A
A rayuwata ina son soja,”
In ji Adrian Paez, wani dan gudun hijirar Colombia kuma babba a Gabashin Boston
Makarantar Sakandare. A 17, Paez (ba sunansa na ainihi ba) ya ce, "Lokacin da I
tunanin Sojoji, ba na tunanin mutuwa ina tunanin komai
Zan iya, duk abin da zan iya koya, duk abin da zan iya zama. "
Paez da iyalinsa sun tsere daga Colombia don tserewa tashin hankalin yankunan karkara da tattalin arziki
bala'i a cikin al'umma da ke ƙara samun soja. Shekara daya bayan isowa
zuwa Amurka, ya zama memba na Junior Reserve Officer
Core Training (JROTC) a Gabashin Boston High inda yake koyo
tushen horon soja na shekaru uku da suka gabata. An inganta
a matsayin tsarin jagoranci da haɓaka halaye, a gaskiya JROTC
yana jan hankalin ’yan tsiraru, masu karamin karfi don shiga aikin soja.
Kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin Kasafin Ayyuka da Kula da Sojojin
Ƙididdiga don FY 2005, "JROTC ba ya sanya wajibai
yin aikin soja; duk da haka, sakamakon wannan shirin
yana iya zama sha'awar aikin soja." Hankali
a cikin 1916 a matsayin ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Sashen Ilimi
da Ma'aikatar Tsaro, JROTC a halin yanzu tana hidima ga ɗalibai 400,000
a makarantu 2,600 a duk fadin kasar akan kashe kusan dala miliyan 165 a duk shekara.
"Ba zan so in je [Iraki] ba, amma ba haka ba ne
Ina jin tsoron tafiya," in ji Paez game da yunƙurin daukar ma'aikata
a sakandirensa. Labarinsa yana nuna raunin da matashi
dalibai suna fuskantar daukar aikin soja, musamman a tsakanin Latino/as,
da kuma yadda manufofin gwamnatin Bush suka kawo sauki
don masu daukar ma'aikata suyi amfani da wannan raunin.
A cikin rahoton kasafin kudi na shekarar 2005 Ma'aikatar Sojin ta bayyana haka
kusan kashi 42 cikin XNUMX na masu digiri na JROTC sun zaɓi ko dai su shiga
Shirin ROTC a kwaleji, ɗayan makarantun sabis, ko hidima
a cikin aiki ko ajiyar karfi. “Da lambobi kamar haka
a bayyane a gare mu cewa JROTC yana yin babban aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa
kokarin daukar ma'aikata," in ji Oskar Castro, Mataimakin Shirin a
Kwamitin Sabis na Abokai na Amurka (AFSC) Matasan Ƙasa
& Shirin Soja. Haramun ne a dauki yara kanana a ciki
sojoji, amma duk da haka ana tuntubar daliban da suka kai shekaru 14 akai-akai
kuma sun ba da shawarar su ci gaba da aikin soja ta hanyar makarantarsu ta sakandare
JROTC. Kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta gabatar da sabbin daukar ma'aikata guda biyu
himma a cikin 2000, Kwalejin Farko da GED Plus, Colin Powell ya bayyana
Muhimmancin jawo dalibai zuwa aikin soja a matashi
shekaru. “Mun san dalilin da yasa muke son kammala karatun sakandare. Suna da
dabi'ar zama mai dacewa da rayuwar soja," in ji Powell.
Dangantakar da aka samu tare da masu gudanar da makaranta na da matukar muhimmanci
ga masu daukar ma'aikata. Bisa ga Shirin Daukar Makaranta na 2004
Handout (SRPH) wanda Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta buga, “Kafa
tattaunawa da jami'an makaranta wani muhimmin mataki ne na kiyaye shiga
zuwa makarantu. Don yin aiki yadda ya kamata kasuwar makaranta, masu daukar ma'aikata dole ne
kula da dangantaka ta hanyar SY da haɓaka kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki
tare da masu tasiri."
“Masu tasiri” ba su iyakance ga masu ba da shawara ba.
