Michael Bronski
Biyu
daga cikin mafi zafi kafofin watsa labarai badakalar wannan bazara cibiyar kewaye da cajin
cewa soyayyar da a da ba ta kuskura ta furta sunanta a yanzu tana daukar nauyinta
duniya - da kyau, aƙalla Provincetown da Hollywood. Bryan
Hirar Burroughs tare da tsohon dan kasuwan Tinseltown kuma miloniya
Michael Ovitz a cikin watan Agusta Ba'a
Fair ya yi kanun labarai kai tsaye lokacin da jigon sa ya bayyana hakan
ya rasa babban iko da matsayi a masana'antar saboda
na “mafia gay”—wani ɓangaren mazajen luwaɗi, wanda Barry ke jagoranta
Diller da David Geffen, wanda ke sarrafa Hollywood. Kamar yadda wannan hayaniyar take
yana mutuwa, littafin Peter Manso Ptown: Art, Jima'i, da
Kudi akan Outer Cape (Marubuci) ya bugi kantin sayar da littattafai. Manso ta
gardama mai rikitarwa shine ana lalata Lardi
ba wai kawai ta ’yan luwadi masu arziki da madigo wadanda suka dora kansu ba
a matsayin masu tsaron ƙofofin garin na masana'antar gidaje da yawon buɗe ido.
amma kuma da gungun 'yan luwadi da madigo masu yawon bude ido da suka mamaye
tituna a cikin fata da ja da haifar da bakan gizo mai alamar bakan gizo
aljanna, yin Ptown jahannama ga maza da mata. A matsayin daya daga cikin Manso
wadanda aka yi hira da su, mazaunin Ptown, sun ce, “Ba zan yi ba
kula da kasuwancin da ke tashi da tutocin bakan gizo. Ina la'akarin cewa kwatanci ne
a tashi da tutar jam'iyyar Confederate, da tashi da tutar Nazi. Na tuba,
keɓe- ism. Wannan tutar tana cewa da ni, Ina
ban barka da zuwa ba."
The
ra'ayin cewa 'yan luwadi da 'yan madigo sun yi rashin daidaituwa sosai
ikon zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, al'adu, da siyasa ya kasance babban jigo
na farfagandar hannun dama fiye da shekaru talatin. Har yanzu
Kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun sun yi watsi da tatsuniya na dama
na girma da kuma haɗari gay iko. Amma waɗannan tauraro mai ban tsoro sun juya
by Manso, marubuci mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Gabashin Gabas wanda aka sani da tarihin rayuwarsa
na Norman Mailer da Marlon Brando, da kuma Ovitz, ɗan wasan Hollywood
ya lura da tunaninsa na ci gaba da kuma na ban mamaki
tashi da fadi a matsayin Hollywood star-maker, nuna cewa wasu masu sassaucin ra'ayi
yanzu ku ji daɗin dafa abin da a da ake ɗaukan karya ce ta dama.
Tsohuwar kururuwar siyasa ta ikon luwadi ya dauka gaba daya
sabuwar ma'ana - kuma ba shi da kyau ga 'yan luwadi.
The
abubuwan asali na "'yan luwadi suna da iko da yawa"
An gabatar da cajin a cikin Ovitz's Ba'a Fair hira.
Fiye da duka, fallasa makircin da ake yi na ƙulle-ƙulle “yana ɗaya daga cikin
abubuwan da ke jawo shawararsa na yin magana game da abin da ya faru,"
mai yin hira da Burroughs ya yi iƙirarin, "Buƙatar buƙatun suna,
don jefa haske a kan inuwar Hollywood cabal da ya yi imanin ya yi shi
in." Wannan shine abin da Ovitz ya kira mafia gay, kodayake "da yawa
na 'mambobi' ba 'yan luwadi ba ne," in ji Burroughs.
