Wannan wani mafarki ne na dama-dama wanda ya dace da siffar Barbara
Bush da Nancy Reagan suna sanar da cewa su masoya ne a Ranar Fitowar Kasa, ko
Kenneth Starr yana ba da uzurin kansa a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na musamman saboda ya yi wannan tafiyar mil
Hannun gwiwa na Monica. Wataƙila wannan ya fi muni. Wannan ya kasance game da waɗannan iconographic
model na samarin Amurka balagagge, wadanda paragons na shirye-shiryen da patriarchy: The Boy
Scouts.A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1998 Kotun daukaka kara ta New Jersey ta yanke hukuncin cewa yaron
Scouts of America (BSA) sun keta dokar hana wariya ta jihar ta hanyar korar James
Dale-wanda aka yabawa Eagle Scout tare da shekaru 11 na leƙo asirin ƙasa da bajojin cancanta 30
bayansa-daga kungiyar a 1990 bayan sunansa ya bayyana a jarida kamar
Mataimakin shugaban kungiyar 'yan madigo/Gay Alliance na Jami'ar Rutgers. Hukuncin alkalai uku
ya soke hukuncin 1995 da Alkalin Kotun Gundumar NJ Patrick J. McGann ya yanke wanda ya tabbatar da hukuncin.
Shawarar BSA na kawo ƙarshen dangantakar Dale tare da Scouts, da'awar cewa
"[t] anan babu wata shaida a gabanmu, ta zahiri ko akasin haka, mai goyan bayan
Ƙarshe cewa malamin Scoutmaster ɗan luwaɗi, saboda ɗan luwadi ne kawai, ba ya mallaki
ƙarfin halin dole don kulawa da kyau, ko ba da BSA's
akidar jin kai ga samari maza." Sun kuma bayyana hakan, saboda BSA na daukar ma'aikata
membobi a fadin kasar da kuma saboda suna haduwa a wuraren taruwar jama'a kamar makarantu da coci-coci
sun kasance, kamar otal-otal ko gidajen abinci, wuraren kwana na jama'a kuma suna ƙarƙashin abubuwan
dokokin hana wariya na jiha. Ba sai an fada ba, BSA tana daukaka karar hukuncin.An rage girman nasarar New Jersey kwanaki 20 kacal bayan haka
lokacin da Kotun Koli ta California ta yanke hukuncin cewa Boy Scouts na Amurka zai iya ware
'yan luwadi, masu akida, da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba daga darajojinsu saboda na sirri ne
kungiyar zama memba wadda ba ta da hakkin jama'a na jiha ko
dokokin hana wariya. Hukunce-hukuncen sun kasance a lokuta biyu daban-daban. Timothy Curren yana da
ya kawo karar, yana mai da'awar cewa 'yan Scouts sun ƙi shi ba bisa ka'ida ba yana matashi
1981 lokacin da Masaninsa Scoutmaster ya gano cewa shi ɗan luwaɗi ne. Katifar California ta biyu ta kawo
Michael da William Randall waɗanda aka hana su daga kogin Orange County Cub Scout a cikin 1990
sa’ad da—suna shekara tara—sun ƙi su bayyana imani ga Allah.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan tambayoyin shari'a a cikin dukkanin shari'o'in sun juya
a kusa da matsayin Boy Scouts na Amurka a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wanda ke da
hakkin cire yara maza da ba su dace da ka'idojin su ba. Kotun Koli ta California
Shawarar gaba ɗaya ita ce BSA kasuwanci ce mai zaman kanta tare da haƙƙin takurawa
zama memba. Wannan wata sabuwar alkibla ce ga Kotun Koli ta Jiha wacce a baya-bayan nan
A baya ya yanke hukuncin cewa Boys Clubs da kulob na ƙasa masu zaman kansu, a zahiri, kasuwanci ne
cibiyoyin saboda gine-ginensu da shirye-shiryensu a buɗe suke ga jama'a. Wannan sabo
Alkalai biyu ne suka bayyana alƙawarin a cikin ra'ayoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka bayyana cewa za su yi