SRPH tana ƙarfafa masu daukar ma'aikata don haɓaka alaƙa da masu horarwa,
masu karatu, ma'aikatan gudanarwa, malamai, da duk wani wanda
zai iya taimakawa wajen samar da bayanai kan yadda ake samun inganci
sadarwa tare da takamaiman ɗalibai.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2000 na Majalisar Dattijai na Kwamitin Ayyuka na Armed Armed Services.
Shugabanta a lokacin Sanata Tim Hutchinson (R-AR), ya gudanar da sauraren karar
dakaru masu dauke da makamai daukar ma'aikata da kuma tsare su. A wajen sauraren karar.
Jagora Sajan Jamie Cranada, ma'aikacin Rundunar Sojan Sama na Califonia tare da
shekaru biyar na gwaninta, ya ambata yadda ya fi sauƙi don kusanci
makarantu tare da shirye-shiryen JROTC. “Muna mai da hankali kan wadancan makarantun
da JROTC. Sauran ba su bar mu mu shiga ba kuma ba mu mayar da hankali a wurin ba”.
Yace. "Na yi iya ƙoƙarina a manyan makarantu tare da JROTC," in ji
Ma'aikacin Sajan Reginald Hamilton, ma'aikacin Sojan Sama, a cikin martani
zuwa ga tambayar Sanata Jack Reed (D-RI) akan darajar JROTC
raka'a don daukar ma'aikata. “Akwai hudu a yankina. Suna kallo
a gare mu don horarwa. Yana taimakawa juyar da yanayin. Tabbataccen ƙari,”
In ji ma’aikacin Sajan Sean McElroy, wani sojan ruwa na Amurka kuma mai daukar ma’aikata
a Jojiya. Masu daukar aikin soji sun nuna bacin rai
tare da samun damar saduwa da ɗaliban sakandare da kwaleji
bayanai inda irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba su wanzu.
Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da takunkumi a kan manyan makarantun da ba su da tallafi
na kokarin daukar ma'aikata, yawancin shugabannin daukar ma'aikata sun yarda da hakan
canji a siyasa zai yi illa ga hoton masu dauke da makamai
sojojin. "DOD ya yi imanin cewa zai zama hasara-rasa don yin amfani da girma
makarantu. Muna jin zai fi kyau mu sake haɗuwa a kan dangantakar jama'a
gaba, "in ji Alphonso Maldon, Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro.
Manufar Gudanar da Ƙarfi. "Ba ma son halin da ake ciki
an bar mu a cikin makarantu kuma mun zama abin zargi."
Duk da haka, Sanata Hutchinson ya gabatar da ma'aikatan soja
Dokar Haɓakawa ta 2000, wacce ta musanta ilimin tarayya
taimakon kudade ga hukumomin ilimi na gida waɗanda ba su yarda ba
damar DOD ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare. Hutchinson ya taimaka
ciki har da wannan tanadin a cikin Dokar Ba a Bar yaro a bayansa. A ciki
Tun daga 2001, duk makarantun sakandare dole ne su samar da kundin adireshi
bayanai game da ɗaliban su don dalilai na daukar aikin soja.
BeNow, kamfani ne na tallata bayanai da ke Wakefield, Massachusetts,
an dauki hayar ne don sarrafa sunayen miliyan 12 da aka tattara zuwa yanzu.
An rubuta cikin doka shine buƙatun da dole ne makarantu su sanar
iyaye da ɗalibai na haƙƙinsu na kiyaye bayanan tuntuɓar su
na sirri. A zahiri, doka ta tilasta wa makarantu su saki hulɗar ɗalibai
bayanai ga sojoji yayin da suke mayar da alhakin
na sanar da iyayen doka ga makarantun da ba su da aikin yi.
Latino/A matsayin Maƙasudin Ma'aikata
A
t Gabashin Boston High jagora
masu ba da shawara suna son gabatar da baƙi kwanan nan zuwa JROTC,
musamman daliban da suke jin ƙanƙanta ko babu Ingilishi kuma suke buƙata
karin goyon baya daga takwarorinsu. “Hanya ce mai kyau a gare ni
a ce, ka sani, za ka shiga ajin da ake koyarwa
ta mutumin da ke jin Turanci kawai amma [za ku sami] tallafin
daliban da ke cikin kungiyar ne suka samar," in ji Claudia Rodriguez.
mashawarcin harshe biyu.
