Da karfe 7:39 na yamma ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, shugaban kasar Ecuador Rafael Correa ya rubuta a shafinsa na twitter cewa "nan da 'yan mintoci kadan zan yi magana da kasar game da shirin Yasuní-ITT. Ya daɗe da shiga damuwa sosai.” Correa yana da dalili mai kyau na damuwa saboda yana shirin soke shirin sa hannu na juyin juya halin jama'a, wanda ya sami goyon bayan kashi 90 na al'ummar Ecuador. "Duniya ta gaza mana," in ji Correa a wani taron manema labarai da aka watsa ta gidan talabijin na kasa inda ya sanar da cewa ya sanya hannu kan wata doka ta zartarwa ta ba da izinin amfani da mai a dajin Yasuní. "Tare da bakin ciki mai zurfi, amma kuma tare da cikakken alhakin mutanenmu da tarihinmu, dole ne na dauki daya daga cikin mafi tsananin yanke shawara na gwamnati." Ya zargi munafurcin duniya saboda rashin goyon bayan sabon tsari da gudummawar kudi. "Ba muna neman agaji ba," in ji Correa, "muna neman hadin kai a yaki da sauyin yanayi."
Masana sun yi kiyasin cewa rijiyoyin mai na Ishpingo Tiputini Tambococha (ITT) da ke cikin gandun dajin Yasuní na da kusan ganga tiriliyan guda na mai, kusan kashi biyar na adadin da Ecuador ke da shi, kuma hako shi zai iya samar da sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 7 a cikin kudaden shiga cikin shekaru 10 da suka wuce. . UNESCO ta ayyana wurin dajin a matsayin wurin ajiyar halittu na duniya a shekarar 1989 saboda yana dauke da nau'in dabbobi 1,300 da nau'in kwari 100,000, wadanda yawancinsu ba a samun su a ko'ina a duniya. An ba da rahoton cewa kowace kadada na dajin tana da nau'ikan bishiyoyi 655, fiye da duka Arewacin Amurka. Rashin hakowa a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan nan suke da tsaftataccen yanayi zai kare dukkan nau'ikan namun daji da na tsire-tsire da kuma taimakawa wajen dakatar da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar hana fitar da fiye da tan miliyan 400 na carbon dioxide cikin sararin samaniya. Bisa shirin da aka yi, a musayar hako hako mai a dajin, masu ba da taimako na kasa da kasa za su ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka biliyan 3.6, rabin kudin da aka kiyasta kudin man fetur, ga hukumar raya kasashe ta MDD (UNDP) don kula da lafiya, ilimi, da sauran shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. Duk da goyon bayan gida da waje ga shirin, masu ba da gudummawa ba su fito da gudummawar ba. Bayan shekaru 6, asusun ya tattara dala miliyan 13 a cikin gudummawa tare da ƙarin dala miliyan 116 a cikin alkawuran.
A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2013, da sunan ƴan ƙasa, ɗalibi, da ƙungiyoyin muhalli, fitaccen masanin shari'a Julio César Trujillo ya gabatar da buƙatu ga kotun tsarin mulki da ke Quito don a gudanar da babban zaben raba gardama game da shirin shugaban ƙasa na haƙa ruwa a wurin shakatawar da ke da alaƙa da muhalli. Don neman kuri'ar raba gardama, za a bukaci 'yan adawa su tattara sa hannun mutane 584,000, wato kashi 5 cikin 15 na masu kada kuri'a a wannan kasa mai mutane miliyan 43. Idan an tattara isassun sa hannu, za a tambayi masu jefa ƙuri'a: "Shin kun yarda cewa ya kamata gwamnatin Ecuadorea ta ajiye ɗanyen man a cikin ITT, wanda aka sani da block XNUMX, a ƙarƙashin ƙasa har abada?"
Correa ya bayyana yana maraba da ƙalubalen 'yan adawa da ke kira da a gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan matakin da gwamnati ta ɗauka na haƙa a Yasuní. "Ta yaya zan yi adawa da kuri'ar raba gardama idan har hakkin tsarin mulki ne na neman daya?" Correa ya bayyana a ranar 27 ga Agusta. "Haka ne kuma haƙƙina ne in nemi izinin majalisa" don fitar da man fetur daga wurin shakatawa. Koke-koken Correa na hayewa a cikin Yasuní ya bayyana cewa yana cikin "sha'awar kasa" yin hakan. Jam'iyyar Correa Alianza PAIS tana da babban rinjaye a Majalisar kuma wakilan za su bi umarninsa. Babu shakka cewa za su amince da shawararsa na hakowa. "Mun tabbata," in ji Correa, "tare da isassun bayanai za mu sami cikakken goyon bayan jama'ar Ecuador" don shirinsa na hanzarta hako albarkatun.
Duk da martani mai ƙarfi na duniya game da shawarar Correa, babu wani sabon abu a cikin shawarar Correa na yin watsi da shawarar Yasuní. Dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa, zabe, da tattalin arziki, da lissafin da ke cikin shawarar sun kasance tun farkon gwamnatinsa. Tun lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2007, Correa ya bi manufofin tattalin arziki da aka tsara don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Ecuador da rage radadin talauci, kuma ya yi nasara sosai a cikin wadannan manufofin duk da cewa hanyoyin da ya yi amfani da su wajen cimma su sun ci gaba da yi masa barazana ga masu kare muhalli, masu fafutuka na zamantakewa, da sauransu. zuwa hagunsa. Ko da yake soke shirin na Yasuní shi ne shawarar da ba a yarda da ita ba a cikin sama da shekaru shida da ya yi yana mulki, zai zama wuce gona da iri idan aka ce wannan lokaci ne na ruwa. Maimakon haka, bai wuce sake tabbatar da sabani da iyakoki da masu lura da hankali suka lura a cikin gwamnatin Correa tun farkon wa'adinsa.
