D
ina
Johnstone ta
wawa'
Crusade: Yugoslavia, NATO da Wester
n Haushi
( kowane wata
Review Press, 2002) yana da mahimmancin karatu ga duk wanda yake so
fahimci dalilai, illolin, da hakkoki da kuskuren Balkan
yaƙe-yaƙe na shekaru goma sha biyu da suka gabata. Littafin ya kamata ya zama karatun fifiko
ga masu fafutuka na hagu, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance tare da kungiyar NATO
layin jam'iyya da farfaganda, suna ganin cewa wannan lamari daya ne
inda kasashen yamma suka shiga tsakani suna da kyakkyawar niyya kuma suna da fa'ida
sakamako. Tunani daga wannan kuskuren fahimta, ta “makami mai linzami
hagu” da sauransu, shine mulkin mallaka na iya zama mai fa'ida
kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da hasashen wutar lantarki bisa cancantarsu, harka
ta harka.
It
Abin farin ciki ne don kallon Johnstone yana wargaza da'awar da fallasa
hanyoyin David Rieff, mai son wallafe-wallafen da kafofin watsa labaru, da
kamar yadda Roy Gutman, John Burns, da David Rohde, 'yan jarida uku wadanda
kusancin bin layin jam'iyyar a Bosnia ya sami lada da
Kyautar Pulitzer - duk yana haifar da "bam na ɗan adam"
bandwagon. Yayin da masu sukar layin jam’iyyar ke kasadar yin watsi da su
a matsayin masu ba da uzuri ga Sabiyawan, har ma da mafi tsananin tsaurin ra'ayi na wani
manufa "Bosnia" kuma mai fafutuka don shiga tsakani na soja na NATO,
kamar Rieff, ko novice ɗan jarida Rohde, wanda ya rubuta a kan Srebrenica
a cikin yanayin almara, tare da jagorar leken asirin Amurka, yi
Bai taba jin tsoron a zarge shi a matsayin masu neman gafarar musulmi ba
ko NATO.
The
yarda da haɗin gwiwar hukuma, bayar da shawarwari,
kuma ban mamaki son zuciya da waɗannan marubutan suka nuna ya tsaya a wani bangare
kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun da ba da kai ga al'umma masu hankali ga hukuma
matsayi na siyasa, amma kuma ya kasance sakamakon sauri da kuma ci gaba
aljanu na Sabiyawa a matsayin "sabon Nazis" ko "na ƙarshe
na 'yan gurguzu." Ganin cewa NATO na da kyau, yana yaki da mugunta,
Ba a ganin dangantaka ta kud da kud da jami'ai da ta shafi kowa
rikice-rikice na sha'awa ko sasantawa tare da haƙiƙa; duk sun kasance
a kan “ƙungiyar” guda ɗaya—waɗanda ke neman adalci.
On
a daya bangaren, duk wani yunƙuri na adawa da ƙungiyar jami'an / kafofin watsa labarai
iƙirari da shaidun da ake zaton an gansu da sauri a matsayin masu neman gafara. Wannan
ba sabo ba ne. A kowane yakin Amurka ana tuhumar masu sukar manufofin Amurka
tare da kasancewa masu ba da uzuri ga maƙiyan aljanu-Ho Chi Minh da
kwaminisanci; Pol Pot; Saddam Hussein; Bin Laden, da dai sauran aljanu
na Milosevic ya kasance daidai da aikin da aka dade, da kuma cajin
mai ba da hakuri don kalubalantar layin hukuma akan aljanin shine
babu makawa ga mai karfi mai karfi. Menene watakila na kwarai
ya kasance babban karbuwar layin jam'iyyar a tsakanin mutane
wanda ake zaton a hagu, tare da, da sauransu, Christopher Hitchens,
Ian Williams, da masu gyara na
Nation
cikin rikon ta.
