Hanyoyin da kafofin yada labaran Amurka suka yi na lalata jirgin farar hula na jirgin saman Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, wanda aka zargi gabashin Ukraine "'yan aware" da kuma musamman Putin da Rasha, ya bi tsarin da aka dade na nuna hanzari da fushi na yarda da iƙirarin siyasa, duk da cewa dogon tarihin yaudara a hukumance kan irin wadannan batutuwa. Lokacin da muka bambanta wannan da yadda kafofin watsa labaru ke tafiyar da lamuran da Amurka ko Isra'ila suka harbo jiragen farar hula, bambanci da ma'auni biyu suna da ban mamaki har ma da ban tsoro.
Lokacin DA SUKE Yi
KAL-007. Tsohon abin da na fi so shi ne yadda Soviet ta harbo jirgin saman Koriya ta Kudu KAL-007 a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1983. Wannan lokaci ne da gwamnatin Reagan ta kasance a cikin manyan makamai da ke da alaƙa da harin "mugun daular." Kamar yadda aka yi yunkurin kisan gilla kan Paparoma a 1981, an yi maraba da wannan taron a matsayin wata babbar dama ta farfaganda, kuma zargin gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet ya yi sauri da fushi. Jirgin ya yi nisa daga kan hanya kuma yana shawagi a sararin samaniyar Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kusa da cibiyoyin sojojin ruwa na Soviet, kuma ya kasa amsa kalubalen rediyo daga jirgin yakin Soviet. An yi kyakkyawan shari'ar cewa yana kan aikin soja ne da kuma jigilar fasinjojin farar hula (PQ Mann, "Sake nazarin lamarin Sakhalin," Tsaro Attache, Yuni 1994; David Pearson, "KAL 007," da Nation, Agusta 25, 1984). Gwamnatin Reagan ta yi iƙirarin cewa Soviets sun harbo jirgin saman farar hula da gangan, ko da yake an san shi daga sakonnin saƙon rediyo - wanda aka tsara don kafofin watsa labaru don ci gaba da karyar farfaganda - cewa Soviets ba su gane shi a matsayin jirgin sama na farar hula ba.
Kafofin watsa labarai sun shiga wannan rukunin farfaganda da ƙwazo, suna masu la’antar Soviets a matsayin “barbariyawa” da kuma yin “kisan jinin sanyi.” The New York Times yana da labarai 147 akan harbin da aka yi a watan Satumban 1983 kaɗai, wanda ke ɗauke da inci 2,789, kuma tsawon kwanaki 10 a jere yana gudanar da wani sashe na musamman na jaridar da ya keɓe kan lamarin. Wannan “aiki na zalunci” na Tarayyar Soviet kamar yadda James Reston ya nuna, “ya sanya shi ƙiyayya ga duniya mai wayewa” (NYT, Satumba 4, 1983). The Times editorialed on Satumba 2, "Cewa babu wani uzuri ga kowace al'umma ta harbi jirgin sama mara lahani."
Wannan kamfen na farfaganda ya yi nasara ga Amurka sosai, domin ana zagin Tarayyar Soviet a ko'ina kuma ana fuskantar cin zarafi na wucin gadi a filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na duniya. Kamar yadda dan jarida Bernard Gwertzman ya lura a cikin shekara guda baya, jami'an Amurka "sun tabbatar da cewa sukar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi game da rikicin ya karfafa Amurka a cikin mu'amala da Moscow" (NYT, Agusta 31, 1984). Yayin da shaidun suka girma cewa KAL-007 ya kasance a kan aikin leken asiri, kuma kamar yadda gwamnatin Reagan kanta ta yarda da cewa matukin jirgin Soviet bai san cewa wannan jirgin saman farar hula ne ba, wannan sabon shaida ko dai an yi watsi da shi, an kiyaye shi a cikin ƙasa kaɗan. maɓalli, ko kuma an kore shi azaman farfagandar Soviet. Ko kadan bai tsoma baki tare da wannan nasara ta farfaganda ba. Gwertzman bai buƙatar yin wani cancanta ba kamar yadda ya lura cikin gamsuwa da nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na hukuma da kafofin watsa labarai na yaƙi da dabbanci.
