididdigewa - "babu kawai babu wata shaida ta tushen laifin da ake tuhuma
na kisan kare dangi ko laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama."
A cikin dubawa
yiwuwar laifukan yaki na NATO, lokaci bayan lokaci OTP za ta yi la'akari da shaidar
sannan a zabi fassarar da ta dace ga NATO, kamar yadda a cikin harin bam na
Wuraren watsa shirye-shiryen Serbian, ko kuma kawai yanke hukunci ba da gangan ba tunda
“wani fassarar tana nan daidai” ba a buƙatar bincike (wannan
dangane da harin bam da NATO ta kai kan wani jirgin kasa a kan gada a Grdelica Gorge).
Michael Mandel ya ba da misalai da dama na wannan yanayin ficewar,
wanda kamar yadda ya ce "ya zo kusa da yiwuwar zama ainihin jaridar NATO
sakin da Jamie Shea ko James Rubin suka bayar."
Bayan Del Ponte
ta karbi ragamar mulki daga Arbour, ta sanar da cewa fifikonta na farko shine tattarawa
ƙarin shaida akan Milosevic, a fakaice ta yarda cewa ba ta da isasshen,
amma ta sake bayyana manufofinta na ayyukan NATO.
Bayyanawa
Hanyar zuwa Sabiya; Keɓewar Croat da Musulman Bosniya. Daga sosai
na farko, Sabiyawan ne NATO ke hari, don haka na Kotun. Tun da wuri
1991 Ministan harkokin wajen Jamus Kinkel yana zargin Serbs da "kisan kare dangi," kuma a cikin
Disamba 1992, a daidai lokacin da Kotuna ke kan aiwatar da kafawa, Dokokin Amurka
Sakataren Gwamnati Lawrence Eagleberger ya kuma bayyana sunayen shugabannin Sabiya hudu a bainar jama'a.
Milosevic, Radovan Karadzic, Mladic da Arkan, a matsayin wadanda kotun ta kai hari.
Shugaban kotun Gabrielle Kirk McDonald ya kira Serbia a matsayin "dan damfara
jiha,” kuma wani shugaban kotun Antonio Cassese ya bayyana gamsuwa
Wannan “zargin” ya sa shugabannin Sabiyawa ba za su iya shiga ciki ba
tattaunawa. (Cassese bai damu da wannan cin zarafi na tuhumar ba a matsayin a
kayan aikin siyasa).
Mafi yawa daga cikin
An tuhumi Sabiyawan, kuma ma'auni biyu a nan shine
m. An tuhumi shugaban sojojin Sabiya Arkan, amma ba musulmin Bosnia ba
takwaransa Naser Oric, wanda ya yi takama a kafafen yada labarai game da kisan sa na Sabiya
farar hula. An tuhumi shugaban Sabiya Milan Martic a shekarar 1996 saboda harba makamin roka
Wani harin bam da aka kai kan sansanin sojoji a Zagreb a watan Mayun 1995, a kasa
cewa rokar "ba a yi shi ne don kai hari ga sojojin ba amma don ta'addanci
jama'ar Zagreb." Amma kungiyar NATO ta kai harin bam na Nis a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1999, wanda
akai-akai buga kasuwa da asibiti nesa da duk wani hari na soja, samar da no
tuhuma. Da kuma gagarumin tsarkakewar kabilanci na Krajina ta shawarar Amurka
Sojojin Croatia a cikin 1995, tare da kashe daruruwan mutane, ba a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba har sai
Mayu 21, 2001, lokacin da Del Ponte, ya ci gaba da bin sabuwar gwamnatin Yugoslavia.
don mika Milosevic da sauran wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaki, kuma a fili yana jin a
bukatar ta nuna kwazonta, wanda aka tuhumi sojan Croatian a jima
jami'in. (Kafin Mayu 2001, Serbs ne kawai aka gurfanar da su don laifukan yaƙi a cikin
yankin Krajina.)