A matsayin ƙungiyar matasa mafi girma a cikin al'umma, Latino / yawan jama'a
ya zama babban fifiko a kokarin daukar ma'aikata. Yawan Latino/a
tsakanin masu shekaru 18 ana tsammanin girma daga kashi 14 zuwa 22 bisa dari
shekaru 15 masu zuwa, bisa ga ƙidayar jama'ar Amurka ta 2000. “Wannan
karuwa, haɗe tare da gaskiyar cewa adadin kammala karatun sakandare
don Mutanen Espanya sun yi ƙasa da na sauran ƙungiyoyi, lamari ne mai mahimmanci
da aka ba da sha'awar Sabis na yin rajista mai yawa
na daliban da suka kammala makarantar sakandare,” cikakken bayani kan rahoto mai taken “Halaye,
Halaye, da Bukatun Matasan Amurka: Abubuwan da suka shafi Soja
daukar ma'aikata," wanda Kwamitin Yawan Matasa ya bayar a 2003
da daukar aikin soja a karkashin sakataren tsaro.
The
An kafa kwamiti a cikin 1999 bisa buƙatar Ofishin DOD
Manufofin Shiga a Ofishin Ƙarƙashin Sakataren Tsaro
don bincika manyan tambayoyi game da halaye
na ƙarni na 21 na yawan matasa da ƙananan jama'a waɗanda suke
mai yiyuwa ne su yi tasiri kan kokarin daukar ma'aikata. Kwamitin ya duba
zažužžukan samuwa ga matasa da shawarar daban-daban daukar ma'aikata da
dabarun talla da shirye-shiryen karfafa gwiwa.
Bisa wadannan shawarwarin, sojojin sun yi ta kai hari
matasa marasa rinjaye, musamman Latino/as. A watan Yuni 2001, na $150
miliyan 11.3 da Sojoji suka kashe a yakin neman zabe
zuwa tallan harshen Sipaniya idan aka kwatanta da dala miliyan 3.5 na tallace-tallace
da nufin 'yan Afirka na Amurka.
Latino/kamar yadda ya haɗu da yawa daga cikin masu canji waɗanda, bisa ga National
Cibiyar Binciken Tsaro (NDRI), masu daukar ma'aikata suna neman masu nema
don hana lalacewar ma'aikata - ilimin uwa, iyali
kudin shiga, da adadin ‘yan’uwa. Waɗannan su ne duk masu canji waɗanda, bisa ga
zuwa NDRI, yana sa waɗannan ɗaliban ƙasa da yuwuwar zuwa kwaleji kuma
don haka ya fi dacewa a shiga aikin soja.
Baƙi ba za su iya shiga aikin soja ba, amma mazauna Amurka
iya. Idan Paez ya sami matsayin doka a wannan ƙasa, zai yi
zama ɗaya daga cikin 37,000 waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba da ake kira "katin kore"
sojoji ko baƙi masu katunan baƙi na dindindin da ke aiki a Amurka
soja. Da zarar a cikin soja, duk da haka, sojojin Green Card suna fuskantar
sauran kalubale. Wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba ba za su iya zama jami'ai ba kuma an cire su
daga shirye-shiryen fasaha da na musamman, kamar hankali, lantarki,
jirgin sama, da Navy SEALs. Gidauniyar Bincike ta Pew ta ƙiyasta
cewa, duk da cewa ba shi da wakilci a cikin rundunar sojojin gaba daya.
kusan kashi 18 cikin ɗari na Latino/baƙi sun ƙare cikin yaƙi
matsayi.
Makarantun Massachussetts
A
t matakin gida, ainihin
Lambobin daukar ma'aikata a kowace makarantar sakandare suna da wuya a samu. Masu daukar ma'aikata na gida
zai jagoranci mutane masu sha'awar kididdiga zuwa shirye-shiryen JROTC
kuma masu koyar da JROTC sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa sa ido. “Mu
ban sani ba. Yawancin lokaci yara ba sa zuwa [ga soja]
kai tsaye daga makarantar sakandare. Muna samun sau da yawa fiye da haka
za su shigo su bi bayan gaskiyar lamarin, wanda ke da matukar gaske
ban mamaki gareni. Kuna tsammanin za su shiga nan da nan, amma
ba sa yi,” in ji Kanar Gerald Wellman, wani babban malami
a Gabashin Boston High's JROTC.
