Hwanda ke kusa da St. Louis, Missouri, An kafa Kamfanin Kemikal na Monsanto a 1901 ta John Francis Queeny. Queeny, ƙwararriyar ilimin kimiyyar sinadarai, ta kawo fasahar kera saccharin, kayan zaki na wucin gadi na farko, daga Jamus zuwa Amurka. A cikin 1920s, Monsanto ya zama babban mai kera sulfuric acid da sauran sinadarai na masana'antu, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni huɗu kawai da aka lissafa a cikin manyan kamfanonin sinadarai na Amurka guda goma a cikin kowane shekaru goma tun daga shekarun 1940. A cikin 1940s, robobi da yadudduka na roba sun zama cibiyar kasuwancin Monsanto. A cikin 1947, wani jirgin ruwa na Faransa dauke da takin ammonium nitrate ya tashi a wani tashar jirgin ruwa mai nisan ƙafa 270 daga masana'antar robobi na Monsanto a wajen Galveston, Texas. Fiye da mutane 500 ne suka mutu a wani abin da ya zo a gani a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan bala'o'i na farko na masana'antar sinadarai. Kamfanin yana kera robobin styrene da polystyrene, waɗanda har yanzu suna da mahimmancin kayan abinci da kayan masarufi daban-daban. A cikin 1980s Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta jera polystyrene a matsayin na biyar a matsayinta na sinadarai da samar da su ke haifar da mafi yawan sharar gida. A cikin 1929, Kamfanin Swann Chemical Company, ba da daɗewa ba Monsanto zai saya, ya ƙera polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), waɗanda aka yaba da su don rashin ƙonewa da matsanancin kwanciyar hankali. Mafi yaɗuwar amfani shine a cikin masana'antar kayan aikin lantarki, waɗanda suka karɓi PCBs azaman sanyaya mara ƙonewa don sabon ƙarni na masu canji. A cikin shekarun 1960s, dangin Monsanto na PCBs kuma ana amfani da su sosai azaman mai mai, ruwa mai ɗorewa, yankan mai, suturar ruwa, da masu ɗaukar ruwa. Shaida na illolin PCBs masu guba sun bayyana a farkon shekarun 1930, kuma masana kimiyyar Sweden da ke nazarin tasirin nazarin halittu na DDT sun fara gano babban adadin PCBs a cikin jini, gashi, da kitse na namun daji a cikin 1960s. Bincike a cikin 1960s da 1970s ya bayyana PCBs da sauran organochlorine masu kamshi don zama carcinogens masu ƙarfi, kuma sun gano su zuwa nau'ikan cututtukan haifuwa, haɓakawa, da tsarin rigakafi. Babban alaƙar su na sinadarai don kwayoyin halitta, musamman kitse, shine ke da alhakin haɓakar haɓakar halittu masu ban mamaki, da kuma yaɗuwarsu a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci na ruwa na Arewa: Arctic cod, alal misali, suna ɗaukar adadin PCB sau miliyan 48 fiye da na ruwan da ke kewaye. da dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su polar bears na iya ɗaukar adadin nama na PCB fiye da sau 50 fiye da haka. Ko da yake an dakatar da kera PCBs a Amurka a cikin 1976, tasirin sa mai guba da cututtukan endocrine sun ci gaba a duk duniya. Cibiyar masana'antar PCB ta duniya ita ce shukar Monsanto a wajen Gabashin St. Louis, Illinois. Gabas St. Louis yanki ne mai fama da tawayar tattalin arziki, a hayin kogin Mississippi daga St. Louis, mai iyaka da manyan masana'antun sarrafa karfe biyu ban da wurin Monsanto. “East St. Louis,” in ji marubucin ilimi Jonathan Kozol, “yana da wasu yara marasa lafiya a Amurka.” Kozol ya bayar da rahoton cewa, birnin ne ya fi kowacce yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu da haihuwa da haihuwa a jihar, a matsayi na uku a yawan mace-macen jarirai, kuma daya daga cikin masu fama da cutar asma a Amurka.
Dioxin: Gadon Gurbata Tmutanen Gabashin St. Louis na ci gaba da fuskantar bala'in da ke tattare da fallasa sinadarai masu yawa, da talauci, da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na birane, da rugujewar har ma da manyan ayyukan gari, amma an gano garin Times Beach da ke kusa da Missouri. cike da gurbataccen sinadarin dioxin da gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da umarnin a kwashe ta a shekarar 1982. A bayyane yake garin, da wasu masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu, sun dauki hayar wani dan kwangila ya fesa masa datti da man fetur domin kada kura. Kamfanonin sinadarai na cikin gida ne suka ɗauki hayar ɗan kwangilar don fitar da tankunan da suka gurɓace da dioxin. A lokacin da dawakai 50, wasu dabbobin gida, da kuma daruruwan tsuntsayen daji suka mutu a wani filin cikin gida da aka fesa man, an gudanar da bincike wanda a karshe ya gano mutuwar dioxin daga tankunan da ke dauke da sinadarai. Wasu ’yan mata biyu da suka yi wasa a fage sun yi rashin lafiya, daya daga cikinsu ta yi jinya na tsawon makonni hudu a asibiti sakamakon ciwon koda mai tsanani, sannan da yawa daga cikin yaran da aka haifa ga iyayen mata da suka kamu da