Serbian kawai
An tuhumi shugabannin da laifin "kisan kare dangi" da alhakin sama-sama na
ayyuka na karkashin kasa. Kisan gilla da dama daga Musulman Bosniya—ciki har da
mujahidan da aka shigo da su daga kasashen waje wadanda sana'arsu ke fille kawunan fararen hula da aka kashe-da kuma
Sojojin Croatia da 'yan sanda, ba su taɓa sa Kotun ta yi amfani da kalmar ba
kisan kiyashi ko kuma dangana alhakin shugaban Croatian Tudjman ko Bosnia
shugaban Izetbegovic. Kuma yayin da take kallon laifukan NATO, Del Ponte
la'akari ne kawai alhakin matukan jirgin na NATO da kuma na nan take
kwamandoji, ba masu yanke shawara na NATO da suka yanke shawarar kai hari ga farar hula ba
kayayyakin more rayuwa da yawan jama'a. Matsayin biyu a nan yana da ban mamaki.
Hukunci
Malpractice-Analogies Tare da Ayyukan Soviet a 1936-1937. Duk mai karatu
Ba Laifi ba: Rahoton Hukumar Bincike Kan Laifukan da Aka Yi Akan
Leon Trotsky a cikin gwaji na Moscow (1938), wanda ƙungiyar da John ke shugabanta
Dewey, za a iya buga shi ne kawai ta hanyar daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin Soviet da Kotuna
ka'idoji da tsarin kotu. Hukumar ta jaddada huldar jama'a
aikin gwaji na Moscow da "shirya shirin" da kuma shirye-shiryen tabbatarwa
cewa wani mugun mutum guda (Trotsky) ya yi laifi. Hukumar ta ce akwai
Babu wani ƙoƙari na gaske don tabbatar da gaskiya, amma kawai don tabbatar da laifi. Ya jaddada
son kai na masu zargi.
Game da
takamaiman hanya, hukumar ta lura da bincikar haƙƙoƙin
wanda ake tuhuma da tsaro, da dogaro da zarge-zargen da wadanda ke da na musamman
sha'awa, rashin takardun shaida da ke goyon bayan zarge-zarge da kuma
akai-akai amfani da takardun da ba su tabbatar da wani abu da ya dace ba. Hukumar
ya kuma jaddada gazawar samar da mahallin maganganu, rashin yin kira
shaidu masu mahimmanci, da kuma rashin gano sabani a cikin
zarge-zarge.
Duk waɗannan
cajin sun shafi aikin Kotun. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, jama'a
Ayyukan dangantaka na Kotun a bayyane yake kuma har ma sun yarda, kamar yadda yake
m bin mugun mutumin da ya aikata laifin kisan kiyashi a gabanin zargin
ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar "Greater Serbia." Hakanan a bayyane yake iyakacin neman gaskiya,
da kuma son kai na masu zargin NATO.
Game da
tsarin shari'a, Kotun Kotu a bayyane take da abokantaka na masu gabatar da kara, ta karkata zuwa ga
"Adalcin wadanda abin ya shafa," kuma yana samun kudi daga Amurka da Soros
musamman wanda aka ware don masu gabatar da kara. Mai gabatar da kara na farko,
Richard Goldstone, ya bayyana cewa “Wadanda aka kashe a yakin Yugoslavia suna son doka
fansa,” kuma waɗanda abin ya shafa “ya kamata su yanke shawarar abin da ya dace.” Kuma Goldstone
Bai taba shakkar cewa ya san kungiyoyin da aka kashe ba kuma yana da hakkin ya nema
fansa. Kamar yadda Diana Johnstone ta nuna, "Adalci mai 'wanda aka zalunta' shine
mai matukar dacewa ga masu gabatar da kara kuma bai dace da tsaro ba."
Bugu da ƙari kuma, “Adalcin wanda aka zalunta yana haifar da nasa waɗanda abin ya shafa: waɗanda suke
wanda aka zarge shi da rashin adalci kuma ba za a iya kare shi da kyau ba saboda adalci da tsafta
ana iya watsi da tsaro a matsayin 'cin mutuncin wadanda aka kashe'" (yaudara da
Yaudara Kai, Pluto, mai zuwa). A karkashin wannan tsarin a cikin Kotun, da
an ba da kariya ga ɗan gajeren lokaci na kuɗi da matsayi da haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka.