A Janairu 18, 1988, da New York Times ya buga wani edita mai taken “Ƙaryar da Ba a Harbe Ba.” A ciki editocin sun yarda cewa gwamnatin Reagan ta san a cikin sa'o'i na harbe-harbe cewa Soviets ba su amince da 007 a matsayin jirgin sama na farar hula ba kuma Gwamnatin ta "ɓatar da jama'ar Amurka da duniya." Amma ita kanta takardar ta kasance wani muhimmin sashi na wannan shirin na karya, yayin da ta yi gaggawar shiga cikin zazzafan fushi da yada labarai ba tare da kokwanton kokwanto ba ko kokarin bincike. Sai da takardar ta kwashe shekaru biyar kafin ta yarda cewa ta kasance wakiliyar farfaganda ce ta gaskiya kuma ta kuma yarda cewa ba ta yi binciken da ya kai ga cimma hakan ba. A cikin shekaru biyar, jaridar ta yi watsi da ko kuma ta yi watsi da sauye-sauyen bincike na neman gaskiya a kan wannan batu, editocin sun gwammace su bar karyar da suka yi da tsauri da yadawa don a gyara su.
The Times da abokan aikinta na yau da kullun sun yi aikin jarida mara kyau amma kyakkyawan aikin farfaganda wajen magance harin bam da aka yi a watan Disamba na 1988 da hadarin Pan Am-103 a Lockerbie, Scotland, tare da jikkata 270. Nan take aka yi zargin cewa Iran ce ke da alhakin wannan harin bam, kuma nan da nan aka bullo da wata shari'a da ke tuhumar kungiyar Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine General Command (PFLP-GC) da ke aiki a matsayin wakili ga Iran. An yi imanin wannan martani ne ga harbin da Amurka ta yi kan jirgin Iran Air Flight 655, wani jirgin farar hula, tare da mutuwar mutane 290, a watan Yulin 1988, watanni biyar da rabi kacal kafin Lockerbie. An yarda da shari'ar PFLP-GC da Iran ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai kuma ta yada yadda ya kamata. Sai dai bayan shekara guda ko fiye da haka, sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa ya sa Amurka da Birtaniyya ke son sanya Syria, gidan PFLP, da Iran, masu tasiri a Lebanon, don su taimaka wajen adawa da Iraki da kuma sako mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su a Lebanon. A takaice dai, an ajiye shari'ar da ake yi wa PFLP (da kuma Iran a kaikaice) sannan aka kawo manyan ma'aikatan Mu'ammar Kaddafi da Libya a matsayin masu tayar da bama-bamai.
Damar siyasa a cikin wannan sauye-sauye ta kasa faɗakar da kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun, waɗanda suka fada cikin layi akan sabon manufa kamar yadda suke da tsohuwar (inda aka samar da mafi kyawun shari'ar). An matsa wa Libya tabarbarewar wasu ‘yan kasarta guda biyu da ake zargi da kai harin kuma a lokacin da ta ki yin hakan “al’ummar kasa da kasa” ta kakaba wa Libya takunkumi mai tsada har sai da ta ba da dama ta kuma amince da a gurfanar da su a karkashin ‘yan Scotland. doka ta alkalan Scotland a Camp Zeist a Netherlands. Alkalan kotun sun samu daya daga cikin 'yan kasar Libya biyu da laifi, ko da yake sun yarda cewa dukkanin shaidun "yana da mahimmanci."
Akwai alamu da yawa da ke nuna cewa tun farko an yi masa katsalandan yayin da CIA da FBI ke wurin a Lockerbie a cikin sa'o'i biyu da hadarin ya faru kuma kusan sun karbi ragamar gudanarwa daga hukumomin Scotland (domin kyakkyawan asusu, duba John Ashton da Ian). Ferguson, Rufe Adalci: Boyewar abin kunya na Lockerbie). Shawarar ta kasance abin mamaki ga masana kamar farfesa a fannin shari'a na Scotland Robert Black da mai lura da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hans Kochler, dukansu sun gano cewa "ba za a iya fahimta ba" (Kochler) da "mafi wulakanci rashin adalci a Scotland tsawon shekaru dari" (Black, in Scotsman, Nuwamba 1, 2005). An yi ƙara, kuma yanke shawara a watan Yuni 2007 da Hukumar Binciken Laifukan Laifuka ta Scotland ta fitar da wasu dalilai guda shida waɗanda shawarar 2001 na iya zama kuskure. Sai dai kafin a sake gudanar da wani sabon shari'a, an ba da fursunoni Ali Al-Megrahi damar samun lafiyarsa, kuma ya koma Libya.
Kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun sun kasa lura da rashin sanin cewa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake zargi da aikata laifin an same su da laifi, wanda ya nuna cewa alkalan Scotland, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na siyasa kuma tare da kafofin watsa labarai sun ɗauki laifi kamar yadda aka ba su, sun yanke shawarar cewa dole ne su jefa a ciki. akalla kashi daya ga karnuka a matsayin abin da ya dace na siyasa. Kafofin yada labarai, yayin da suke amincewa da alkalan yanayin yanayin shari'ar kawai, sun kasa yin la'akari da adadi mai yawa na keta dokokin shaida da tsarin kotun, wanda ya firgita Black, Kochler da kuma a fili Kwamitin Binciken Scotland. Babu wani lokaci daya daga cikin 15 Times Editoci kan harbin Pan Am 103 da kuma haɗin gwiwar Libya sun bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani game da tsari ko ma'anar tuhume-tuhume da ake yi wa Libyan. Kafofin yada labarai sun nuna bacin ransu kan afuwar da Likitan Al-Megrahi ya yi, amma kamar yadda suka yi watsi da batun shawarar da kwamitin binciken ya yi, don haka suka yi biris da yiwuwar sakin na da kyau don kauce wa sakamakon wannan bita. Amma 'yan Libiyan biyu da aka yi wa shari'a-musamman Al-Megrahi, da Libya ta hanyar takunkumi na shekaru da dama da kuma nasarar bayyana Kaddafi da Libya a matsayin 'yan ta'adda - sun sami nasara sosai. A sa'i daya kuma kasashen yamma sun kara daukaka matsayinsu na kasancewa masu fafutukar tabbatar da adalci da bin doka da oda a duniya, duk kuwa da cewa, a irin wannan yanayi, shugabanninsu sun yi matukar cin zarafin ka'idojin adalci bisa tushen da ake zaton suka kawo wannan lamari.
Lokacin MUN Yi
An harbo wannan jirgin saman farar hula na Iran a watan Yulin 1988 bisa umarnin kwamandan sojojin USS Vincenne, yana bakin aiki a Tekun Fasha a matsayin wani bangare na goyon bayan Amurka ga Saddam Hussein a yakin da yake yi da Iran. Ba kamar 007 ba, Jirgin 655 baya kan hanya kuma bai yi wata barazana ga maharin na Amurka ba. The New York Times, wanda ke da edita mai suna "Kisan kai" dangane da harbe-harbe na 007 kuma ya tabbatar da baya a cikin 1983 cewa, "Babu wani uzuri mai yiwuwa ga kowace al'umma ta harba jirgin sama mara lahani," wanda aka tsinkaya ya sami daya ga shari'ar 655: "The Har ila yau, abin da ya faru dole ne a gan shi a matsayin laifi [bale a ce "kisan kai"] amma a matsayin kuskure, da kuma bala'i." Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya ba su yi Allah-wadai da wannan mataki na Amurka ba, duk da cewa dukkansu sun yi hakan ne dangane da Tarayyar Soviet a batun KAL 007. Tabbas komitin sulhun ya dauki tsauraran matakai kan Libya dangane da Pan. Am 103. Babu wani hukunci abin da ya hadu da Kyaftin Will Rogers (wanda aka fi sani da Rambo), wanda ya samu "barka da jarumta" a kan komawar sa San Diego watanni biyar bayan harbi (Robert Reinhold, "Crew of Cruiser That Downed) Jirgin saman Iran ya dawo gida mai dumi," NYT, Oktoba 25, 1988), kuma daga baya aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Legion of Merit don “dabi’a na musamman da ya dace wajen aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman.”
A dabi'ance Iraniyawa sun fusata kan wannan liyafar da mu'amalar da aka yi wa mutumin da ya kashe fararen hula 290 na Iran kuma mai yiyuwa ne dan jin haushin yadda tsarin adalci na kasa da kasa ya yi tasiri a kansu. Kuri'u sun nuna cewa gaisuwar da Rogers ya samu a San Diego ba tabarbarewa ba ce - jama'a sun gamsu da nasarar da ya samu.