A cikin wadannan Times
sun yi watsi da rahoton farko daga Kosovo
ta Johnstone, editan su na Turai na dadewa, lokacin da ya bambanta daga
layin wakilinsu na baya-bayan nan, Paul Hockenos, wanda
haɗin gwiwa tare da kafa sun haɗa da lokaci a matsayin kafofin watsa labaru
Jami'in OSCE mai iko a arewacin Bosnia-Herzegovina,
da kuma alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Amirka a Berlin, wanda kujera
kuma mataimakin shugaban su ne Richard Holbrooke da Henry Kissinger. Menene
ya sanya ma'auni biyu a cikin kula da Johnstone da "'yan jarida
na abin da aka makala" musamman abin dariya shine Johnstone shine a
babban dan jarida mai bincike, mai ilimi sosai game da Balkan
tarihi da siyasa, wanda aiki a cikin
Crusade Wawa
sets
ma'auni a cikin sanyin gwaji na batutuwan da ke da maki da yawa
sama da wancan a cikin Rieff, Gutman, Rohde, Burns (ko Ignatieff, Hitchens,
Williams, da Hockenos). A kan batun bayan fitowar ta tattauna duka biyun
hujjoji da hujjoji, ya auna su, ya ba su tarihi
da mahallin siyasa, kuma ya zo wurin tantancewa, wanda wani lokaci ne
cewa hujjojin da ake iya tabbatarwa ba su goyi bayan tabbataccen ƙarshe ba.
Ma
misali, Johnstone ya tattauna aikin Nasir Oric, mutumin da ba a bayyana shi ba
ta Rieff, kafofin watsa labarai, ko Kotun Koli. Arkan sanannen suna ne—a
Shugaban 'yan sandan Sabiya, wanda a karshe kotun ta gurfanar da shi. Nasiru
Oric wani jami'in musulmin Bosnia ne dake aiki a Srebrenica, daga
wanda "mafi aminci" Oric ya yunƙura don kai hari a kusa
Kauyukan Sabiya, suna kona gidaje tare da kashe Sabiyawa sama da 1,000 tsakanin
Mayu 1992 da Janairu 1994. Oric ma ya gayyaci manema labarai na Yamma zuwa
gidansa don ganin "kofin yaki": kaset na bidiyo
yana nuna yanke kawunan Sabiyawa, da kona gidaje, da tarin gawarwaki.
Ka
tunanin cewa Srebrenica ta kasance "mafi aminci" ga farar hula kawai
kuma da kyar hakan zai iya zama rufin asirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga sojojin musulmin Bosniya
ayyuka? An yi muku kuskure (Johnstone, 110). Ba ku da
An ji labarin korar 1992 daga Sabiyawa daga Srebrenica da shekaru masu yawa
hare-haren da aka kai a garuruwan Sabiya da ke kusa da kuma kisan kiyashi da ya gabata kafin Srebrenica
kisan kiyashi? Wannan saboda ya kasance cikakken mulkin Rieff
et al./kafofin watsa labaru suna ba da rahoto game da rikicin Bosnia don gabatar da shaida
na tashin hankalin Serbia a cikin vacuo, yana hana shaidar tashin hankali a baya
a kan Sabiyawa, ta haka yana nuna ƙaryar cewa Sabiyawan ba su taɓa yin ba
amsa, amma kawai fara tashin hankali (wannan ya shafi Vukovar,
Mostar, Gorazde, da sauran garuruwa da yawa). Hakanan yana tabbatar da da'awar
cewa ayyukan Serb, da ake zaton ba su taɓa motsa sha'awar ɗaukar fansa ba,
kisan kiyashi ne da niyya.
Ka
bai ji labarin Nasir Oric ba kuma ya kasa gane dalilinsa
Kotun ba ta taba tuhume shi da aikata irin wannan ba
na abu kamar Arkan, amma watakila akan sikelin da ya fi girma. Yana da
ba abin mamaki ba idan kun gane cewa "phalanx"
Na ambata a sama, wanda ya haɗa da Rieff et al., kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma
Kotun, kuma ta hada da ikon NATO kuma tana cika bukatunsu,
wanda bai hada da adalci ba.
johnstone
yana ba da misalai da yawa na yadda phalanx ya karkatar da gaskiya don siyasa
ƙarewa, gami da nazari mai zurfi da jan hankali na iri-iri
abubuwan da ba a tabbatar da su ba na "tsare-tsare fyade" a matsayin manufofin Serb (1978-1990).