ba da shawara ga Kotun da ta soke hukuncin da ta yanke a baya game da kungiyar Boys Club da kulob din kasar
da kuma taƙaita ma'anar "kasuwancin kasuwanci," kuma ta hanyar haɓaka
iyawar mutane na yin amfani da dokar hana wariya da dokar yancin ɗan adam don neman gyara
a ƙarƙashin rubutun "gidajen jama'a."Ta wannan ma'ana, hukuncin da kotun ta bayar na goyon bayan BSA ya yi daidai da na
yin watsi da ƙa'idodi da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a waɗanda suka shafi batutuwa kamar tabbatarwa
aiki da dokokin da ke ba da kariya ga baƙi na doka - ta haka aiwatar da hangen nesa na ƙarin
mai zaman kansa, takurawa al'umma wanda zai ba da izini (a ƙarƙashin fayyace fassarorin fassara
"'yancin haɗin gwiwa" hujja) fifiko na sirri da son zuciya don ɗauka
fifiko a kan ƙarin buɗaɗɗen hangen nesa na daidaitattun haƙƙoƙi da samun dama. (Abin sha'awa, da
Hukunce-hukuncen sun yi nuni da cewa yayin da dokar kare hakkin jama'a ta California ba ta rufe ba
manufofin membobin Scouts, BSA ba ta da “yanci don ware yara maza daga
zama memba bisa kabilanci, ko wasu dalilai da tsarin mulki ya tanada, tare da
rashin hukunci," tun da wasu dokoki, gami da dokokin haraji na tarayya da ke ba da matsayin keɓe haraji,
zai nema.)Sabanin haka, Kotun daukaka kara ta New Jersey ta yi jayayya cewa saboda
Boy Scouts yana da mambobi sama da miliyan 5 a duk faɗin ƙasar (kuma sama da membobi miliyan 90 tun daga lokacin
an kafa shi a cikin 1910), ana amfani da gine-ginen jama'a akai-akai kamar makarantu da majami'u, da
da tsautsayi daukar mambobi tare da talabijin da rediyo PSAs wanda za'a iya bayyana su azaman
masaukin jama'a. Yana ambaton dokar shari'ar New Jersey-yawancinta daga tsakiyar 1960 lokacin
An yi nasarar kalubalantar wariyar launin fata a wurare da dama, da
Kotun daukaka kara ba ta sami dalilin da zai sa BSA ta fada cikin rukunin a
"kulob mai zaman kansa ko kasuwanci."BSA ta amsa cewa ayyukanta da manufofin kasancewarta ba sa
"Ku nuna gayyata gayyata ga al'umma gaba ɗaya don shiga
"kungiyar," kuma wannan memba an "keɓance shi ga waɗanda suke so
kuma za su iya fahimta da rayuwa ta hanyar rantsuwa da Scout Law." Sun kuma nuna
zuwa manufofin BSA waɗanda ke hana buɗe membobin ɗan luwadi a cikin Scouts. A 1978
bayanin manufofin da ba a bayyana jama'a ba, amma an gabatar da shi ga kwamitin zartarwa
mambobi, sun bayyana cewa, "mutumin da ya bayyana kansa a matsayin dan luwadi zai yi
ba za a zaba don zama jagoran sa kai na sa kai ba, a yi rijista a matsayin memba na yanki, ko zama
aiki a matsayin ƙwararru ko mara sana'a."Bayanin Matsayi na 1993 ya ce: "The Boy Scouts of America
ba ya tambayar membobi game da fifikon jima'i, kuma ba ma bincika
yanayin jima'i na samarin da suka riga sun zama Scouts. Gaskiyar ita ce Scouting yana hidima
yaran da ba su da masaniya, ko sha'awar, fifikon jima'i. Muna ba wa matasa damar
so a matsayin yara kuma ku ji daɗin Scouting da bambancinsa ba tare da fito da su a cikin ba
siyasar yau." Amma, sun kara da cewa: "The Boy Scouts of America a ko da yaushe
ya nuna tsammanin da iyalan Scouting suka yi ga ƙungiyar. Ba mu yi ba
yi imani cewa 'yan luwadi suna ba da abin koyi daidai da waɗannan tsammanin.