Wannan ya nuna gaskiyar cewa watsa labarai na harbi na 655 ya mayar da hankali kan ikirarin hukuma game da dalilin da ya haifar da kisan kai, ba yanayin wadanda abin ya shafa ba da bakin cikin iyalansu - wanda shine nauyi da ci gaba da mai da hankali a cikin 007. da Pan Am 103 lokuta. Wahalhalun da ake zargin Kyaftin Rogers ya samu fiye da na wadanda abin ya shafa 290 da iyalansu. Mun koma ga bambanci tsakanin "cancanta" da "marasa cancanta" wadanda aka azabtar da "manufa mai amfani" na mayar da hankali, kamar yadda kafa da kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka suka gani.
Isra'ila ta harbo jirgin saman Libya
A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1973, Jirgin saman farar hula na Libya, Flight 114, ya tashi daga kan hanya a cikin guguwa mai yashi, ya shiga sararin samaniyar Isra'ila a mashigin Sinai, kuma jiragen yakin Isra'ila sun harbo shi, tare da asarar rayuka 108. Hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta kasa da kasa ta yi Allah wadai da Isra'ila, sannan Amurka ta yi Allah wadai da ita, amma duk da cewa da gangan ta harbo wani jirgin saman farar hula, ba a sanya mata wani hukunci ba, ba a kuma yi wa Isra'ila zargi ba. Ba a zarge shi da kisan kai, kisa, babban laifi, ko dabbanci—kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su ga Soviets a 1983. An yi maraba da shugaban Isra'ila Golda Meier zuwa Washington a cikin mako guda na lamarin ba tare da kutsawa ga wata tambaya mai kunya daga kafofin watsa labarai ko siyasa ba. .
The New York Times yana da labarai guda 25 akan wannan harbin (a kan 147 don 007), kuma babu wani sashe na musamman na takarda da aka keɓe ga harka. Mafi ban sha'awa shi ne editan su kan lamarin, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa "Babu wata manufa mai amfani da za a yi ta hanyar muhawara mai ban sha'awa game da alhakin saukar da jirgin saman Libya a tsibirin Sinai a makon da ya gabata" (Maris 1, 1973).
Amma kamar yadda babban ɗaukar hoto da muhawara ya yi amfani da maƙasudi mai amfani a cikin shari'ar 007, yana taimakawa aljannun "mugunyar daular," don haka ƙaramin ɗaukar hoto da guje wa muhawara ya yi amfani da muradun Isra'ila ƙawancin Amurka. Muna da a nan buɗaɗɗen shigar da ma'auni biyu da aikin jarida na siyasa.
Wataƙila Rasha da abokan cinikinta na Ukraine sun harbo jirgin sama
Harbo jirgin Malaysia Airlines mai lamba 17 akan Ukraine a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2014 wata farfaganda ce ga jam'iyyar yakin Amurka da abokin aikinta na Ukrain, yayin da ta ci gaba da nuna kyama ga Putin da kuma Rasha mai tsaurin ra'ayi. Rasha, ƙarin taimakon soja ga gwamnatin Kiev da goyon bayan yaƙin sulhuntawa. Kwatankwacin shari'ar 007 yana da ƙarfi, saboda yin amfani da harbi a cikin 2014 don ci gaba da manufofin yaƙin ya yi kama da na Reaganites wajen fuskantar "muguwar daular" a cikin 1983.
Bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin shari'o'in biyu shine cewa a cikin 1983 an gano ainihin jam'iyyar da ta yi harbi a fili, ko da yake Reaganites sun zaɓi yin ƙarya game da manufar Soviet don cin makinsu, yayin da Flight 17 wanda ya harba jirgin sama bai tabbata ba. lokacin rubutawa (Agusta 2). Obama da Kerry sun yi gaggawar dora laifin "'yan aware" na Gabashin Ukraine da daukar matakin, tare da Rasha, bisa zargin samar musu da makamai masu linzami. An kuma zargi Rasha da kin janye 'yan awaren da kuma nuna adawarsu.