Amma mafi kyawun zaɓi yana nuna yadda tsarin farfaganda ke aiki
shi ne salon "sansanin mutuwa" na Nazi tare da hotonsa na
“Mutumin bakin ciki” Fikret Alic a bayan wayan da aka datse. Kamar yadda Johnstone
bayanin kula, Musulmin Bosnia da Croatian kuma suna da sansanonin kurkuku a lokacin
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Bosnia, amma Karadzic, “wanda aka tuhuma da laifin yaƙi,”
bai kasance mai wayo kamar yadda suke ba-ya yarda da kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma
don ziyartar sansanonin sa.
It
yanzu an kafa shi da kyau a matsayin gaskiya, idan ba a ba da izinin shiga ba
Kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun, cewa: (1) mutumin da ba shi da bakin ciki ba ya bayan shinge
waya-wayar da aka kayyade tana kusa da wani ƙaramin fili da ba a yi amfani da shi ba daga
wanda masu daukar hoto daga gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Biritaniya
Cibiyar sadarwa ta dauki hotunan su; (2) bai kasance ko a sansanin kurkuku ba.
balle sansanin mutuwa, amma yana wucewa ta cibiyar ‘yan gudun hijira.
a kan hanyarsa ta gudun hijira a Scandinavia; (3) bakin ciki Fikret Alic
ba irin mutanen da ke cikin sansanin ba ne, amma an nuna shi don dacewa
Hoton "Auschwitz".
Duk da haka,
"A cikin watan Agustan 1992, 'mai bakin ciki a bayan waya'
hotuna sun yi rangadin shafukan farko na kusan kowane tabloid
jarida a yammacin duniya kuma ya bayyana a kan murfin
Time
,
Newsweek
, da sauran mujallu masu yawo.” The
Shawarar Amurka na kotun hukunta laifukan yaki ta biyo baya a cikin wannan watan
tare da yada da'awar cewa hoton "bakin ciki" ya tabbatar
Manufar kisan kiyashin Sabiya. Wannan ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin zamba da yawa bisa ga
ɓata bayanai, amma babban abu ne, yana taimakawa Sabis-as-Nazis
An ba don phalanx da yawancin jama'ar Yamma.
Milosevic Ya Fara Shi duka
C
shiga
zuwa layin jam'iyyar NATO da phalanx ya kasance taken cewa
Milosevic shine aljani wanda ya fara shi duka ta hanyar neman kishin kasa
don "Babban Serbia" da ra'ayinsa (da Serbia).
cewa waɗanda ba Sabiyawa ba “ba su da wurin zama a ƙasarsu, har ma a’a
hakkin rayuwa” (Clinton). A cewar David Rieff, Milosevic
"Jami'an Amurka sun bayyana shi daidai… kamar yadda
maginin bala’i,” in ji Tim Juda
Alhakin Milosevic na yaƙe-yaƙe a Slovenia, Croatia,
Bosnia, Kosovo: yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu tun daga 1991 da sakamakon waɗannan munanan abubuwa
rikice-rikice, wanda ya fara da taken 'Dukkan Sabiya a Jiha Daya'
shi ne mafi zaluncin ban dariya." A fuskarsa wannan hangen nesa
mai saukin kai kuma har ma wani ƙwararren masani ne ke magana a kai
fiye da Rieff ko Yahuda, Lenard Cohen, a ɗan sardonically, a matsayin "aljanna
ɓataccen hangen nesa/rashin shugabanni” akan tarihi. Johnstone ta
littafin ya lalata wannan layin jam'iyya ta hanyar yin nazari a hankali na abubuwan da suka faru
na rikice-rikicen da ake gani a cikin ayyuka da bukatun dukansu
bangarorin da abin ya shafa.