Manufofin ci gaba na Correa za a iya kwatanta su da abin da za a iya kira neoliberal muhalli-sun bayyana yadda yake da sauƙi a yi amfani da jawabin da ke bayyana ra'ayoyin mutunta haƙƙin yanayi idan dai ba su aiki. A cikinta sanya rub da ciki tsakanin Correa da abokan adawarsa a kan Indigenous da muhalli hagu.
Yasuní-ITT Initiative
Shawarar ba za a yi rawar jiki a yankin da ke da yanayin muhalli na gabashin Ecuador an riga an tsara gwamnatin Correa. Franco Viteri Gualinga, shugaban Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (CONFENIAE, Ƙungiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar Ecuadorian Amazon) cewa ƙungiyoyi 21 da ƙungiyoyi 11 daga 2007 'yan asalin ƙasa a cikin Amazon, ya lura "yunkurin barin mai. a karkashin kasa don musanya kudade a matsayin wani bangare na bashin muhalli na kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu wani shiri ne na ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali da masu kare muhalli." Lokacin da Correa ya shigar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin shawararsa na Yasuní-ITT a cikin XNUMX, ba wai kawai ya yi amfani da shawarar 'yan asalin ƙasar don ciyar da farin jinin gwamnatinsa ba amma kuma ya yi amfani da gwamnatinsa don ba da shawara ta zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma ta duniya wanda in ba haka ba zai kasance ba. da.
Waɗannan rikitattun alaƙar alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da gwamnatin Correa sun kasance a duk lokacin aikinsa. Kasa da shekara guda da wa'adin mulkin Correa na farko, majalisar dokokin Ecuador ta caccaki Ministar Muhalli Ana Alban a cikin rashi lokacin da ta kasa amsa zargin keta kundin tsarin mulki ta hanyar sakaci da kuma gazawar dakatar da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a tsibirin Galapagos. Tsohon shugaban kasar Alfred Palacio, wanda Correa ya taba rike mukamin ministan kudi na dan lokaci, ya nada Alban kan mukamin a shekarar 2005 kuma Correa ya rike ta a wannan mukamin bayan zabensa a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin kebul na 17 ga Satumba, 2007 da Wikileaks ta saki, jakadiyar Amurka a Ecuador Linda Jewell ta lura, "ko da yake da alama tana da niyya, ta kasance minista mai rauni kuma mara inganci a ƙarƙashin Palacio da Correa." Jewell ya kammala kebul ɗin tare da sharhin cewa rashin ƙarfi na Alban: “yana nuna rashin tasirin gwamnatin Correa (wasu na iya cewa mara kyau) kan lamuran muhalli. Wannan abin ban mamaki ne, ganin cewa masana muhalli suna da manyan mukamai a cikin motsi na Correa's PAIS da kuma a cikin gwamnatinsa, musamman babban dan takarar Majalisar Zartarwa kuma tsohon Ministan Makamashi Alberto Acosta da Ministan Harkokin Waje Maria Fernanda Espinosa. Kamar yadda sau da yawa yakan faru a Ecuador, buƙatun siyasar zaɓe da sauran buƙatun gasa ya zuwa yanzu sun yi tasiri sosai kan manufofin wannan gwamnati. "
Abin mamaki, Alban ya kasance jakadan Ecuador a Burtaniya lokacin da wanda ya kafa Wikileaks Julian Assange ya nemi mafaka a ofishin jakadancin London. BBC ta lura cewa lokacin da aka nada Alban jakada a shekarar 2010, mukamin ya yi kadan ga muradun Ecuador, amma manyan jami'ai a ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar sun yi ikirarin cewa "ba ta dace da matsayinta ba" kuma ta nuna rashin gamsuwa da gazawarta. kawo karshen dambarwar diflomasiyya. Correa ya maye gurbin Alban a watan Yuni 2013 tare da Juan Falconi Puig, lauya wanda ya kare bankuna masu zaman kansu a lokacin rushewar tsarin hada-hadar kudi na Ecuador a ƙarshen 1990s. Waɗannan waɗanda aka nada sun haifar da tuhumar cewa Correa ya kewaye kansa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gwamnatocin baya waɗanda suka aiwatar da manufofin tattalin arziƙin ɗaiɗaiɗi waɗanda ba su da farin jini maimakon masu fafutuka na hagu waɗanda suka yi tunanin wasu hanyoyin gina al'umma.