Ba wai kawai Barry Diller, David Geffen, da sauransu suka juya kowa ba
a Hollywood a kan Ovitz ta hanyar yin ƙarya game da shi, yin matsin lamba,
kuma gaba daya suna kulla masa makirci, amma kuma sun tsani matsayinsa
a matsayin mutum mai sadaukarwa na iyali: "Wannan duk ya fara ne a CAA [Creative
Associates Artists]," in ji Ovitz. “Ban so
don zuwa gidan Geffen don abincin rana kowace Lahadi. Ba zan yi ba.
Ba zan sadaukar da wasannin Ƙananan Ƙungiyoyin yara na ba. Ni dai
ba zai yi ba." Daga ƙarshe, a cewar Ovitz, ɗan gay
Mafia ya kasance bayan danginsa: “Manufar waɗannan mutane ne
don kawar da ni. Sun so su kashe Michael Ovitz. Idan za su iya
sun dauki matata da ’ya’yan da za su haifa.”
In
ban da kasancewarsa gaba ɗaya kuskure, ɗaya daga cikin sassa mafi ban tsoro
na hirar Ovitz shine cewa yayi daidai, a cikin paranoia da rhetoric,
gargajiya anti-Semitic tropes game da Yahudawa iko da tasiri
a Hollywood da sauran wurare.
The
haka abin yake a littafin Manso Ptown.
Kamar Ovitz, Manso ya fito a matsayin manzo mai fushi mai ba da labari mara kyau-wato
shi ne, yayin da Provincetown ya daɗe ya kasance tushen ladabi, bambancin,
da dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa, a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata ta zama.
to, kuma gay. Kware a aikin jarida mai walƙiya, Manso ya ja mu
Tarihin Lardi, al'adu, ɗabi'u, da faɗa kamar
wani mahaukaci dan kadan yana rarrashi ya nuna mana haske. Yawancin abin da
Ya danganta yana da ban sha'awa sosai idan aka yi la'akari da bohemian na garin
tarihi, wanda ya karfafa komai daga aikin Robert Motherwell
zuwa sana’ar safarar miyagun kwayoyi.
amma
Manso ya saƙa jigon laƙabi na lalata luwadi
tasiri. Ko da a lokacin da ake danganta tarihin zamantakewar gida, Manso ba zai iya ba
yi tsayayya da dishing up decadence na allahntaka tare da kwatancin maza
jima'i a kan "Dick Dock," zane-zane na batsa
a jikin bangon kambi da dakin bayan anga, da garish
ja sarauniya da masu fata akan Titin Kasuwanci sun warwatse
littafin kamar yadda jima'i scenes a tsakiyar-brow bestseller.
babi na daya, “A House Party,” Manso ya zauna akan dukiyar ‘yan luwadi
haka dai kusan lurid yakan zauna akan jima'i a kan tituna.
Bayanin liyafar da wasu 'yan luwadi suka yi a bikin
Kammala gidansu na dala miliyan 2, Manso ya lura cewa "abin mamaki ne
kabad/dakin sakawa” yana cike da “wasanni masu tsada
riguna da wando masu kyau,” Lalique-crystal $40,000
nutsewa ya zubar da ruwa a cikin babban ɗakin wanka na ɗakin kwana, da
"caring craze of the summer" shine "sushi birgima,
soyayye a cikin batter mai daɗi” mai ɗanɗano “Mai ban mamaki!
Cikakken dadi.” Yana da orgy na cinyewa da gaske
Estate, buzz tare da sautin maƙarƙashiya: “Kuna
sani," in ji wata sarauniya ga wata a wani gidan almubazzaranci
jam'iyyar, "wanda daya daga cikin waɗancan ƴan kasuwa… ya gaya mani cewa casa'in da bakwai
kashi dari na gidajen da aka sayar a shekarar da ta gabata sun kasance
saye da maza. Ba zai yiwu ya zama gaskiya ba, ko?”
Manso ta
’yan luwadi, gaba daya, ba su san kyakkyawar kiwo da dandano ba.