Don haka, ba mu yarda a yi rajistar ’yan luwadi da aka yi rajista a matsayin mambobi ko a matsayin ba
shugabannin BSA."Waɗannan gardama sun kasance da gaske sau ɗaya Kotun Daukaka Kara ta NJ
sun yanke shawarar cewa BSA masauki ne na jama'a, amma alkalan sun yi musu jawabi kamar haka
da kyau. Boy Scouts na Amurka suna jayayya cewa an hana su
"'yancin fadar albarkacin baki" ta hanyar rashin iya nuna bambanci
'yan luwadi; cewa muhimman saƙonsu na ɗabi'a da na zamantakewa za su lalace ko ya ragu
saboda kasancewar samari da maza masu luwadi. Baya ga Bayanin Matsayi, BSA
ya lura cewa, bisa ga rantsuwarsu, Scouts dole ne su kasance "madaidaicin dabi'a" kuma
"tsabta" - dukansu biyun ba su dace da zama ɗan luwadi ba.Sautin komawar Kotun daukaka kara ya yi hakuri
da kaifi mai ban mamaki. Da yake lura da cewa tare da mambobin kasa sama da miliyan biyar.
BSA ba ta kasance tana ɗaukar saƙo ɗaya na zamantakewa ko ɗabi'a ba. Sannan kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa tun
Gaskiya ne ba tare da jayayya ba cewa BSA's gamayya 'bayyananne
manufar' ba don hukunta liwadi ba ne [kuma] dalilinsa na zama ba don samar da a
dandalin jama'a ga membobinta don yin la'akari da fa'idodin jima'i da madigo
'mugunta' na salon 'yan luwadi'' 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki
Ƙungiyar" ba ta hana su ba. A gaskiya ma, sun yi iƙirarin, halin kirki
ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar Scouting - gaskiya, gaskiya, jagoranci,
mutunci — suna “ta fuskoki da yawa sun dace da manufofin da ake nema
LAD ta samu" (Dokar hana wariya ta New Jersey).Lokacin da ake magana da Maganar Matsayin Anti-Lay, kotun ta kasance
kai tsaye maƙiya. Domin an tsara Bayanin a cikin 1993-a cikin tarin kararraki
a kan BSA ta 'yan luwadi - sun yi iƙirarin cewa "ba gaskiya ba ne don kallo
waɗannan Bayanin Matsayi a matsayin matsayin ƙarar da BSA ta ɗauka a maimakon haka
bayyana ainihin imani game da manufarsa." Bayan zargin BSA na
Sauƙaƙan fallasa halin ɗabi'a, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta bi bayan hukuncin farko
by Alkali Patrick J. McGann, wanda a cikinsa ya yi jayayya cewa James Dale ya kasance "mai aiki
luwadi" (ko da yake shi ma ya yarda cewa tun da New Jersey ba ta da dokar luwadi, wannan
aiki ne na shari'a) kuma "ya kawo al'adar Judeo-Kirista da ke la'antar luwadi a matsayin
'Babban kuskure'." Ya kasance-a cikin tunanin McGann-wannan
"ba daidai ba" wanda ya sa James Dale bai "tsabta" ba kuma tabbas a'a
"madaidaicin ɗabi'a." Ta hanyar doka da harshe kaɗan na hannu mai ƙara
Kotun ta yi iƙirarin cewa an kori Dale daga Scouts saboda ya kasance "mai alƙawarin".