gurbataccen man fetur na dioxin sun nuna alamun rashin lafiyar tsarin garkuwar jiki da kuma rashin aikin kwakwalwa. Yayin da Monsanto ya ci gaba da musanta duk wata alaka da lamarin Times Beach, kungiyar Times Beach Action Group (TBAG) ta St. Louis ta bankado rahotannin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke nuna kasancewar yawan tarin PCBs da Monsanto ya kera a cikin gurbataccen samfurin kasa daga garin. "Daga ra'ayinmu, Monsanto shine tushen matsalar anan Missouri," in ji Steve Taylor na TBAG. Taylor ya yarda cewa tambayoyi da yawa game da Times Beach da sauran gurɓatattun wurare a yankin har yanzu ba a amsa su ba, amma ya ba da misali da cewa kusan binciken da aka yi na sludge ɗin da aka fesa a bakin tekun Times ya iyakance ga waɗannan kafofin da aka gano ga kamfanoni ban da Monsanto. Rufewa a Times Beach ya kai matsayi mafi girma na gwamnatin Reagan a Washington. Hukumomin kula da muhalli na kasar a cikin shekarun Reagan sun zama sananne ga jami'ai' akai-akai game da mu'amalar bayan gida da jami'an masana'antu, inda aka yi wa kamfanonin da aka fi so da alkawarin aiwatar da doka da kuma rage tara tara. An tilasta wa shugabar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Reagan, Anne Gorsuch Burford, yin murabus bayan shekaru biyu a ofis kuma an daure mataimakiyar ta ta musamman, Rita Lavelle, na tsawon watanni shida a gidan yari saboda yin karya da kuma hana adalci. A cikin wani sanannen lamarin, Fadar White House ta Reagan ta umarci Burford da ya riƙe takardu a Times Beach da sauran gurɓatattun wurare a cikin jihohin Missouri da Arkansas, yana mai nuni da "gata mai zartarwa," kuma daga baya an ambaci Lavelle don yanke mahimman takardu. Mai ba da rahoto na bincike don Philadelphia mai tambaya jaridar ta bayyana Monsanto a matsayin daya daga cikin kamfanonin sinadarai wadanda shugabanninsu suka saba gudanar da taron cin abincin rana da na dare tare da Lavelle. An jinkirta kwashe mutanen da mazaunan Times Beach suka nema har zuwa 1982, shekaru 11 bayan gano cutar, kuma shekaru 8 bayan an gano dalilin a matsayin dioxin. Ƙungiyar Monsanto tare da dioxin za a iya komawa zuwa ga ƙera 2,4,5-T na herbicide, farawa a ƙarshen 1940s. "Kusan nan da nan, ma'aikatansa sun fara rashin lafiya tare da raƙuman fata, ciwon da ba za a iya bayyanawa a cikin gabobin jiki, gabobin jiki da sauran sassan jiki ba, rauni, fushi, jin tsoro da asarar libido," in ji Peter Sills, marubucin wani littafi mai zuwa a kan dioxin. "Takardun bayanai na cikin gida sun nuna cewa kamfanin ya san cewa wadannan mutanen ba su da lafiya kamar yadda suke da'awar, amma ya boye duk wannan shaidar." Wani fashewa a Monsanto's Nitro, West Virginia herbicide shuka a 1949 ya ja hankali ga waɗannan gunaguni. Ba a gano gurɓataccen da ke da alhakin waɗannan yanayin a matsayin dioxin ba har zuwa 1957, amma da alama rundunar sojan Amurka tana da sha'awar wannan abu a matsayin wakili na yaƙin sinadarai. Bukatun da aka gabatar Binciken Jarida na St. Louis A karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Bayar da Bayanai ta Amurka ta bayyana kusan shafuka 600 na rahotanni da wasiku tsakanin Monsanto da Rundunar Sojoji ta Sinadari kan batun wannan maganin ciyawa, tun daga shekarar 1952. Agent Orange na herbicide, wanda sojojin Amurka suka yi amfani da shi don lalata dazuzzuka na Vietnam a cikin shekarun 1960, ya kasance cakuda 2,4,5-T da 2,4-D wanda ke samuwa daga tushe da yawa, amma Wakilin Monsanto. Orange yana da adadin dioxin sau da yawa sama da wanda Dow Chemical ya samar, sauran manyan masana'anta na defoliant. Wannan ya sa Monsanto ya zama babban wanda ake tuhuma a cikin ƙarar da mayaƙan Yaƙin Vietnam suka kawo a Amurka, waɗanda suka fuskanci tarin cututtuka masu lahani waɗanda ke da alaƙa da bayyanar Agent Orange. Lokacin da aka cimma yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 180 a shekara ta 1984 tsakanin kamfanonin sinadarai 7 da lauyoyin tsoffin sojoji, alkalin ya umarci Monsanto ya biya kashi 45.5 na jimillar. A cikin 1980s, Monsanto ya gudanar da jerin nazarin da aka tsara don rage alhakinsa, ba kawai a cikin kwat da wando na Orange ba, amma a ci gaba da gurɓacewar ma'aikata a masana'antar kera ta West Virginia. Shari'ar kotu na tsawon shekaru uku da rabi da ma'aikatan jirgin kasa suka gabatar da su ga dioxin biyo bayan lalacewar jirgin kasa ya bayyana tsarin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma ƙirar gwaji na yaudara a cikin waɗannan binciken. Wani jami'in EPA na Amurka ya kammala cewa an yi amfani da binciken don tallafawa da'awar Monsanto cewa tasirin dioxin ya iyakance ga chloracne na fata. Masu bincike na Greenpeace Jed Greer da Kenny Bruno