Bugu da ƙari, da
dalla-dalla hanyoyin suna da matukar tunawa da gwaje-gwajen Moscow. Kamar yadda a cikin Moscow.
an kasa raba kara da hukunci, ikirari da ji
shaida abin yarda ne, shaidun sirri da ba a yi musu tambayoyi ba
ana amfani da shi akai-akai, ikirari ana zaton kyauta ne kuma na son rai sai dai idan
akasin wanda fursuna ya kafa, babu haƙƙin beli da gaggawa
shari'a, akwai haɗari sau biyu wajen barin mai gabatar da kara ya daukaka kara
wankewa da samun hukunci akan gwaji na biyu, babu wani daukaka kara mai zaman kansa
jiki, da kuma da'awar maƙarƙashiya na kowa kuma (kamar yadda a cikin wani yanayi) "rashin shaida
a haƙiƙa na iya zama hujjar haɗa baki." Kotun kuma ta canza dokokinta a cikinta
dacewa, har ma yana alfahari da waɗannan dabaru: “Kotu ba ta buƙatar hakan
ɗaure kanta da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka ɓullo daga zamanin da
tsarin gwaji-by-jury." A ƙarshe, Kotun ta yi amfani da "shafe-tsafe masu laifi" wanda ta
Jami'an tsaro na NATO na iya amfani da su don kama wasu da ba a ji ba don isar da su zuwa The
Hague, sake komawa ga hanyoyin Moscow. John Laughland ya bayyana hakan
Kotuna a matsayin "kotun dan damfara tare da ka'idoji masu magudi" (Times [London], Yuni 17,
1999).
Sayi/Kame da tuhumar Milosevic. Del Ponte da Kotun Koli sun sanya
Babban nauyi a kan samun Milosevic zuwa Hague, don yin hidima ga NATO. A ciki
yin haka sun taka doka a Yugoslavia — kotun tsarin mulki
umarnin ya ki amincewa da mika shi—kuma sun wulakanta sabon zababben shugaban kasar
Kostunica, wanda ya yi alkawarin magance duk wani keta dokar Milosevic karkashin
Yugoslavia dokokin. Del Ponte da Kotun sun yi niyyar barin Croatia
gwada masu aikata laifukan yaki, amma ba Yugoslavia ba, ko da bayan kawar da Milosevic
da kuma kafa tsarin mulki masu goyon bayan Yamma.
Domin samun riba
kula da Milosevic, Kotun ta yi yarjejeniya a asirce da Zoran Djindjic, da
Firayim Ministan Serbia, wanda ya shirya sacewa tare da mika shi
musayar kudin agaji, wasu dala biliyan 1.3. A takaice dai Kotun Koli da Yamma sun ba da cin hanci
wani jami'in Yugoslavia don keta dokokinsa. Bayan haka, Djindjic ya gano hakan
abokansa na cin hanci sun ɓatar da shi - don bacin ransa, "nan take aka sanar da mu
cewa [kashi na farko na Euro miliyan 300]… Yuro miliyan 225 sun kasance
ana hana shi don basusuka masu ban mamaki, [don haka]… wanda ke mutuwa ya sami magani,
da zarar ya mutu” (Der Spiegel, Yuni 16, 2001).
Kamar yadda muka gani a baya,
satar mutane daidaitaccen tsarin shari'a ne, yawanci yana da alaƙa da kamawa a ƙarƙashinsa
"tushewar tuhuma." Komawa cikin 1996, bayan Sabiyawan Bosniya Janar Djordje Djukic
Hukumomin Sarajevo sun kama shi, wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Dayton
Kotun ta tsare shi ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da yi masa tambayoyi yayin da yake mutuwa da ciwon daji,
da fatan ya sa shi ya tuhumi manyan shugabannin Sabiya. (Sai babban mai gabatar da kara
Richard Goldstone ya godewa gwamnatin Bosnia saboda kamasu ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma
ya ci gaba da sake tsara dokoki ta yadda za a iya rike shi har zuwa kusa da nasa
mutuwa, ba bisa ka'ida ba.)
Tare da Milosevic
An saita matakin Hague don hidimar Kotun ta ƙarshe ga iyayengijinsu.