Muhalli
Masana muhalli sun rungumi tsarin mulkin Ecuador na 2008 da kyau don ganewa da kare haƙƙin yanayi, amincewar da ta gina kan haɓaka wayewar muhalli a cikin 1980s da 1990s a duk faɗin Amurka. Sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki a Colombia a 1991 da Brazil a 1998 sun tabbatar da 'yancin mutane su more muhalli mai tsabta kuma mai dorewa, duk da cewa fadada 'yancin ɗan adam zuwa yanayin yanayi yana da cece-kuce da farko. Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador ya dauki wannan mataki na gaba don amincewa da 'yancin yanayi kanta, kasa ta farko a duniya da ta yi hakan. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da na zahiri da kuma dawo da yanayi. Mataki na 71 ya bayyana cewa “na halitta ko Pachamama [kalmar Quechua na uwa duniya] wanda rayuwa ta samo asali daga gare ta, na da hakkin a mutunta wanzuwarta gabaki daya.” Haɗin haƙƙin ma'aunin yanayi ya kasance saboda ayyukan Alberto Acosta, shugaban majalisar wakilai, wanda ya matsa lamba kan buƙatar wuce hangen nesa na ɗan adam na makomar Ecuador. Acosta ya yi iƙirarin cewa yayin da ba da haƙƙin yanayi na iya zama kamar baƙon abu ga wasu kamar yadda bukatar ba da haƙƙin bayi ko mata ta bayyana a wani lokaci a tarihi, “manyan canje-canje na buƙatar aiki mai gaba gaɗi da buɗe ido.” Kamar yadda ya zama dole a dakatar da siye da siyar da bayi, yanzu yana da mahimmanci a dakatar da haɓakar yanayi. Acosta ya ci gaba da cewa, "Idan adalcin zamantakewa ya kasance tsakiyar tsakiyar gwagwarmayar zamantakewa a cikin karni na ashirin," Acosta ya ci gaba da cewa, "adalcin muhalli zai kara taka rawa a cikin karni na ashirin da daya." Memban Majalisar Tsarin Mulki Leonardo Viteri ya yi sharhi cewa yayin da da farko zai iya zama sabon abu don ba da haƙƙoƙin yanayi, bai kamata ya kasance ba "idan har kamfanoni suna da haƙƙi."
Baya ga dokokin da tsarin mulki ya ba su na kare haƙƙin halitta, kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma buƙaci gwamnati ta kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar, musamman Tagaeri da Taromenane waɗanda ke zaune a keɓe na son rai a dajin Yasuní. Mataki na 57 na kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 2008 ya bayyana musamman cewa, “Yankin al’ummar da ke zaune a keɓe na son rai mallakin kakanni ne da ba za a iya lalacewa ba, kuma duk wani nau’in aikin hako haramun ne a can. Jiha za ta ɗauki matakan tabbatar da rayuwarsu, ta tilasta mutunta ƴancin kai da son zama a keɓe da kuma tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙinsu. Cin zarafin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin zai zama laifi na ƙabilanci, wanda doka za ta rarraba shi a matsayin haka.
A taƙaice, shawarar da Correa ya yi na haƙarƙari a Yasuní ya saba wa waɗannan sharuɗɗa na kundin tsarin mulki. Yayin da a farko abokin tarayya na Correa ne, Acosta daga baya ya yi kakkausar suka ga dabarun bunkasa tattalin arzikin shugaban. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki ba su yi daidai da yadda sabon tsarin mulki ya jaddada sumak kawsay ("rayuwa mai kyau," ko buen vivir a cikin Mutanen Espanya), ra'ayin Quechua wanda ke ba da damar bukatun ɗan adam akan na babban birnin kasar. Bayan hawan Evo Morales zuwa shugabancin Bolivia a 2006, ministan harkokin wajen Bolivia David Choquehuanca ya jaddada wajabcin bin ka'idar Andean na "rayuwa da kyau" (vivir bien) maimakon 'yan jari-hujja, ra'ayin zamani na "rayuwa mafi kyau" (vivir manyan). Maimakon a mai da hankali kan tara abin duniya, wannan hanya ta nemi gina tattalin arziki mai dorewa. Wannan hangen nesa ya haɗa da bayyana ra'ayi game da dabarun ci gaban gargajiya wanda ya ƙara yawan amfani da albarkatu maimakon neman rayuwa cikin jituwa da wasu da yanayi. Manazarcin muhalli dan kasar Uruguay Eduardo Gudynas yayi daidai da cewa sumak kawsay “Filani ne mai sarkakiya wanda ya hada da ra’ayoyi daban-daban wadanda a lokaci guda suke gabatar da ra’ayi mai tsauri game da hanyoyin ci gaban yanzu da kuma amincewa da wasu hanyoyin da suka dogara da hakkokin yanayi, fadada tunanin al’umma, kin amincewa da tarihin tarihi, da sauransu." Yana zana jinsi, haƙƙoƙin yanayi, plurinationality, da ƙayyadaddun halittu na asali.
Masu suka da yawa ba su yi kira da a kawo karshen hakar ma'adinai ba, amma sun yi adawa da sabbin tsare-tsare masu yawa na hakar ma'adinai wadanda suka ci gaba da kasancewa da tsarin hako ma'adinai. "Dole ne mu inganta aikin hakar mai ba tare da haifar da lalacewar muhalli da zamantakewa ba," in ji Acosta. Ecuador na buƙatar fahimtar mafi girman fa'idar zamantakewar jama'a daga kowace ganga na mai da aka hako, maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan haɓaka haƙori. "Dole ne mu koyi," in ji shi, "fitar da albarkatun kasa bai haifar da ci gaba ba." Maimakon haka, "babban abin da ake samarwa da haɓakawa shine ɗan adam." Ekwador dole ne ta canza, Acosta ya nace, "wannan hangen nesa da ke la'antar kasashenmu su zama masu kera da fitar da albarkatun kasa" wanda a tarihi ba shi da ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa.