sun bayyana sakamakon: "Bisa ga shaidar da aka yi daga gwajin, Monsanto ya ɓad da fallasa ma'aikatan da ba a fallasa su ba, sun share wasu mahimman lamuran cutar kansa ba da gangan ba, sun kasa tabbatar da rarrabuwa na batutuwan chloracne ta hanyar ma'aunin dermatitis na masana'antu na gama gari, bai yi nasara ba. ba da tabbaci na bayanan da ba a daidaita ba da aka kawo kuma masu ba da shawara suka yi amfani da su, da yin maganganun ƙarya game da gurɓataccen dioxin a cikin samfuran Monsanto. Shari'ar kotun, wanda alkalan suka bayar da kyautar diyyar dala miliyan 16 a kan Monsanto, ta bayyana cewa yawancin kayayyakin Monsanto, daga maganin ciyawa na gida har zuwa germicide na Santophen da aka taba amfani da su a cikin maganin cutar Lysol, da gangan sun gurbata da dioxin. "Shaidun shugabannin Monsanto a gwajin sun nuna al'adun kamfanoni inda aka ba da tallace-tallace da riba mafi girma fiye da amincin samfurori da ma'aikatanta," in ji rahoton. Toronto Globe da Mail bayan an rufe shari'ar. “Ba su damu da lafiya da lafiyar ma’aikatansu ba,” in ji marubuci Peter Sills. "Maimakon ƙoƙarin tabbatar da abubuwa mafi aminci, sun dogara ga tsoratarwa da barazanar korar ma'aikatan su ci gaba da aiki." Wani bita na gaba da Dr. Cate Jenkins na Reshen Ci gaban Ka'idoji na EPA ya rubuta wani mahimmin rikodi na kimiyyar yaudara. "A gaskiya Monsanto ya gabatar da bayanan karya ga EPA wanda kai tsaye ya haifar da raunana ka'idoji a karkashin RCRA [Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfadowa] da FIFRA [Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act] ..." ya ruwaito Dr. Jenkins a cikin wata sanarwa ta 1990 da ta bukaci hukumar ta yi. gudanar da binciken laifuka na kamfanin. Jenkins ya ba da misalin takaddun Monsanto na cikin gida wanda ke nuna cewa kamfanin ya “bincike” samfuran maganin herbicides waɗanda aka gabatar da su ga Ma’aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka, sun ɓoye a bayan bayanan “tsarin sunadarai” don hana yunƙurin daidaita 2,4-D da chlorophenols daban-daban, sun ɓoye shaida game da gurɓatar Lysol, kuma ta ware ɗaruruwan tsoffin ma'aikatanta marasa lafiya daga kwatankwacin nazarin lafiyarta: “Monsanto ta rufe gurɓatar dioxin na samfuran ta da yawa. Monsanto ko dai ya kasa bayar da rahoto game da gurɓatawa, ya maye gurbin bayanan karya da ke nuna cewa ba su da wata cuta ko kuma gabatar da samfurori ga gwamnati don bincike wanda aka shirya musamman don kada cutar dioxin ta kasance."
Maganin Maganin Sabbin Jini Today, glyphosate herbicides kamar Roundup lissafi a kalla daya bisa shida na Monsanto ta jimlar tallace-tallace shekara-shekara da kuma rabin na kamfanin ta samun kudin shiga na aiki, watakila muhimmanci fiye tun lokacin da kamfanin spun kashe ta masana'antu sinadarai da roba yadudduka sassa a matsayin daban-daban kamfani, da ake kira Solutia, a watan Satumba 1997. Monsanto agggressively inganta Roundup a matsayin mai lafiya, janar manufa herbicide don amfani a kan komai daga lawns da Orchards, zuwa manyan coniferous gandun daji Holdings, inda iska fesa na herbicide da ake amfani da su kashe ci gaban deciduous seedlings da shrubs da kuma karfafa da girma da riba fir da spruce itatuwa. Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Yamma na tushen Oregon don Alternatives zuwa magungunan kashe qwari (NCAP) sun sake nazarin nazarin kimiyya fiye da 408 akan tasirin glyphosate, da kuma na polyoxyethylene amines da aka yi amfani da su azaman surfactant a cikin Roundup, kuma sun kammala cewa maganin herbicide ba shi da kyau fiye da tallan Monsanto ya nuna: “Alamomin guba mai tsanani a cikin mutane bayan cin Roundup sun haɗa da ciwon ciki, amai, kumburin huhu, ciwon huhu, gajimare, da lalata jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Ma'aikata suna haɗawa, lodawa da kuma shafa glyphosate sun sami rahoton kumburin ido da fata. EPA's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System yana da rahotanni 109 na lafiyar lafiyar da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da glyphosate tsakanin 1966 da Oktoba, 1980. Wadannan sun haɗa da ido ko fata, tashin zuciya, dizziness, ciwon kai, gudawa, hangen nesa, zazzabi da rauni." Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kwanakin 1966-1980 suna wakiltar lokaci da kyau kafin a zo a yi amfani da Roundup sosai. Jerin kashe kansa da yunƙurin kashe kansa a Japan a cikin 1980s ta amfani da Roundup herbicide ya ba masana kimiyya damar ƙididdige adadin kisa na oza shida. A herbicide ne sau 100 mafi guba ga kifi fiye da mutane, mai guba ga earthworms, ƙasa kwayoyin cuta da kuma m fungi, da kuma masana kimiyya sun auna da dama kai tsaye physiological effects na Roundup a cikin kifi da sauran namun daji, ban da sakandare illa dangana ga defoliation. gandun daji. Rushewar glyphosate cikin N-nitrosoglyphosate da sauran mahaɗan da ke da alaƙa sun ƙara damuwa game da yuwuwar cutar sankara na samfuran Roundup. Wani bincike na 1993 a Jami'ar California a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Berkeley ya gano cewa glyphosate shine mafi yawan sanadin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da magungunan kashe qwari a tsakanin ma'aikatan kula da shimfidar wuri a California, kuma adadin uku yana haifar da ma'aikatan aikin gona. Wani bita na 1996 na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na membobin Vermont Citizens' Forest Roundtable - ƙungiyar da ta yi nasarar mamaye majalisar dokokin Vermont don haramcin amfani da maganin herbicides a cikin gandun daji - ya bayyana sabbin shaidun lalacewar huhu, bugun zuciya, tashin zuciya, haifuwa. matsaloli, chromosome aberrations, da yawa sauran illa na fallasa zuwa Roundup herbicide. A cikin 1997, Monsanto ya amsa shekaru biyar na korafin da Babban Lauyan Jihar New York ya yi cewa tallace-tallacensa na Roundup na yaudara; kamfanin ya canza tallace-tallacen sa don goge iƙirarin cewa maganin ciyawa yana da “mai lalata” da kuma “mai son muhalli,” kuma ya biya dala 50,000 ga kuɗin shari’a na jihar a cikin lamarin. A cikin Maris 1998, Monsanto ya amince ya biya tarar $225,000 don ɓarna kwantena na Roundup a lokuta 75 daban-daban. Hukuncin shine mafi girman sasantawa da aka taɓa biya saboda keta ka'idojin Kariyar Ma'aikata na Dokar Kare Kwari, Fungicides da Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). A cewar hukumar Wall Street Journal, Monsanto ya rarraba kwantena na maganin ciyawa tare da alamomin da ke hana shiga cikin wuraren da aka kula da su na tsawon sa'o'i 4 kawai maimakon sa'o'i 12 da ake bukata. Wannan shi ne kawai na baya-bayan nan a cikin jerin manyan tara da hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi wa Monsanto a Amurka, gami da binciken dalar Amurka miliyan 108 a cikin lamarin mutuwar cutar sankarar bargo na wani ma'aikacin Texas a 1986, dala $648,000 don zargin rashin bayar da rahoton lafiyar da ake bukata. bayanai ga EPA a 1990, tarar dala miliyan 1 da Babban Mai Shari'a na Jihar Massachusetts ya yi a 1991 a cikin yanayin zubar da ruwa na gallon acid 200,000, dalar Amurka miliyan 39 a Houston, Texas a 1992 wanda ya shafi shigar da sinadarai masu haɗari a cikin ramuka marasa layi. , da dai sauransu. A cikin 1995, Monsanto ya zama na biyar a tsakanin kamfanonin Amurka a cikin Inventory na EPA na Saki mai guba, bayan da ya fitar da fam miliyan 37 na sinadarai masu guba a cikin iska, ƙasa, ruwa, da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Sabuwar Duniya Jarumi ta Biotechnology MHaɓakar da onsanto ke yi game da samfuran fasahar kere-kere, daga sake haɗawa da Hormone Growth Hormone (rBGH), zuwa Roundup Ready waken soya da sauran amfanin gona, zuwa nau'in auduga mai jure wa kwari, yawancin masu lura da al'amura na ganin ci gaba na shekaru masu yawa na ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da ɗabi'a. . "Kamfanoni suna da mutane, kuma Monsanto yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mugun nufi," in ji marubuci Peter Sills. "Daga Monsanto's herbicides zuwa Santophen disinfectant zuwa BGH, da alama sun fita hanya don cutar da ma'aikatansu da cutar da yara." Asalinsu, Monsanto yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni guda hudu na sinadarai da ke neman kawo sinadarin Hormone na Bovine Growth na roba, wanda aka samar a cikin kwayoyin halittar E. coli da aka kirkira don kera furotin na bovine, zuwa kasuwa. Wani kuma shine Cyanamid na Amurka, wanda yanzu mallakar American Home Products ne, wanda ke kan aiwatar da haɗawa da Monsanto. Yunkurin shekaru 14 na Monsanto don samun amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) don kawo recombinant BGH zuwa kasuwa yana cike da cece-kuce, gami da zarge-zargen kokarin da ake yi na dakile bayanai game da illolin hormone. An kori wani likitan dabbobi na FDA, Richard Burroughs, bayan da ya zargi kamfanin da hukumar da dakile tare da sarrafa bayanai don boye illar allurar rBGH kan lafiyar shanun kiwo. A cikin 1990, lokacin da amincewar FDA na rBGH ya bayyana a kusa, wani likitan dabbobi a cibiyar binciken aikin gona na Jami'ar Vermont ya fitar da bayanan da aka dakatar a baya ga 'yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi guda biyu da ke nuna karuwar yawan kamuwa da nono a cikin shanun da aka yi musu allura tare da hormone Monsanto na gwaji. , da kuma abin da ba a saba gani ba na nakasar haihuwa mai