Wasu ma'aurata "sun yi noman sama da miliyan 2 zuwa ƙafa dubu ɗaya
rumfar kifi,” in ji rahoton, kuma lokacin da suka wuce, “kawai
ainihin allunan rufin sun rage.” Duk da haka wasu ma'aurata - su
na Lalique nutse - "ba a taba yin tunani ba"
da “bari masu yin adonsu su yi amfani da iliminsu, ko watakila fiye da haka
daidai, ma'anar launin su" don zaɓar fasaha; ana zaginsu
lokacin da ƙwararren mai fasaha na gida ya kira su Goya etching "schlock."
Laifinsu, tare da yin luwadi da masu hannu da shuni, rashin mutunci ne.
just
kamar yadda Ovitz ya zargi maza maza a Hollywood saboda duk muguntar da ke da ita
ya same shi, Manso ya la'anci canje-canje a Ptown a matsayin aikin hannu
na uniform phalanx na "gays." Wannan yana nuna wani abu
na matsalar kayan aiki saboda (kamar yadda Manso ya lura) Lardi- gari
yana da dogon tarihi na saka 'yan luwadi da madigo cikin al'adunsa
daga shekarun 1920 zuwa gaba. Menene mulkin mallaka na fasaha da bohemian enclave ba su da?
Ya yarda cewa wasu mazauna garin ba su da laifi. Duk da haka,
ya siffanta su a matsayin "gay amma gaba ɗaya ba su da rikitarwa game da shi,
kamar sauran ƴan wasan Ptown da suka daɗe a shekara. Ba shi da tausayi
game da ɗayan, a fili masu rikitarwa, 'yan luwadi.
Ko
bayan an banbance tsakanin masu luwadi na kirki da na banza, Manso ya siffanta
duk 'yan luwadi da 'yan madigo a matsayin ƙungiyar monolithic. Sharuɗɗa kamar "su"
da "wadannan mutane," da aka jefa a matsayin clichés, sune
barkono a cikin littafin don tunatar da masu karatu abokan gaba.
"Suna da babban adadin baiwa [don gyarawa da
sake sayar da gidaje]” in ji ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da labari na Manso na gida.
"Ina nufin za su iya ɗaukar shithole su yi kyau. Yana
kamar yadda suke cewa, 'zamu shiga mu yayyafa aljana
ƙura kuma ka sa ta zama abin mamaki'."
A cewar
ga Manso, mallakar gidan gay ya juya zuwa ikon hukuma:
'yan luwadi da madigo sun mamaye kwamitocin gine-gine, yanki, da ba da izini.
"'Yan luwadi," wani ya gaya wa Manso, 'su ne
a yanzu mafi arziki, mafi iko a lardin Provincetown,'
ya ce, ya kara da cewa, 'Yawancin wadannan mutane suna son kasancewa akan wadannan
kwamitocin." Tare da wannan "ƙaunar" iko
yana zuwa girman kai, cin zarafi, da tsoratarwa. "Wane fa
kina tunanin kai ne," wata 'yar madigo ta buguwa ta yi ta kururuwa
maza a wani mashaya, "wannan garina ne." Don haka akwai shi,
abin da Manso ya kira "katin trump gay."
akwai
ba shakka cewa Provincetown ya canza sosai a kan
shekaru 20 ko 30 da suka wuce—kamar yadda Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket,
da kuma Hamptons. Hakanan gaskiya ne cewa unguwannin da aka taɓa samun tawaya
a cikin birane da yawa an ba da kyauta, ciki har da Boston ta Kudu
Ƙarshe da sassan Cambridge. Canje-canje masu girma a cikin tattalin arzikin Amurka
a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata sun haifar da sababbin arziki. Amma abin da Manso bai yi ba
yarda shine cewa sakamakon sauye-sauyen al'adu yana faruwa ne saboda canzawa
tsarin dukiya da kashewa, ba luwadi ba. Shin kowa
Ci gaba game da yadda WASPs daga Connecticut suka lalata Hamptons?