Acosta ya nuna cewa sumak kawsay ya bambanta da ci gaba a cikin abin da ba ya amfani da tsarin manufofi, kayan aiki, da alamomi don barin yanayin "rashin haɓaka" don cimma yanayin "ci gaba". Acosta ya bayyana cewa, duk da kokarin da kasashe da dama suka yi na bin wannan tafarki, kadan ne suka cimma wannan buri, wanda hakan ke nuni da rashin amfani da wannan hanyar. Maimakon haka, waɗannan yunƙurin sun haifar da mal desarrollo, nau'in ci gaba "mara kyau" ko gurɓataccen yanayi, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi a duniya. Ya bukaci a maimakon haka da a wuce gona da iri na ci gaba da ke jaddada samarwa da kuma tunanin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Acosta ya yi kira da a sami madadin hangen nesa dangane da ilimin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ra'ayoyin kakanni waɗanda suka yi daidai da muhalli, shahararru, marxist, mata, da sauran ra'ayoyi daban-daban na yadda za a tsara al'ummar da ta fito daga ɓarna. Ya yi nuni da bukatar shawo kan rabuwar aure tsakanin dabi’a da ‘yan Adam. Maimakon ci gaba da wayewa, tsarin jari-hujja ya sanya rayuwar kanta cikin haɗari. Sumak kawsay ya tsara hanya guda don wuce gona da iri na yammacin turai, tare da ba da kulawa ta musamman ga hakkokin dabi'a.
Dangane da wadannan sukar, Correa ya yi tir da "Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na 'yan asalin kasar" da masu ra'ayin muhalli na hagu, kuma ya yi jayayya cewa "babban kuskuren shi ne a karkasa 'yancin ɗan adam ga haƙƙoƙin halitta." Ya bambanta da matsayin Acosta, Correa ya bayyana talauci a matsayin matsala ta farko ta Ecuador, da kuma tabbatar da dabarun ci gaba na ci gaba wanda ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli ga wasu mutane kaɗan don rage talauci ga mutane da yawa. Acosta ya yi tir da wannan dabara a matsayin yaudarar yaudara, ba sabanin alkawuran da ba a cika ba na neoliberalism. Rungumar sumak kawsay, Acosta ya yi iƙirarin, ana buƙatar wucewa fiye da zance da rashin fahimta ga neman wasu samfuran ci gaba. Ƙarƙashin waɗannan rikice-rikice tsakanin Acosta da Correa sun kasance ra'ayoyi daban-daban na jihar, musamman ma rawar da ake takawa na zamantakewa a cikin yanke shawara game da manufofin jama'a. Duk da sukar Acosta game da ra'ayi na ɗan adam na duniya wanda ya sanar da dabarun siyasar Correa, yawancin masu hagu sun fi son manufofin da a ƙarshe suka ba da fifiko ga ci gaban ɗan adam akan damuwa don dorewar muhalli.
Yasuni
Dangane da matsin lamba daga tushe, Correa ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwarin kawo ƙarshen binciken mai a gandun dajin Yasuní mai ra'ayin halitta da bambancin halittu don musanya yafe bashi da taimakon raya ƙasa. Yasuní gida ne ga Waorani waɗanda suka sami ɗan riba kaɗan daga tattalin arzikin man fetur. A watan Nuwambar 2007, a daidai lokacin da majalisar wakilai ta fara aikinta kan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin, sai ga wata takaddama da ta kunno kai a Yasuní. A garin Dayuma, mazauna yankin da suka yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da yadda ake hako mai sun kwace iko da wasu rijiyoyin mai. Sun bukaci a tallafa wa ci gaban tattalin arziki da kare muhalli ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar. Correa ya mayar da martani da kakkausan hannu, inda ya tura sojoji domin dakile ‘yan adawa da kuma zargin masu zanga-zangar da kasancewa masu zagon kasa marasa kishin kasa. Ya koka game da "masu kula da muhalli na jarirai" da ke haifar da cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki, ya kuma kori kungiyoyin da ke adawa da shi a matsayin wani bangare na "jarirai na hagu" wanda ya ƙunshi "masu tushe" waɗanda bai kamata a bari su yi watsi da shirye-shiryensa ba. Gwamnati ta kame mutane 45 tare da tuhumarsu da aikata ta'addanci kan yunkurin kawo cikas ga hako man fetur. Bayan zanga-zangar da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama suka yi, a karshe Correa ya dage dokar ta baci da ya sanya, duk da cewa gwamnati ta tsare 'yan gwagwarmaya 23. A cikin Maris na 2008, majalisar ta yi afuwa ga shugabannin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa 357 da ke fuskantar tuhuma kan ayyukansu na kare muhalli daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da man fetur.
Ga wasu, wannan martani na danniya ya nuna ainihin launuka na Correa. Correa ya bi wata manufa mai tada hankali da fada a kan abokan hamayyarsa. Halayyarsa ba ta tsaya ga masu ra’ayin mazan jiya kadai ba, domin shi ma ya ci gaba da kai farmaki kan dakarun ci gaba da ke adawa da manufofinsa. Abokan adawar Correa sun yi barazanar tayar da kalubale ga ayyukansa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da magoya bayan Correa. Ƙoƙarin Correa na taƙaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyin jama'a ya haifar da tuhumar da ake yi masa na ƙoƙarin aikata laifin zanga-zangar siyasa. Cibiyar tunani ta Indigenous Instituto Cientifico de Culturas Indigenas (ICCI, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Al'adu) ta soki Correa don cin amanar "alamun biyan kuɗi ga mafi girman shawarwarin yankunan mulkin mallaka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan." Wannan ya haɗa da burinsa na buɗe wuraren hakar ma'adinai, mai da ɗimbin halittu, da haɓaka hako mai. A martanin da ya mayar, Correa ya yi kira ga masu adawa da shi da su mutunta doka. "Babu sauran yajin aiki, babu sauran tashin hankali," in ji shi. "Komai ta hanyar tattaunawa, babu wani abu da karfi." Ya yi nuni da cewa ba zai fuskanci matsin lamba ba.