tsanani a cikin zuriyar shanun da aka yi wa rBGH magani. Wani nazari mai zaman kansa na bayanan Jami'ar ta ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwarin gonakin gona ta yanki ta rubuta ƙarin matsalolin kiwon lafiyar saniya da ke da alaƙa da rBGH, gami da manyan abubuwan da suka faru na raunin ƙafa da ƙafafu, matsalolin rayuwa da haifuwa, da cututtukan mahaifa. Babban Ofishin Akanta na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka (GAO) ya yi yunƙurin gudanar da bincike kan lamarin, amma ya kasa samun bayanan da suka wajaba daga Monsanto da Jami’ar don gudanar da bincikensa, musamman game da abubuwan da ake zargin teratogenic da embryotoxic. Masu binciken GAO sun kammala cewa shanun da aka yi musu allura da rBGH suna da mastitis (cutar nono) suna da kashi ɗaya bisa uku sama da shanun da ba a kula da su ba, kuma sun ba da shawarar ƙarin bincike kan haɗarin haɓakar matakan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin madara da aka samar ta amfani da rBGH. FDA ta amince da Monsanto's rBGH don siyar da kasuwanci tun daga 1994. A shekara mai zuwa, Mark Kastel na Kungiyar Manoman Wisconsin ya fitar da wani binciken abubuwan da manoman Wisconsin suka samu game da maganin. Sakamakon bincikensa ya wuce 21 yuwuwar matsalolin lafiya da Monsanto ya buƙaci ya jera a kan alamar gargaɗi don alamar Posilac na rBGH. Kastel ta sami rahotannin da suka bazu game da mace-mace ba zato ba tsammani a tsakanin shanun da aka yi wa rBGH, yawan kamuwa da cututtukan nono, matsanancin matsalolin rayuwa da matsalolin haihuwa, kuma a wasu lokuta rashin nasarar yaye shanun da aka yi wa magani daga maganin. Yawancin ƙwararrun manoman kiwo waɗanda suka yi gwaji tare da rBGH ba zato ba tsammani suna buƙatar maye gurbin babban yanki na garken su. Maimakon magance musabbabin korafe-korafen manoma game da rBGH, Monsanto ya ci gaba da kai farmaki, inda ya yi barazanar kai kara kan kananan kamfanonin kiwo da suka tallata kayayyakinsu ba tare da wani sinadari na wucin gadi ba, da kuma shiga cikin karar da kungiyoyin kasuwanci na masana'antar kiwo da dama suka yi kan na farko kawai dokar lakabi na tilas don rBGH a cikin Amurka. Har yanzu, shaida don lalacewar tasirin rBGH akan lafiyar shanu da mutane sun ci gaba da hauhawa. Ƙoƙarin hana yiwa lakabin waken soya da masara da aka sarrafa ta asali daga Amurka ya nuna ci gaba da ayyukan da aka ƙera don murƙushe korafe-korafe game da sinadarin Monsanto na kiwo. Yayin da Monsanto ke jayayya cewa waken soya na “Roundup Ready” zai rage yawan amfani da ciyawa, karbuwar irin amfanin gona mai jure wa ciyawa ya bayyana da yuwuwar ƙara dogaro ga manoma akan maganin ciyawa. Ciwon da ke fitowa bayan asalin maganin ciyawa ya tarwatse ko ya wargaje ana yawan yin amfani da shi tare da ƙarin aikace-aikacen maganin ciyawa. "Zai inganta yawan amfani da ciyawa," in ji Bill Christison manomin waken soya na Missouri ga Kenny Bruno na Greenpeace International. "Idan akwai wurin siyar da RRS, shine gaskiyar cewa zaku iya noma wani yanki mai yawan ciyawa da amfani da sinadarai masu yawa don magance matsalar ku, wanda ba shine abin da yakamata kowa yayi ba." Christison ya karyata da'awar Monsanto cewa tsaba masu jure ciyawa suna da mahimmanci don rage zaizayar ƙasa daga gonakin gonaki da yawa, kuma ta yi rahoton cewa manoman Midwest sun ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa na nasu don rage yawan amfani da ciyawa. Monsanto, a gefe guda, ya haɓaka samar da Roundup a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tare da ikon mallakar Amurka na Monsanto don Roundup da aka tsara zai ƙare a cikin shekara ta 2000, da kuma gasa daga samfuran glyphosate na yau da kullun da suka fara fitowa a duk duniya, marufi na Roundup herbicide tare da “Roundup Ready” iri ya zama cibiyar dabarun Monsanto don ci gaba da haɓaka tallace-tallace na herbicide. Ba a yi cikakken bincike kan illar lafiya da muhalli na amfanin gona masu jure wa Roundup ba, gami da illar rashin lafiyar jiki, yuwuwar cutarwa ko ciyayi, da yuwuwar jurewar ciyawa ta hanyar pollen zuwa wasu waken soya ko tsire-tsire masu alaƙa. Duk da yake ana iya watsi da duk wata matsala game da waken soya mai jure ciyawa a matsayin mai tsayi mai tsayi da ɗan hasashe, ƙwarewar masu noman auduga na Amurka tare da ƙwayar halittar Monsanto ta ƙirar halitta ta bayyana tana ba da labari daban. Monsanto ya fitar da nau'ikan auduga iri biyu na halitta, wanda ya fara a cikin 1996. Ɗayan nau'in nau'in nau'in Roundup ne kuma ɗayan, mai suna "Bollgard," yana ɓoye wani guba na kwayan cuta wanda ke nufin magance lalacewa daga manyan kwari uku. Toxin, wanda aka samo daga Bacillus thuringiensis, masu noman