Duk da haka, Del Ponte ya fahimci cewa ainihin tuhumar da ake yi na da bakin ciki, aikin
An nuna takalmin doki a matsayin farfagandar NATO, cewa
Ba a kashe mutane 11,000-500,000 ba (wasu gawarwaki 3,000 aka kashe.
wanda aka karbo daga kowane bangare), ya yanke shawarar fadada shi don sanya nauyin kashe-kashe a ciki
Bosnia da Croatia a kan mugun mutum. Sabuwar cajin sake
keta ka'idojin shari'a na Yamma: babban ka'ida na dokar mika mulki ita ce
cewa ba za a yi wa wanda ake tuhuma shari’a da wani laifi ba sai wanda ya aikata
tun da farko an aika don gwaji. Amma ya sake zama kyakkyawan analog ga
Tsarin Moscow na dacewa da villain cikin "haɗin tarihi" na ɓarna,
yayin da sauran masu taka rawa a cikin abubuwan tarihi (Tudjman,
Izetbegovic, Albright, Clinton) an tabbatar da su ta hanyar gwajin da aka yi.
Hasashen Sakamakon
Kusan tabbas hakan
Za a sami Milosevic da laifi, saboda Kotun halitta ce kuma bawa
na dakarun NATO, sun bauta wa NATO da aminci har zuwa wannan lokacin, kuma za su yi
tabbas ba za a bar shi a nan ba lokacin da ake fuskantar yakin NATO. Yana da
an nuna akai-akai cewa ƙa'idodin shari'a na Yammacin Turai ba za su yi ba
ya tsaya kan hanyar biyan bukatunsa na siyasa.
Zai, na
Tabbas, a sauƙaƙe tattarawa da faretin a gaban kotu yawancin Sabiyawan da abin ya shafa
Tashin bama-bamai na NATO, na Kisan Gospic na Croatia na Satumba 1991 ko kabilanci
tsarkake Krajina a cikin 1995, ko kuma na yawan kisan kiyashin Oric da mujahidan a
Bosnia a cikin shekaru 1992-95. Kuma gwargwadon shaidar babban nauyin alhakin
don waɗannan kashe-kashen kamar yadda za a tattara don shari'ar Milosevic za a iya ba da su
ga laifin Clinton, Tudjman da Izetbegovic (a tsakanin sauran). Amma wannan
zai iya faruwa ne kawai idan Sabiyawan sun yi nasara kuma suna buƙatar a
“hukunce-hukunce” kuntata yakinsu. Masu hasara dole ne su fuskanci adalcin masu nasara.
Koyaya, hakane
Mai yiwuwa ba za a sami Milosevic da laifuka 66 da ake tuhumar sa ba.
amma kawai ya isa a tsare shi a kurkuku har abada kuma ta haka ne a kuɓutar da Ubangiji
Yakin NATO. Yin watsi da wasu tuhumar zai nuna rashin son zuciya
hali na Kotun. Marlise Simons a cikin wasu harsuna New York Times kwanan nan
ya ba da misali da watsi da tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi wa 'yan Croatia biyu da ya nuna cewa
Kotun ba ta da son zuciya ("Ba zato ba tsammani na Hukunce-hukuncen Laifukan Yaki,"
NYT, Oktoba 29, 2001). Babu wanda ya gaya wa matalauta Simons cewa Croatia NATO ce
aboki da cewa Sabiyawa abokan gaba ne. Simons tabbas zai sami kawar
na wasu daga cikin tuhumar Milosevic daidai da faɗin amincin Kotun.
Z
Edward S.
Herman masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin yada labarai. Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka haɗa tare da
Philip Hammond, da Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfi: Kafofin watsa labaru da Rikicin Kosovo
(Pluto, 2000).
part 2
ya bayyana yadda kafafen yada labarai suka yi watsi da wadannan bayanai marasa dadi yayin da suke bakar fata
duk mahallin da ya dace. Sashe na 3 yayi nazari akan rashin gaskiya da aka kafa
wato harabar kotuna, kuma wadanda suka mamaye kafafen yada labarai, daga In
Wadannan Lokutan da Nation zuwa New
York Times, Washington Post, da CNN da kuma cibiyar sadarwa
TV.