A cikin Janairu 2010, Correa ya goyi bayan shawarar barin ma'ajiyar man fetur a cikin ƙasa a cikin gandun dajin Yasuní don musanya tallafin kuɗi na duniya don shirye-shiryen ci gaba. Correa ya koka da cewa shawarar za ta zo da tsada ga ikon mallakar Ecuador, kuma ya sanar da shirin fara aikin hakar mai a dajin. A mayar da martani, ministan harkokin wajen kasar Fander Falconi, daya daga cikin makusantan Correa, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Matakin na Falconi ya sa sauran jami'ai su ma barin gwamnatin sa. "Ba wai kawai ya rasa ministan harkokin waje ba," in ji Acosta. "Correa ya rasa daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu ba da shawara ga akidar kungiyar." Duka Acosta da Falconi sun kasance manyan 'yan wasa a cikin aikin siyasa wanda ya kawo Correa kan karagar mulki, kuma a yanzu dukkansu sun tsaya tsayin daka a cikin 'yan adawa.
A cikin shekaru da yawa masu zuwa, Correa ya ci gaba da riƙe mafi kyawun goyon baya ga shawarar Yasuní, tare da yin barazanar ƙaura zuwa "Tsarin B" don fara hakowa a cikin ajiyar. Rahotanni sun nunar da cewa a natse da bayan fage gwamnatin Ecuador na ci gaba da tafiya cikin sauri don bunkasa rijiyoyin mai saboda karfin tattalin arzikin da suke da shi. A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2013, Acosta wanda ke neman babban ofishi tare da Coordinadora Purinacional por la Unidad de las Izquierdas (Plurinational Coordinating Body for the Unity of the Hagu) ya yi iƙirari, "idan Correa ya ci nasarar shirin ITT za a yi watsi da shi. An riga an samar da ababen more rayuwa don amfani da man.” Acosta ya lura, "Correa yana daukar yabo ga shirin ITT a wajen Ecuador. Amma a gaskiya ba ya jin dadi da shi. Yana shirye-shiryen zargi kasashe masu arziki saboda rashin bayar da isasshen abin da zai sa ya yi aiki. " Alamu na ƙarshe na Correa shine sanya Ivonne Baki, ɗan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya shiga gwamnatocin baya-bayan nan na Neoliberal, mai kula da aikin.
A ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2013, shugaban CONFENIAE Franco Viteri ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ta yi tir da shirin gwamnati na kawo karshen shirin Yasuní-ITT. Sanarwar ta kara da cewa, "zurfafa tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare na gwamnatin yanzu, wadanda suka zarce na tsoffin gwamnatocin neoliberal," in ji sanarwar, "ya haifar da keta hakkinmu na yau da kullun kuma ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamantakewa da muhalli a cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin a duk fadin kasar. Yankin Amazon." CONFENIAE ta yi nuni da wani tsari na tarihi na kakkabe ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar saboda hakar man fetur, ciki har da Tetete a arewa maso gabas shekaru 40 da suka gabata. "Tarihi ya maimaita kansa," in ji tarayya. "Muna kan gab da sabon kabilanci."
Cin zarafi na yanzu suna faruwa, CONFENIAE ta koka, duk da cewa kasar ta yi hasashen wani hoto a matsayin "mallakar daya daga cikin kundin tsarin mulkin duniya, wanda ya amince da 'yancin gama kai na 'yan asalin yankin, musamman 'yancinsu na 'yanci, kafin da kuma yarda da sanarwa, hakkokinsu yanayi, da Sumak Kawsay, da sauransu." Duk da haka, "lokacin da bukatun manyan jari suka shiga hannu, masu mulki ta hanyar kula da tsarin shari'a, suna nuna cewa ba su da wata matsala da yin kwaskwarima ga dokokin da za su halatta sata, sata, da kuma take hakki." Sanarwar Correa ta dakatar da shirin Yasuní "ya kasance wani misali guda ɗaya ne kawai na ɗabi'a, mai goyon bayan mulkin mallaka, da maci amana na gwamnatin yanzu. Daga mahallin CONFENIAE, ayyukan Correa sun tabbatar da abin da suka daɗe da fahimta: "gwamnati ba ta taɓa himma da gaske ga kiyaye yanayi ba, fiye da tallata tallace-tallace da kamfen watsa labarai don aiwatar da wani hoto na gaba ga duniya." A kodayaushe gwamnati na da ma'auni biyu, kuma shirin da za a yi a cikin Yasuni shi ne kullun da suke rike da hannunsu.
Abokan adawar Correa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma sun yi amfani da damar da gazawar shirin Yasuní don kai wa gwamnatin Ecuador hari. Tuni dai wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje suka kai wa gwamnatin Correa hari saboda zarge-zargen da ake yi na tauye 'yancin 'yan jaridu a yanzu da alama yana ƙalubalantar Correa daga hagu. Rubuta a cikin jaridar Quiteño 'yan adawa Hoy. Correa, a cewar Hernández, ya aika da saƙon da ba daidai ba ta hanyar sanya irin wannan muhimmin aikin siyasa a hannun mutumin da matsayinsa na siyasa ke tafiya cikin sauƙi tare da iskar da ta mamaye. The New York Times Hukumar edita ta yi tambaya ko ainihin shirin Correa “yunƙuri ne na bangaskiya mai kyau don adana yanayi mai arziƙi da bambancin yanayi.” Jaridar ta yi iƙirarin cewa "sakamakon abin banƙyama ne" kuma "an yi watsi da wani tsari mai mahimmanci don kare raƙuman rayayyun halittu na yanki ta hanyar wani nau'i na kula da duniya." Idan aka yi la’akari da matsayin edita na baya, munafunci da damammakin waɗannan matsaya na edita kan wannan batu sun fito fili nan da nan. Wannan ya sa Correa ya yi tweet "Yanzu manyan masanan muhalli su ne jaridun 'yan kasuwa" kamar yadda ya ba da shawarar a gudanar da zaben raba gardama na bukatar a buga jaridu ta hanyar lambobi don "ajiye takarda da kuma guje wa shiga tsakani."