ɗan luwaɗi” ba don ya kasance “mai luwadi mai aiki” da kuma liwadi ba
A taƙaice dai ya kasance tsaka-tsaki na ɗabi'a kuma ba ya bambanta da ɗabi'a na Scouts
ka'idoji.A wannan lokacin ne Kotun daukaka kara ta New Jersey ta yanke hukunci
ya zama takarda mai ban mamaki na doka da zamantakewa. Shawarar ba kawai dole ba ne kuma
m mayar da martani ga bayyanannen wariya na BSA da kuma kai tsaye kalubale ga
'yan luwadi masu yaduwa da ke da gindin zama a rayuwar yau da kullum, amma bita-da-kulli ne na
yadda ake tunanin liwadi, namiji, da ɗabi'a. Hukunci ne cewa,
yayin da aka yi gardama a fayyace sharuddan shari'a, yana ɗauke da fa'idodi masu yawa.Amma waɗannan abubuwan (da kuma hukuncin Kotun) su ne
Babban abin baƙin ciki ya lulluɓe shi: Lord Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Scouts, ya kasance
dan luwadi da dan luwadi. Tom Jeal da The Boy-Man, a
1990 tarihin rayuwa, cikakkun bayanai game da sha'awar Baden-Powell zuwa, da yiwuwar al'amura tare da,
samari matasa, da kuma sha'awar sa ga hotunan saurayi tsirara da bukatun da Scouts a ciki
kulawarsa yayi waje tsirara. A yau Baden-Powell zai kasance a saman goma akan wani
Jerin sunayen masu laifin Jima'i.Amma Luwadi Baden-Powell abin ban mamaki ne
idan aka kwatanta da cewa duk da abin da Kotun Koli ta New Jersey ta bayyana, yaron
Scouts na Amurka daidai suke: liwadi bai dace da shi ba
tarihi, ma'ana, da manufar Scouting kamar yadda aka fahimta har yanzu. Yaya
zai iya zama in ba haka ba? Kamar yadda Lord Baden-Powell ya tsara kuma ya shirya a cikin 1907,
Manufar Scouting shine sanya yara maza masu halin kirki, kishin kasa, da lafiya. Ƙarƙashin ƙari
maganganu marasa kyau suna ƙarfafa Scouts don "taimakawa wasu," "fadi gaskiya,"
kuma "ku kasance masu tausayi ga dabbobi," ka'idodin Baden-Powell's Scouting sun mayar da hankali kan
biyayya ga hukuma, yin "haƙƙinku ga Allah da ƙasa," da "kasancewa
tsarki cikin tunani, kalma, da aiki." Scouting - wanda Baden-Powell ya kira a matsayin
"Ma'aikatar Halitta" - wani tsarin mulki ne don ƙaddamar da ra'ayin mazan jiya,
Kiristanci na duniya wanda ya ba da kishin ƙasa mai karewa, rashin haƙuri na launin fata, da jima'i
haramta. Scouting zai zama ainihin maza waɗanda za su kula da matsayin-quo, kuma ba
ƙalubalen rinjaye matsayin zamantakewa. Lokacin da yakin duniya na daya ya barke ana ganin Scouting a matsayin
filin kiwon nagartattun sojoji.Kamar yadda yakin duniya na biyu ya fara Baden-Powell ta siyasa mai banƙyama da
halayen launin fata, waɗanda ke ba da labarin tarihin Scouting amma sun bambanta da shi a fili
da kyau, ya ƙara bayyana. A cikin 1937 Baden-Powell ya yi sha'awar motsin leken asiri
don kulla alaka a hukumance da kungiyoyin matasan Hitler. A cikin 1939 ya lura a cikin diary:
"Ki kwanta duk yini. Karanta Mein Kampf. Littafin ban mamaki, tare da kyawawan ra'ayoyi akan
ilimi, kiwon lafiya, farfaganda, kungiya da sauransu-da kuma akidar da Hitler ba ya yi
yi kansa."Yayin da Boy Scouts a yau ba shakka ba ƙungiyar neo-Nazi ba, kuma
a matsayin soja kamar yadda suke a da, yawancin ra'ayoyin Baden-Powell har yanzu
zauna-musamman waɗanda ke sanar da yadda ake yin "maza na gaske" a cikin
masana'anta hali. An ayyana "hakin Allah" na Scout, har ma a yanzu, ta wurin
mafi kunkuntar halin kirki. (Ko da yake a California yana da ƙudirin zama memba na BSA.)