Obama da Kerry sun yi gaggawar tabbatar da laifin 'yan aware da Rasha a harbin da aka yi, suna masu da'awar kwararan hujjoji, wadanda ba su samar da su don tantancewa ba. Rashan dai sun ki amincewa da ‘yan awaren da alhakin nasu, sun kuma gabatar da shaidu ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma jama’a da ke nuna cewa jirgin mai lamba 17 ya kauce daga kan hanyarsa, kuma jirgin saman yakin sojin saman Ukraine ne ke biye da shi, wanda ya yi rauni a nisan kilomita 3 zuwa 5 na jirgin Malaysia. duba wasiƙar da aka rubuta ranar 22 ga Yuli daga babban wakilin Tarayyar Rasha zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda aka aika wa babban sakataren. Mutum na iya kallon wannan a zahiri akan bidiyo na mintuna 29 a gidan yanar gizon RT). Laftanar-Janar na Rasha AV Kartapolov ya yi tambaya: “Me ya sa jirgin soja yake shawagi a cikin titin jirgin sama na farar hula kusan lokaci guda kuma tsayin daka da jirgin fasinja na farar hula? Muna son a amsa wannan tambayar.” Rashan dai sun sha yin kira da a gudanar da bincike na kasa da kasa kan gaskiyar lamarin, yayin da suka bukaci Amurka da ta ba da shaidar ta domin a duba lamarin.
Kawo yanzu dai ba a bayyana ko su waye suka harbo jirgin ba, amma a fili yake cewa 'yan aware da Rashawa ba su da wani kwarin gwiwa wajen yin hakan, ta yadda idan da su ke da alhakin hakan zai zama kuskure mai ban tausayi da kuma tsadar gaske a siyasance a gare su. A daya bangaren kuma gwamnatin Kiev tana da kwarin guiwar yin hakan idan har za a iya danganta hakan ga 'yan aware da kuma Rasha, kuma an danganta hakan ne duk da cewa ba a fayyace hujjojin da ke kan laifin ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da 007 da Lockerbie, ikon farfagandar Amurka shine wanda za'a iya yin karya ta tashi (007) kuma za'a iya zaɓar mugaye da canza su bisa dacewa ta siyasa (Lockerbie, daga Iran zuwa Libya), don haka tare da Flight 17 manyan wuraren farfaganda sun kasance. zira kwallaye kafin gaskiyar gaskiya. Wannan nasara ta farfaganda ta dogara sosai kan haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labarai, kuma sabis na farfagandar watsa labaru a cikin wannan misalin ya yi daidai da sauƙi a cikin shari'ar 007 da Lockerbie. Wani muhimmin batu na hidimar farfaganda shi ne amincewa da da'awar Obama-Kerry na alhakin 'yan aware da Rasha na harbin. Kamar yadda yake a cikin 007, ba a yi tambaya ba kuma gaskiyar Kerry ta faɗi cewa tabbataccen shaidar an yarda da ita ba tare da nacewa ga ganin waccan shaidar ba, duk da sanannen rikodin bayanan karya na Kerry kwanan nan. (A kan waɗannan maganganun ƙarya, da ƙari, duba Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.com, Yuli 29, 2014). zaton cewa babban alhakin duk wani abu mara dadi da ke faruwa a gabashin Ukraine shine Putin da manufofinsa - goyon bayan "yan aware" da kuma gazawarsa wajen kawar da su da kuma yarda da ma goyon bayan kokarin Kiev.
The Times yana da edita, "Vladimir Putin Zai Iya Dakatar da Wannan Yaƙin" (Yuli 18), wanda ke kwatanta wannan gefe ɗaya. {Asar Amirka za ta iya dakatar da wannan yaƙi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar dagewa cewa abokin cinikinta na Kiev da wakilinta ya daina kai hare-hare a Gabas tare da yin shawarwari tare da "'yan aware." Wannan ba za a tattauna a cikin labarin ba Times da kuma manyan kafofin watsa labarai gabaɗaya.
Ga kafofin yada labarai, Amurka na da hakkin ta taimaka wa gwamnatin Kiev, maimakon nesa da iyakokin Amurka; amma Rasha ba ta da hurumin taimakawa 'yan awaren da ke kusa da su a wani abin da ya hada yakin basasa da yakin Amurka da Rasha. Ana zargin Rasha da gudanarwa da kuma "kira" ayyukan 'yan aware a gabashin Ukraine (Sabrina Tavernise, "Rikicin Tsare-tsare," NYT, Yuni 15, 2014); Amurka ba ta taba “kira” rikice-rikice ba, bare ne kawai da ke taimaka wa halaltacciyar gwamnatin Ukraine don samun kwanciyar hankali da kuma tunkarar wannan dan ta’adda na kasashen waje. Waɗannan gaskiya ne da aka kafa a cikin kyakkyawan aiki, idan ɗan ɗanyen mai, tsarin farfaganda.
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Jirgin bayanan yanar gizoZ
Edward S. Herman masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci, kuma mai sukar kafafen yada labarai.