Correa na mulkin mallaka da maganganun fada ya dade ya sa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya su yi tambaya ko zai mutunta takunkumi kan yadda za a kashe kudaden da aka bayar ko kuma alkawarin ba za a yi amfani da man fetur ba. A cikin Maris na 2009, lokacin da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Fander Falconi ya yi wa jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen yamma bayani game da wannan shawara, jakadiyar Amurka Heather Hodges ta ba da rahoton shakku iri-iri tare da shawarar, ciki har da "ci gaba da matsin lamba don bunkasa albarkatun man fetur; kuma mai yiwuwa Ecuadorian juriya ga asusun da ake gudanarwa na duniya saboda matsalolin ikon mallaka." A cikin sanarwar da aka fitar na yin atisaye a Yasuní, Correa ya bayyana cewa ya ja baya kan alkawuran da aka yi a baya na cewa ba za a sauya kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ba don neman sake tsayawa takara na dindindin. Idan hakan ta faru, Correa zai karɓi kuɗin sannan ko dai ya buƙaci ƙarin kuɗi lokacin da farashin mai ya ƙaru ko kuma a ƙarshe ya yi amfani da mai? Jarabawar yin haka zai yi girma sosai idan Ecuador ta fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi.
Chevron
Hukuncin Correa Yasuní ya zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan al'ummomin 'yan asalin yankin Amazon na Ecuador sun kai karar Texaco saboda gurbata muhallinsu a cikin 1970s. Daga baya Chevron ya sami Texaco da kuma karar. A cikin shekarun da suka shige, shari'ar ta ci gaba ta hanyar juzu'i daban-daban, kuma shekaru 20 baya kusa da ƙuduri fiye da lokacin da aka shigar da ainihin karar a 1993. A shekara ta 2011 wata kotu ta Ecuador ta umarci Chevron ya biya fiye da dala biliyan 18 na diyya. amma kamfanin mai ya ki amincewa da cewa Texaco ya gudanar da aikin tsaftace muhallin kuma kamfanin mai na jihar da abokin aikin Texaco Petroecuador, kamfanin mai na gwamnati ne ke da alhakin mafi yawan gurbacewar da ta rage. Daga baya Chevron ya kai karar Steven Donzinger, babban lauya a shari’ar, yana mai da’awar cewa shi ne ya kitsa wani makarkashiya na zamba da zamba a kamfanin.
Duk da goyon bayan Correa na hakowa a cikin Amazon, ya kasance a kai a kai kuma a bainar jama'a yana ɗaukar matsayi na adawa da mulkin mallaka na goyon bayan shari'ar Chevron bisa tushen ikon Ecuadorian da haƙƙin mazaunan Amazon. Correa ya yi iƙirarin cewa haƙar za ta yi tasiri ne kawai kashi goma na kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na wurin shakatawa na Yasuní, kuma tare da fasahar zamani ana iya yin haka ba tare da lalacewar muhalli ba kamar yadda ya faru da binciken Texaco a shekarun 1970, iƙirarin da yawancin masu fafutukar kare muhalli suka yi gardama sosai. . Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa tituna da sauran ababen more rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da duk wani aikin haƙa na hakowa babu makawa za su buɗe wurin shakatawa ga 'yan mulkin mallaka da kuma haifar da lalacewar da ba za ta iya jurewa ba. Tun daga farkon gwamnatinsa, Correa ya gabatar da tsarin tattalin arzikin ƙasa na ƙasa tare da sukar kamfanonin mai na ƙasashen waje saboda hakar albarkatun mai. akasarin hayar mai daga kasar.
Yayin da yake karfafa ikon mulki, ya matsa kaimi wajen gyare-gyaren majalisar dokokin kasar da ya kara haraji kan ribar da ake samu daga iskar mai, ya kuma yi amfani da wadannan kudade wajen samar da tallafi ga talakawa domin rage kudaden da suke amfani da su, da fadada hanyoyin samun lamuni, da inganta ayyukan zamantakewa. "Yanzu mai na kowa ne," in ji Correa. Ya tsaya a takaice, duk da haka, na maida albarkatun kasa kasa. Haka kuma, abin da ya fi mayar da albarkatun kasa kasa, shi ne mayar da masana’antar da ke fitar da dukiyoyi daga cikin wadannan albarkatun kasa. Yawancin gwamnatocin neoliberal sun mayar da masana'antun da gwamnatoci suka gina don cin gajiyar albarkatu masu mahimmanci, ta yadda za su takaita mallakar jama'a na hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki.
A matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na Neo-Keynesian wanda ya horar a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign, Correa ya yi ƙoƙarin amfani da albarkatun man fetur don haɓaka tattalin arzikin Ecuadorian. Correa ya ci gaba da cewa za a iya amfani da duk wani abu don nagarta ko mugunta kuma ya kuduri aniyar yin amfani da albarkatun kasa na Ecuador don samar da ingantaccen tsarin ci gaba. Samar da wasu hanyoyin da za a bi wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasa, wani tsari ne na dogon lokaci, in ji shi, kuma dogaro na gajeren lokaci kan hakar ma'adinai don samun kudaden shiga da ayyukan yi ba zai yuwu ba. Ya yi ta shelanta cewa “ba za mu iya zama mabarata da ke zaune a kan buhun zinari ba” don tabbatar da cin moriyar mai da sauran ma’adanai. Correa ya yi iƙirarin cewa "ainihin abin da ke damun" aikin hakar ma'adinai a wani yanki mai mahimmanci shine "muna kare kashi 100 na Yasuní kuma ba mu da albarkatun da za mu iya biyan bukatun gaggawa na mutanenmu, ko kuma muna ajiye kashi 99 cikin dari kuma muna da dala biliyan 18. don yaƙar talauci?” Masu adawa da hagu, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa wajen tsara batun ta wannan hanyar Correa ya kafa wata matsala ta ƙarya kuma hakan ya nuna gazawarsa ta rabu da dabarun jari hujja na hakar albarkatu. Kamar yadda kasuwanci-friendly Rahoton mako-mako na Latin Amurka Correa ya lura, "ya rungumi masana'antu masu hakowa don ingiza ci gaban Ecuador fiye da kakannin sa na zamani."
A halin da ake ciki, kasar Sin ta zama kasa mafi girma da za ta iya cin gajiyar karuwar yawan man fetur na Ecuador. Bayan da aka zaba kan bashin kasa da kasa na Ecuador a cikin 2008, Correa ya ƙara komawa China don samun kuɗi. A musayar rance, kasar Sin ta bukaci alƙawarin samar da man fetur a wani yunƙuri na biyan buƙatunta na haɓaka da kuma rashin gamsuwa ga hajar. Masu suka kamar Acosta suna kiran man fetur a matsayin "la'anar albarkatu." Farfesa Carlos Larrea wanda ya yi aiki a shirin Yasuní-ITT ya lura cewa ko da yake Ecuador ta fitar da man fetur fiye da shekaru arba'in, "har yanzu talauci yana shafar daya cikin uku na Ecuador, kuma kusan rabin ma'aikatanmu ba su da aikin yi." Babu wata kasa mai fitar da man fetur, in ji shi, da ta yi nasarar cimma daidaito kuma mai dorewa. Nazarin tattalin arziki ya kwatanta hakar albarkatu na samar da dabarar da ba ta dace ba don ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Ƙimar da aka ƙara zuwa sarrafa danyen kayayyaki ta taru ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin masana'antu, ba ga Ecuador ba. Bugu da kari, yayin da Ecuador ta kara haraji kan kamfanonin mai kamfanonin da suka daina saka hannun jari a sabbin bincike da samar da kayayyaki sun tsaya cak a kusan ganga 500,000 a kowace rana. Tambayoyi masu mahimmanci sun kasance ko dogaro ga kayan masarufi na iya haɓaka tattalin arzikin Ecuador. Kamar yadda Gudynas ya lura, “akwai matakan tsaka-tsaki da yawa tsakanin hako albarkatun kasa da rage radadin talauci, kuma a wadannan matakai ne ake samun matsaloli masu yawa. Wadannan sun fito ne daga fa'idar tattalin arzikin da ake shakkar irin wadannan masana'antar hakar albarkatun kasa (tunda a bangare daya jihar na samun riba daga fitar da man fetur, amma a daya bangaren kuma ta yi asara saboda bukatar halartar abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da muhalli), zuwa matsayin tsaka-tsaki. (inda kamfanoni ko na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu, daga Arewa ko abokan kudu, za su iya samun nasara ne kawai idan sun kara yawan riba, kuma kusan kullum wannan yana cikin tsadar muhalli da al'ummomin karkara).
Wadannan matsaloli na asali sun haifar da wani karin magana a Ecuador cewa kasar ta zama matalauta dala ga kowace ganga na man da take fitarwa. Daga hangen nesa na Acosta, sumak kawsay yakamata ya haifar da ra'ayi daban-daban na ci gaba.
Abokan adawar hagu sun yi ta zargin cewa Correa ya gaza yin hutu daga dabarun jari hujja na hakar albarkatu. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Jorge León Trujillo ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa fahimtar yadda za a iya ɗaukar gyare-gyaren muhalli ba, kamar yadda zai faru da shirin Yasuní, a matsayin shawara ta juyin juya hali. Kamar yadda masanin tattalin arziki William Black ya kammala, "Mafi fifikon kasafin kudin Correa shine ainihin waɗanda aka ba da shawarar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Washington-ilimi, lafiya, da ababen more rayuwa." Shawarwari na tattalin arziki da Correa ya bi bai bambanta da wanda masanin tattalin arziki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Hernando de Soto a makwabciyar Peru ya dade ya ba da shawarar ba. A mafi kyau, ga masu hagu tsarin Correa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin koren jari-hujja wanda aka yi watsi da shi da sauri lokacin da ya daina samar da tattalin arzikin da ake sa ran zai dawo.