In
Duniyar Manso ba ruwanta da yawan masu hannu da shuni
sun ƙaura zuwa lardin Provincetown, masu hannu da shuni nawa,
nawa ne masu jan sarauniya ko maza da mata masu fata a kan titi,
ko iyalai nawa ne masu yara suka zo garin. Hujja ta Manso
na mamayewar lardin Provincetown kusan gabaɗaya ne.
Babu bayanai mai wuya kuma babu nazarin alƙaluma. Domin a karshe,
aiki tukuru na bincike zai iya huda kansa da kansa,
Bayani mai sauƙi na dalilin da yasa Provincetown ya canza: yana jan hankali
mawadata, 'yan luwaɗi' masu banƙyama saboda suna da yawa
"gayu."
So
me yasa wadannan masu sassaucin ra'ayi ke kai hari ga "mafia" da kuma
gay power elite a wannan lokacin? Dalili ɗaya shine ɗan gay
motsi ya yi nasara. 'Yan luwadi sun fi karbuwa yanzu,
mafi hadewa cikin al'umma, da wuya a iya kallonsa a matsayin gungun mutane
da masu zaman banza. Amma tare da wannan yarda ya zo da rudani
na iyakoki na zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu marasa iyaka.
Yawancin sabbin ganuwa gay da madigo da suka fito daga wannan
karbuwa yana jin daɗin kuma yana ƙarfafa al'adun madigo. Yaya
in ba haka ba za ku iya bayyana gagarumin shaharar ja a cikin fina-finai
kamar La Cage aux Folles, Tootsie, Da kuma Ku Wong Fu,
Love Julie Newmar, ko kuma yawaitar fata na gayu
da S/M fantasies a cikin bidiyon kiɗan Madonna har ma da kan al'ada
sit-coms? Amma daƙiƙan ƙasa da ƙaƙƙarfan kafa iyakoki
An ketare fargabar al'adu.
A lokacin da
'yan luwadi suna zama a bayyane kuma suna jin daɗin tafiya ƙasa
titi, kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin lardin Provincetown, damuwa ta ɓoye
queerness ya shiga. Nan da nan, kamar yadda Manso ya ɗauka a fili a shafi
bayan shafi na littafinsa, akwai su fiye da mu da dukan
Damuwar gargajiya game da bambancin jima'i da cin hanci da rashawa sun fara
yin ruri.
yan madigo
kuma 'yan luwadi sun yi wasu canje-canje a lardin Provincetown, ba don su ba
sun kasance masu luwaɗi, amma saboda suna da kuɗi. Karya a tsakiya
na littafin Manso shine cewa 'yan luwadi sun mamaye Ptown, su
suna son kawar da mutane madaidaiciya, suna amfani da tutocin bakan gizo don tsoratarwa
da kuma ware madigo, kuma suna da dukkan iko.
Social
karbuwa ko hakuri da yan luwadi ya samu kuma ya yi
ya kasance tsarin jinkiri kuma sau da yawa mai raɗaɗi ga duka 'yan luwadi da madigo.
Hare-haren kan kudi gay da iko a cikin Ovits girman kai Fair
hira da Manso Ptown: Art, Jima'i, da Kudi akan
Outer Cape su ne karin nunin cewa wannan sabon matakin zamantakewa
karbuwa sirara ce wacce za'a iya gogewa cikin sauki don bayyanawa
tsoro, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi da kyama da kyama, wanda har yanzu
ya kwanta a kasa. Z
Michael
Bronski ɗan jarida ne, mai sukar al'adu, kuma mai sharhin siyasa
wanda rubuce-rubucensa sun bayyana a cikin Tshi Boston Globe,
Utne Reader, The Los Angeles Times, The Advocate, da Z Magazine.
Shi ne marubucin Rikicin Al'adu: Samar da Hankalin Luwaɗi
(South End Press; 1984) da Ka'idar Ni'ima: Jima'i, Komawa
da Gwagwarmayar 'Yancin Gay (St. Martin; 1998). Yana da
edited Matsala: Rubutun Jima'i Na Maza Luwadi da kuma shan
'Yanci: Rubutun Maza na Luwadi akan Siyasa, Al'adu da Jima'i.