Mafi kyawun ƙima akan adadin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare waɗanda suka shiga
ana samun sojoji ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi
akan binciken ficewar da daliban da suka yaye suka yi. A cewar DOE
a Massachusetts, adadin ɗaliban da suka ce suna shirin
shiga aikin soja ya ragu daga kashi 4 a 1978 zuwa kashi 2.1
a cikin 2003. Daga cikin kabilanci / kabilu a jihar Massachusetts
a cikin 2003, Latino/kamar yadda yake da mafi girman adadin ɗaliban da ke shirin zuwa
shiga aikin soja a kashi 3.7, sai farare da 'yan asalin kasar
Amurkawa a kashi 2.2 kowanne, da Amurkawa na Afirka a kashi 1.2.
Kasancewar shirye-shiryen JROTC, a hade tare da ƙananan matakan samun kudin shiga,
yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rinjayar shawarar ɗalibai
shiga aikin soja. A Lawrence High a arewacin Massachusetts
kusan kashi 10.3 na dalibanta sun nuna sha'awar shiga
sojoji a kan binciken su na fita a 2003. Lawrence High yana da JROTC
Shirin, kashi 75 na dalibansa an ruwaito su a matsayin masu karamin karfi,
kuma tana da kashi 10.4 bisa dari; Kashi 85 na daliban
su na Latino/ zuriya ce.
West
Roxbury High da Hyde Park High duk suna da shirye-shiryen JROTC da daukar ma'aikata
alkalumman sun kai kashi 4 kowanne, kashi 2 cikin dari sama da na
matsakaicin jihar. Matakan masu karamin karfi a kowace makarantar sakandare sun kasance
an ruwaito a 68.3 da kuma 67.1 bisa dari. A duka makarantu biyu
sama da kashi 50 na yawan ɗaliban Latino/a.
Wani ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa shine Turanci High, makaranta mai irin wannan
bayanin martaba amma ƙanƙantar ƙimar ɗaukar ma'aikata. Makarantar
yana da shirin JROTC kuma an ba da rahoton kashi 77.1 na ɗaliban
a matsayin ƙananan kudin shiga, kuma kashi 90 na ɗaliban suna cikin Latino/a
ko kuma kabilancin Amurkawa. Yawan daliban da ke bayyanawa
sha'awar shiga aikin soja ta kasance kashi 0 cikin 2001 tun daga XNUMX.
"Ina tsammanin muna da babban shirin shirin koleji," in ji
Elena Gelinas, mai ba da shawara a Turanci High, lokacin da aka tambaye shi
dalilan karancin daukar aikin soja a makarantarta. Turanci
Shirin shirye-shiryen koleji ya haɗa da ilimin kwaleji
a majalisu, tarurrukan ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiku, da kuma tarurrukan azuzuwa.
Har ila yau English High yana gudanar da Baje kolin Kwalejin Ƙasa a kowane Oktoba,
wanda kwalejoji 50 zuwa 60 ke halarta. Kashi saba'in da takwas na Ingilishi
An ba da rahoton cewa manyan ɗalibai za su halarci kwalejin shekaru biyu ko huɗu
bayan kammala karatun.
Sojojin Amurka marasa izini
A
t East Boston High School,
Kashi 4 cikin XNUMX sun nuna sha'awar shiga aikin soja a lokacin da suke ficewa
binciken a cikin 2004, ɗayan mafi girman kashi a cikin Boston
tsarin makarantun gwamnati (ɗayan kuma shine John D. O'Bryant
Makaranta a kashi 5). Wannan adadin ya kai kashi 6 a cikin 2000 kuma
Ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin 2002, amma tun daga lokacin yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa.
JROTC a Gabashin Boston ya kasance aji zaɓaɓɓe amma jami'ai
shawo kan Gudanarwa don ƙyale JROTC don ƙidaya don bashi
a matsayin abin da ake bukata na ilimin motsa jiki. Kashi 50 ne kawai na ɗaliban
a Gabashin Boston High sune Latino/as, amma JROTC galibi ya ƙunshi
na ɗaliban Mutanen Espanya.