halitta suna amfani da shi ta hanyar feshin ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta tun farkon shekarun 1970. Amma yayin da kwayoyin Bt ba su da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma suna ɓoye gubar su ta hanyar da kawai ke aiki a cikin tsarin narkewa na alkaline na tsutsotsi da caterpillars, kayan aikin Bt da aka tsara ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta suna ɓoye wani nau'i mai aiki na guba a duk tsawon rayuwar shuka. Mafi yawan masara da aka kera a halin yanzu a kasuwa, alal misali, nau'in ɓoye ne na Bt, wanda aka tsara don tunkuɗe tushen masara da sauran kwari. Matsala ta farko da ake tsammanin ta samu game da waɗannan amfanin gonaki na maganin kashe qwari shine kasancewar kasancewar guba a duk tsawon rayuwar shukar na iya ƙarfafa haɓakar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun na amfanin gona. Hukumar EPA ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa yaɗuwar juriya ga Bt na iya sa aikace-aikacen ƙwayoyin cuta na Bt ba su da tasiri a cikin shekaru uku zuwa biyar kawai kuma yana buƙatar masu noma su shuka matsuguni na kusan kashi 40 na auduga waɗanda ba na Bt ba a ƙoƙarin hana wannan tasirin. Na biyu, guba mai aiki da waɗannan tsire-tsire ke ɓoye na iya cutar da kwari masu amfani, asu, da malam buɗe ido, baya ga nau'ikan da masu shuka ke son kawar da su. Amma illar audugar sirrin Bt-Bollgard ya tabbatar da cewa ya fi nan da nan, wanda ya kai ga Monsanto da abokan huldarsa sun cire fam miliyan biyar na nau'in auduga da aka kirkira daga kasuwa kuma sun amince da yarjejeniyar miliyoyin daloli tare da manoma. kudancin Amurka. Manoman uku da suka ƙi zama tare da Monsanto an ba su kusan dala miliyan 2 ta Majalisar sasanta zuriyar iri ta Mississippi. Ba wai kawai tsire-tsire na auduga ya kai hari ba, wanda Monsanto ya yi iƙirarin cewa za su iya jurewa, amma germination yana da tabo, amfanin gona ya yi ƙasa, kuma tsire-tsire ba su da kyau, bisa ga asusun da aka buga da yawa. Wasu manoma sun bayar da rahoton asarar amfanin gona da ya kai kashi 50 cikin dari. Manoman da suka shuka audugar Roundup na Monsanto suma sun ba da rahoton gazawar amfanin gona mai tsanani, gami da nakasassu da ƙumburi waɗanda ba zato ba tsammani suka faɗo daga shukar kashi uku cikin huɗu na lokacin noman. Duk da waɗannan matsalolin, Monsanto yana ci gaba da amfani da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta a aikin gona ta hanyar sarrafa yawancin manyan kamfanoni iri a Amurka. Monsanto yanzu ya mallaki Seeds Foundation Holdens, mai samar da kwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su a kan kashi 25-35 na gonakin masarar Amurka, da kuma Asgrow Agronomics, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "babban mai kiwon waken soya, mai haɓakawa da rarrabawa a Amurka." A wannan bazarar da ta wuce, Monsanto ta kammala siyan De Kalb Genetics, kamfanin iri na biyu mafi girma a Amurka kuma na 85 mafi girma a duniya, da kuma Delta da Pine Land, kamfanin iri na auduga mafi girma a Amurka. Tare da mallakar Delta da Pine, Monsanto yanzu yana sarrafa kashi XNUMX na kasuwar iri auduga na Amurka. Kamfanin ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi yana bin sayan kamfanoni da tallace-tallacen samfurori a wasu ƙasashe kuma. A cikin 1997, Monsanto ya sayi Sementes Agroceres SA, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban kamfanin masara a Brazil," tare da kashi 30 cikin dari na kasuwa. A farkon shekarar nan ne hukumar ‘yan sandan kasar Brazil ta gudanar da bincike kan zargin shigar da akalla buhunan waken soya guda 200 ba bisa ka’ida ba, wasu daga cikinsu an gano su ne daga wani reshen kasar Argentina na Monsanto. Dangane da dokar Brazil, ana iya gabatar da samfuran transgenic na waje bayan wani lokaci na keɓewa da gwaji don hana yuwuwar lalacewa ga flora na asali. A Kanada, Monsanto dole ne ya tuna da buhunan 60,000 na nau'in fyade na kwayoyin halitta ("canola") a cikin 1997. A bayyane yake jigilar nau'in iri mai jurewa na Roundup yana kunshe da kwayar halitta da aka saka daban da wadda aka amince da ita don amfani da mutane da dabbobi. Yayin da maganin ciyawa na Monsanto da kayayyakin da aka kera ta kwayoyin halitta sun kasance abin mayar da hankali kan cece-kucen jama'a na tsawon shekaru da yawa, kayayyakin harhada magunguna kuma suna da tarihin tarihi. Samfurin flagship na Monsanto's GD Searle pharmaceuticals reshen shine aspartame mai zaki na wucin gadi, wanda aka sayar a ƙarƙashin alamar suna Nutrasweet da Daidai. A cikin 1981, shekaru hudu kafin Monsanto ya sayi Searle, Hukumar Bincike ta Abinci da Magunguna da ta ƙunshi masana kimiyya uku masu zaman kansu sun tabbatar