Laifin Muzaharar Jama'a
A ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2013, rundunar 'yan sanda ta hana masu zanga-zangar isa fadar shugaban kasa da ke tsakiyar Quito's Plaza de la Independencia don nuna rashin amincewa da manufofin Correa na tono albarkatu a Yasuní. ‘Yan sanda sun harba harsashin roba kan masu zanga-zangar, lamarin da ya yi sanadin jikkata mutane 12 (kusan sun makantar da wata budurwa) tare da tsare mutane bakwai. Daga cikin wadanda aka kama har da Marco Guatemal, mataimakin shugaban Ecuarunari, babbar kungiyar al'ummar Kichwa a tsaunukan Ecuador da ta dade tana yaki da manufofin tattalin arziki masu sassaucin ra'ayi.
Dangane da danniya, kungiyar Confederacion de Nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador (CONAIE, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador), babbar kungiyar 'yan asalin kasar, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta bukaci "Shugaban ya dakatar da zalunci da gurfanar da shugabannin 'yan asalin kasar tare da yin kira ga shugaban kasa ya yi kira ga shugaban kasa ya dakatar da zalunci. kuri'ar raba gardama kan hakar mai a cikin ITT." CONAIE ta kuma bukaci a yi afuwa ga duk wadanda suka fuskanci tuhuma kan sauye-sauyen ta'addanci.
Juyawar Correa kan shawarar Yasuní ya dace da mafi girman salon kai hare-hare kan masu kare muhalli da masu fafutuka na asali. A watan Maris na 2009, ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta muhalli Acción Ecológica ta fuskanci barazanar cire matsayinsu na shari'a, saboda adawa da shirin Correa na faɗaɗa masana'antar hakar ma'adinai. An kafa Acción Ecológica a cikin 1986 kuma ya daɗe yana haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomi da ƙungiyoyi na 'yan asalin, ciki har da OPIP a cikin Amazon, a kan gwagwarmayar da suke yi da hakar mai. Kungiyar ta yi amfani da matakin kai tsaye ba tare da tashin hankali ba don ciyar da yanayin muhalli na asali wanda ya zana kan ilimin sararin samaniya na 'yan asalin wanda ya jaddada kasancewar tare da ƙasa. Kwanan nan, Acción Ecológica ya yi yaƙi da ƙera ruwa, gami da haɗa shi da nau'in haƙar ma'adinai da yawa da aka sanya akan samar da ruwa don amfanin gida. Da alama dai batun mayar da ruwa ne ya jagoranci wata kungiya da ta ci gaba da haƙƙin haƙƙin halitta kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada a kan gwamnatin Correa. Lokacin da aka fuskanci babban kuka, Correa ya ja baya da sauri, yana mai iƙirarin cewa cire matsayinsu na shari'a hukunci ne na gudanarwa maimakon yanke shawara na siyasa. Acción Ecológica, gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da izini ba daidai ba lokacin da ya kamata a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli, ma'aikatar da ba ta wanzu lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar a 1986.
Kwanaki uku kafin Correa ya sanar da ficewarsa daga yarjejeniyar Yasuní, wata kotu a lardin Morona Santiago da ke kudu maso gabashin kasar ta yanke wa Pepe Luis Acacho, mataimakin majalisar dokoki na jam'iyyar siyasa ta 'yan asalin kasar Pachakutik, da kuma shugaban 'yan asalin kasar Pedro Mashian hukuncin daurin shekaru goma sha biyu a gidan yari. tuhumar "sabotage da ta'addanci" don jagorantar zanga-zangar adawa da dokar kula da ruwa da aka tsara a watan Satumba na 2009. Wannan shari'ar ta zo ne a kan wani hukunci na Afrilu 2013 a kan mataimakin Pachakutik José Cléver Jiménez Cabrera da tsohon shugaban kungiyar Fernando Alcibíades Villavicencio Valencia zuwa watanni 18. A gidan yari saboda zargin yi wa Correa kazafi bayan wani hari da aka yi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2010. A karkashin gwamnatin Correa, daruruwan masu fafutuka sun fuskanci tuhumar ta'addanci, musamman saboda shirya zanga-zangar adawa da manufofin cirewa, lamarin da ya sa wasu ke ganin cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa ba su fuskanci wannan matakin na danniya ba a baya. gwamnatocin neoliberal.
Duk waɗannan rikice-rikice sun sanya shugaban kasa mai farin jini a kan hanyar yin karo da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda suka taɓa ba da babbar murya kan aiwatar da manufofin tattalin arziƙi na Neoliberal tare da buɗe fagen siyasa don zaɓen gwamnatin hagu. Alberto Acosta, wanda a matsayin Ministan ma'adinai a gwamnatin farko ta Correa yana daya daga cikin masu ba da shawara ga shirin Yasuní, ya yarda da mahimmancin gwamnati wajen ciyar da shawarar. Ko da yake a yanzu gwamnati ta yi watsi da shirin a hukumance, Acosta har yanzu yana fatan cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na iya tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin. "Yasuní-ITT har yanzu ana iya samun nasara ta ƙungiyoyin fararen hula a Ecuador da kuma duniya baki ɗaya," Acosta ya kammala. "Muna buƙatar sauran Yasuni kuma." Yayin da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da gwamnatocin hagu suka ci gaba da raye-raye a kusa da juna, ya zama ƙarara cewa muna iya buƙatar haɗin gwiwar duka biyu don gane manufofin da aka raba na ceton duniya daga talauci da bala'in muhalli.
Z
Marc Becker yana koyarwa a Jami'ar Jihar Truman kuma shine marubucin Indiyawan da Hagu a cikin Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyoyin Yan Asalin Zamani na Ecuador (2008) da kuma Pachakutik: Ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da siyasar zaɓe a Ecuador (2011).