Ga Paez, JROTC ya kasance kololuwar kwarewarsa tare da
soja. A Colombia ya tuna da ganin sojoji a garinsa
tun yana dan shekara hudu ko biyar. “Sun kasance a duk gari
kuma zai tsaya a sasanninta yana yin zagaye. Na kasance ina son kallo
a wurinsu, da kayan aikinsu, da komai. Zan yi magana da su
kuma har yanzu ina da harsashi daya daga cikinsu ya bani,” in ji Paez.
Yayin da ya girma, Adrian Paez da wasu abokan makaranta suka fara ziyarta
sansanin sojoji inda aka ba su damar taimakawa wajen kwance damara
da bindigogi masu tsabta. Lokacin da yake shekara tara aka dauke shi horo
shirin na yara, wanda 'yan sandan Colombian ke daukar nauyinsu.
An horar da yaran don yin maci da kiyaye tsari a taron jama'a.
Sun sa riguna masu shuɗi, fararen hula, da takalman yaƙi. “Suna
har ma ya ba mu sandunan hana tarzoma,” in ji Paez.
A cewar Human Rights Watch, aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin kowane huɗu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba
mayaƙa a Colombia ba su kai 18. Daga cikin waɗannan, dubu da yawa suna
kasa da shekaru 15. Lokacin da ya isa Amurka, Paez's
yanayi ya canza sosai, nesa ba kusa ba na soja na yau da kullun
al'umma a Colombia, har sai da ya shiga makarantar sakandare. “A na bakwai
kuma aji takwas a nan komai ya kasance al'ada, amma lokacin da na isa na tara
a makarantar sakandare, na sake gano su. A can ne na samu
Sojoji kuma.”
Kowane lokacin rani na shekaru uku Paez yana zuwa Camp Freedom, sansanin
ga ɗalibai masu shekaru 14 zuwa 18 a Rijiyar Soja ta Massachusetts
(MMR), wani yanki mai girman eka 22,000 da ake amfani da shi don horar da sojoji a Cape Cod.
Sama da ɗaliban JROTC 550 daga Arewa maso Gabas suna halartar Yancin Camp kowane
bazara. Dalibai suna biyan kuɗin dala $30 don yin rajista. Sojojin sun rufe
sufuri, abinci, da kuma kuɗaɗen masauki. Gudanar da JROTC
daga Gabashin Boston High, ƙwarewar Camp Freedom ya haɗa da drills
da shagalin biki, yin tattaki cikin tsari, da gasa tsakanin kungiyoyi
a cikin ayyukan horo na jiki da yawa, kamar su fyade, ruwa,
da hawan dutse. Kowa yana samun daraja akan kuzari.
A matsayin babban jami'in kadet, Paez yana koya wa ƙananan ɗalibai yadda ake
tafiya da bindigogin pellet. Ko da yake har yanzu bai zama dan kasa ba, ya taimaka
koyar da aji na zama ɗan ƙasa a matsayin Kwamandan Kamfanin don JROTC ɗin sa
ɗaya.
Abin ban mamaki, matsayin shari'a na Paez shine ya kare shi daga kasancewa
aika zuwa yaki. A halin yanzu yana neman yin kwasa-kwasan a wani gida
kwalejin al'umma. Yawancin abokan Paez JROTC sun ƙare a ciki
Gabas ta Tsakiya. “Uku (mambobin JROTC) daga kusan shekaru biyu
A baya ya tafi Afghanistan da Pakistan," in ji Sgt. Burnett, JROTC
malami a Gabashin Boston High, "Kuma ina da daya a halin yanzu
Kuwait, tana jiran shiga Iraki cikin watanni biyu masu zuwa.
Kuma ina da wanda yake cikin JROTC, ya bar JROTC, ya shiga
sabis kuma a halin yanzu yana Baghdad."
Sofia
Jarrin-Thomas ɗan jarida ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya buga labarai
in
Dala & Hankali,
Mafarki na gama-gari. org, Boston Independent
Media, da
Z Shafin
.