da rahotannin da ke yawo tsawon shekaru takwas cewa "aspartame na iya haifar da ciwan kwakwalwa." FDA ta soke lasisin Searle don siyar da aspartame, kawai don yanke shawararta a ƙarƙashin sabon kwamishinan da Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya nada. Wani bincike na 1996 a cikin Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology ya sabunta wannan damuwa, yana danganta aspartame zuwa karuwa mai yawa a cikin ciwon daji na kwakwalwa jim kadan bayan an gabatar da abun. Dr. Erik Millstone na Jami'ar Sussex Sashen Bincike Manufofin Kimiyyar Kimiyya ya kawo jerin rahotanni daga shekarun 1980 da ke danganta aspartame zuwa nau'ikan halayen da ba su dace ba a cikin masu amfani da hankali, gami da ciwon kai, duhun hangen nesa, rashi, rashin ji, spasms tsoka, da jawowa. nau'in farfadiya, da dai sauransu. A cikin 1989, Searle ya sake yin watsi da FDA, wanda ya zargi kamfanin da yaudarar talla a cikin yanayin maganin cutar kansa, Cytotec. FDA ta ce an tsara tallace-tallacen ne don tallata maganin zuwa ga yawan jama'a da yawa fiye da yadda hukumar ta ba da shawara. Ana buƙatar Searle/Monsanto don fitar da wani talla a cikin mujallun likitanci da yawa, wanda ke kan "An Buga Don Gyara Tallan da Ya Gabata Wanda Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta La'akari da yaudara."
Monsanto's Greenwash Gtare da wannan dogon tarihi mai cike da damuwa, yana da sauƙi a fahimci dalilin da ya sa ƴan ƙasa a duk faɗin Turai da Amurka ba sa son amincewa Monsanto game da makomar abincinmu da lafiyarmu. Amma Monsanto yana yin duk abin da zai iya don ganin bai damu da wannan adawa ba. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce irin su yaƙin neman zaɓensu na fam miliyan 1 a Biritaniya, da ɗaukar nauyin wani sabon nunin fasahar kere-kere a Cibiyar Tarihi ta Tarihi ta Amurka da ke New York, da sauran da yawa, suna ƙoƙarin bayyana kore, masu adalci, da ƙari. gaba suna kallo fiye da abokan adawar su. A {asar Amirka, suna inganta martabarsu, kuma suna iya yin tasiri ga manufofin, tare da goyon bayan mutane a manyan matakai na gwamnatin Clinton. A cikin watan Mayun 1997, Mickey Kantor, masanin kamfen ɗin zaɓe na Bill Clinton na 1992 kuma Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka a lokacin wa'adin farko na Clinton, an zaɓi shi a kujera a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Monsanto. Marcia Hale, wacce ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa ta sirri, ta taba rike mukamin jami’ar hulda da jama’a ta Monsanto a Biritaniya. Mataimakin shugaban kasar Al Gore, wanda ya yi fice a Amurka wajen rubuce-rubucensa da jawabansa kan muhalli, ya kasance mai goyon bayan fasahar kere-kere a kalla tun zamaninsa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. Babban mai ba da shawara kan manufofin gida na Gore, David W. Beier, shi ne tsohon Babban Darakta na Harkokin Gwamnati a Genentech, Inc. A karkashin Shugaba Robert Shapiro, Monsanto ya ja da baya don canza hotonsa daga mai sarrafa sinadarai masu haɗari zuwa wata cibiya mai wayewa, mai hangen nesa don ciyar da duniya. Shapiro, wanda ya tafi aiki ga GD Searle a 1979 kuma ya zama shugaban kungiyar ta Nutrasweet a 1982, yana zaune a kan Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Shugaban Kasa kan Manufofin Ciniki da Tattaunawa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Bita na Manufofin Cikin Gida na Fadar White House. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai hangen nesa da kuma Renaissance Man, tare da manufar yin amfani da albarkatun kamfanin don canza duniya: "Dalilin yin aiki a babban kamfani shi ne cewa kuna da damar yin abubuwa a kan babban sikelin da gaske yake. mai mahimmanci, "ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin Harkokin Kasuwanci, wata jarida mai mahimmanci don motsin "kasuwancin al'umma" a Amurka. Shapiro yana ɗaukar 'yan ruɗani game da sunan Monsanto a Amurka, yana ba da labari tare da nuna juyayi game da matsalar yawancin ma'aikacin Monsanto waɗanda 'ya'yan makwabta za su yi nasara idan sun gano inda ma'aikaci ke aiki. Yana yunƙurin nuna cewa yana tafiya tare da sha'awar canjin tsarin, kuma ya ƙudura niyyar mayar da wannan sha'awar zuwa ƙarshen kamfaninsa, kamar yadda ya nuna a cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi kwanan nan. Binciken Kasuwancin Harvard: “Ba batun mutanen kirki da miyagu ba ne. Babu ma'ana a ce, 'Da a ce waɗannan miyagu za su fita kasuwanci, da duniya za ta yi kyau.' Duk tsarin dole ne ya canza; akwai babbar dama don sake ƙirƙira.” Tabbas, tsarin da Shapiro ya sake ƙirƙira shine ɗayan da manyan kamfanoni ba wai kawai suna ci gaba da wanzuwa ba, amma suna yin iko akan