Umurnin zama “tsabta cikin tunani, magana, da aiki” ya nuna waɗanda suka kafa ta
ra'ayoyin da suka shafi jima'i (ciki har da sha'awar dakatar da al'aura tsakanin
Scouts) kuma an ba da izinin yin jima'i na maza da mata kawai a cikin aure.Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin har yanzu suna kan tushen tushen adawa da BSA
liwadi. A cikin wasiƙarsu ta 1990 ta kori Dale daga ƙungiyar sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi
ya "keta wani tanadi na rantsuwar Scout don ci gaba da kasancewa 'daidaitacce'
da kuma umarni a ƙarƙashin dokar Scout cewa membobin su kasance 'tsabta'." A sauƙaƙe, da
Boy Scouts game da kera maza na gaske, kuma 'yan luwadi ba "maza na gaske bane"
ta ma'anarsu.Kalubalen da Kotu ta yi game da matsayin BSA na kin luwadi ba
kawai game da 'yancin ɗan luwadi, amma alama ce ta yaƙin al'adu mafi girma kan yadda
al'umma ta bayyana namiji. Yayin da ake horar da su a cikin sharuddan doka na "jama'a
masauki" da "wariya" hukuncin kotun daukaka kara
yana wakiltar kokawa daga Boy Scouts na haƙƙin mallaka akan bayar da kawai
"maza na gaske" daga masana'antar halayyar. "Morally madaidaiciya" kuma
"tsabta" kalmomi ne masu ƙarfafa hadisai na maza,
al'adun da 'yan kaɗan suka yarda da su.A haɗe da wannan yunƙurin sake fayyace namiji, mai ƙara
Hukuncin kotun ya kuma yi hamayya da ra'ayin da ya kasance sananne kuma har yanzu ya zama sananne cewa mazan luwadi
barazana ce ga yara. Kotun daukaka kara na zargin Alkali McGann da yin rashin adalci
"Mummunan tsoro da rashin jin tsoro cewa shugabannin 'yan luwadi za su haifar da jiki ko ta yaya
Raunin rai ga ƴan leƙen asiri." Sun amsa da cewa "irin waɗannan zato, an ƙaddara akan su
stereotypical generalizations, maimakon gaskiya, ba za a iya amfani da su azaman "gajeren hannu
matakan" a maimakon halaltattun abubuwan da ke tabbatar da kariyar Gyaran Farko. Wannan
ita ce tambayar da ta rataya a kan dukkan shari'ar. Laifin cin zarafin yara shine
Mahimmanci ga yadda ake gina ƙima a cikin al'ummarmu, kuma duk wani ƙalubale gare shi
barka da zuwa ya zama dole. Abin ban mamaki, sauyi ne wanda ya sami ƙarin tabbaci tun daga lokacin
'yan luwadi sun kasance suna kokawa kan hakkinsu na asali, da kuma wanda Ubangiji
Baden-Powell bai taɓa fuskantar rayuwarsa ba.A cikin sakin layi na karshe Alkalan daukaka kara sun bayyana wani abin ban haushi
wanda ya fashe munafuncin BSA mara hankali: "A ganinmu, akwai a
rashin daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka a cikin ra'ayi cewa shugaban Scout gay wanda ke kiyaye nasa
'asiri' na iya kasancewa a cikin Scouting da wanda ke bin dokokin Scout ta
kasancewarsa gaskiya da jajircewa wajen bayyana luwadi da madigo dole ne a kore shi." By
kawai tunanin - zato - cewa liwadi abu ne na halitta kuma tsaka tsaki na ɗabi'a,
Kotun daukaka kara ta New Jersey ta sake ba da umarnin yadda duniya ke aiki: liwadi
yanzu yana "tsabta," yara na iya samun fa'ida daga gay Scoutmasters, da kuma fitowa
mai gaskiya da gaskiya.Ma'aikatar halayyar Baden-Powell - tare da gurbatattun ra'ayi
na abin da ake nufi da ɗabi'a, gaskiya, da gaskiya - yana cikin madaidaicin tsari na
a ƙarshe yana rufewa; tsari ne da aka kwashe shekaru ana yi. Bayanan BSA
Bukatar ci gaba da ayyana "mazaje na gaske" ƙoƙari ne na ƙarshe don riƙe da kuma
inganta tsohon, munanan dabi'u. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa zai zama kamar-kamar Baden-Powell's
janyo hankalin matasa Hitler da Mein Kampf- kawai abin ƙyama.