rayuwarmu koyaushe. Amma Monsanto ya gyara, an gaya mana. Sun yi nasarar watsar da sassan sinadarai na masana'antu kuma a yanzu sun himmatu wajen maye gurbin sinadarai da "bayani," a cikin nau'in nau'in injiniyar kwayoyin halitta da sauran kayayyakin fasahar halittu. Wannan wani lamari ne mai ban mamaki ga kamfani wanda samfurinsa mafi riba shine maganin ciyawa, kuma mafi girman bayanin abincinsa yana sa wasu mutane rashin lafiya. Matsayin da ba zai yuwu ba ga kamfani wanda ke neman tsoratar da masu sukar da kara da kuma murkushe suka a kafafen yada labarai. Monsanto's latest Rahoton shekara, duk da haka, yana nuna a fili cewa ya koyi duk kalmomin da suka dace. Roundup ba maganin ciyawa bane, kayan aiki ne don rage noma da rage zaizayar ƙasa. Kayan amfanin gona da aka kirkira ba kawai game da riba ga Monsanto ba ne, suna batun magance matsalar karuwar al'umma da ba za a iya kawar da ita ba. Kimiyyar halittu ba ta rage duk wani abu mai rai zuwa yanayin kayayyaki ba - abubuwan da za a saya da sayarwa, tallace-tallace da kuma haƙƙin mallaka - amma a gaskiya ma yana da alamar "lalata": maye gurbin samfurori guda ɗaya da aka samar tare da ɗimbin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru. , samfuran da aka yi don oda. Wannan shine Newspeak na oda mafi girma. A ƙarshe, ya kamata mu yi imani cewa haɓakar da Monsanto ke yi game da fasahar kere-kere ba batun girman kai ba ne kawai na kamfani, sai dai fahimtar gaskiyar yanayi mai sauƙi. Masu karatu na Monsanto Rahoton shekara an gabatar da su tare da kwatanci tsakanin saurin haɓakar yau a cikin adadin gano nau'ikan tushe na DNA da kuma yanayin ƙanƙara na ƙaranci a cikin masana'antar lantarki, yanayin da aka fara ganowa a cikin 1960s. Monsanto ya sanya alamar haɓakar abin da ta ce "ilimin ilimin halitta" ba komai ba ne face "Dokar Monsanto." Kamar kowace doka ta yanayi, mutum ba shi da ɗan zaɓi sai don ganin hasashensa ya tabbata kuma, a nan, hasashen ba kome ba ne face ci gaba da girma na isar da Monsanto a duniya. Amma haɓakar kowace fasaha ba kawai “dokar yanayi ba” ce kawai. Fasaha ba sojojin zamantakewa ba ne ga kansu, kuma ba kawai "kayan aiki" na tsaka tsaki waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gamsar da kowane ƙarshen zamantakewar da muke so. Maimakon haka samfuran cibiyoyi ne na musamman na zamantakewa da muradun tattalin arziki. Da zarar wani tsari na ci gaba na fasaha ya fara aiki, zai iya haifar da sakamako mai faɗi fiye da yadda mahaliccinsa za su yi hasashe: mafi ƙarfin fasaha, mafi zurfin sakamakon. Misali, juyin da ake kira Green Revolution a aikin gona a shekarun 1960 da 1970 ya kara yawan amfanin gona na dan lokaci, sannan kuma ya sanya manoma a fadin duniya su kara dogaro da kayan masarufi masu tsada. Wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na mutane daga ƙasar, kuma a cikin ƙasashe da yawa ya lalata ƙasa, ruwan ƙasa, da tushen zaman jama'a waɗanda suka ɗora wa mutane shekaru dubu. Wadannan sauye-sauye masu yawa sun haifar da karuwar yawan jama'a, karuwar jama'a, da kuma rashin jin dadin jama'a, wanda hakan ya haifar da wani yanayi na talauci da yunwa. "Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Biyu" wanda Monsanto da sauran kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere suka yi alkawari yana yin barazanar hargitsi a cikin filayen gargajiya da dangantakar zamantakewa. A cikin ƙin Monsanto da fasahar kere-kerenta, ba lallai ba ne mu ƙi fasahar kowane sa'a, amma muna neman maye gurbin fasahar hana rayuwa ta magudi, sarrafawa, da riba tare da fasahar muhalli ta gaske, wanda aka ƙera don mutunta tsarin yanayi, haɓaka mutum da al'umma. kiwon lafiya, kiyaye al'ummomin da ke tushen ƙasa, da kuma aiki akan sikelin ɗan adam na gaske. Idan muka yi imani da dimokuradiyya, yana da mahimmanci cewa muna da 'yancin zaɓar waɗanne fasahohin da suka fi dacewa ga al'ummominmu, maimakon samun cibiyoyi marasa tushe kamar Monsanto su yanke mana hukunci. Maimakon fasahohin da aka ƙera don ci gaba da wadatar ƴan kaɗan, za mu iya ƙaddamar da fasahar mu a cikin begen samun daidaito tsakanin al'ummominmu na ɗan adam da duniyar halitta. Lafiyarmu, abincinmu da makomar rayuwa a duniya da gaske suna cikin ma'auni. Z Wannan labarin sake buga labarin jagora ne a cikin fitowar Ingila da ta kusa dannewa Masanin lafiyar dabbobi mujallar (duba Z Disamba 1998). An zaɓi shi azaman Babban Babban Labari 25 da aka tantance ta Project Censored. Brian Tokar shine marubucin Duniya Don Siyarwa (South End Press, 1997) da Alternative Green (Bugu da ƙari: New Society Publishers, 1992). Yana koyarwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin zamantakewa da Kwalejin Goddard.