In
Babi nata mai haskakawa kan Jamus, Johnstone ya bayyana ƙiyayyarsa
zuwa Serbia da kuma tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin ƙaura na Croatia tun kafin lokacin
Zuwan Milosevic. Jamus ta kai wa Serbia hari a lokacin yakin duniya
Ni sannan kuma a karkashin Nazis; yayin da Croatians da Kosovo
Albaniyawa sun kasance abokan Jamus. Jamus karkashin Nazis ya akai-akai
yayi amfani da gambit na siding tare da "yan tsirarun kabilu" kamar yadda
hanyar raunana kishiya ko jahohin da ake hari da kuma mutuwar
Tarayyar Soviet da kuma ƙarshen goyon bayan Yammacin Turai na haɗin kai da
Yugoslavia mai cin gashin kanta, da sake hadewar Jamus, Jamus ta sabunta
waccan gambit kamar yadda ta yi nufin karfafa ikonta a Gabashin Turai.
Jamus ta karfafa ƙwarin gwiwar ballewar Slovenia da Croatia
kuma ta matsa wa abokanta na Maastricht su tafi tare da goyon baya
wannan ballewar, duk da cewa ba a sasanta ba, kuma ta saba wa hakan
dokokin kasa da kasa.
At
a daidai lokacin da Turawa suka kwadaitar da wadannan ballewar, kuma
Amurka ta yi wa Yugoslavia barazana idan ta yi kokarin kiyayewa
iyakokinta ta hanyar amfani da sojojinta, kawancen NATO ya kasa yin aiki
tare da yin barazana ga tsirarun da suka makale a yankunan da suka balle.
Hukumar Badinter da EU ta nada ta sanar a cikin Nuwamba 1991
cewa Yugoslavia na cikin "hanyar rushewa," wanda
ya taimaka wajen hanzarta rushewa; kuma ta hanyar ba da sani ga
iyakoki na wucin gadi na "Jamhuriya," yayin da suka ƙi
don yin la'akari da bukatun manyan kungiyoyi a cikin waɗannan Jamhuriyar
wanda yake so ya zauna a Yugoslavia, Badinter ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari
domin samar da yakin kabilanci. Wannan ba Milosevic ya haifar da matsala ba.
Jamusawa da sauran dakarun NATO ne suka karfafa rushewar
ba tare da bayar da wata ingantacciyar mafita ga buƙatun tsirarun ba.
su
nuna son kai ga Sabiyawan, da kuma karfafa gwiwa ga kasa
kungiyoyin da ke adawa da Sabiyawan, sun kuma kara yin barazana ga zaman lafiya,
kamar yadda ya sanya Sabiyawan adalci suna zargin NATO da kwarin gwiwa
sauran kungiyoyin da su bijirewa yarjejeniyar sulhu da tada hankali
Sabiyawan cikin ayyukan da za su kara shiga tsakani na NATO a kan su
madadin. Wannan ya bayyana sosai a Bosnia, inda Turawa
masu iko sun shirya kuri'ar 'yancin kai a 1992, duk da gaskiyar
cewa kundin tsarin mulkin Bosnia-Herzegovina ya bukaci irin wannan kuri'a
za a ɗauka ne kawai idan an amince da shi a tsakanin 'yan majalisar wakilai uku na jamhuriyar
mutane” (Musulmi, Croats, da Sabiyawa). Sabiyawan Bosniya sun kauracewa zaben
wannan zabe, da kuma samar da wannan na wucin gadi da muguwar rarrabuwar kawuna
jihar ta tabbatar da yaki da kawar da kabilanci. Wannan kuma ya zama bala'i
shawarar da dakarun NATO suka yanke, ba Milosevic ba.
johnstone
Ya bayyana mummunan tarihin tarihin Bosnia-Herzegovina
(da Croatia), wanda ya kasance wurin da aka yi manyan laifuka tsakanin ƙungiyoyi
lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ta kuma nuna cewa Bosniya ba ta da yawan kabilu
aljanna ta fusata da tashin hankalin Serb, a cikin tatsuniyar da Rieff ya aikata
da al. da kuma kafafen yada labarai na NATO. Johnstone ya nuna cewa tun da wuri
kamar Disamba 1990, a zabe a Bosnia jam'iyyun masu kishin kasa
ya yi nasara cikin sauki, ya samu kashi 90 cikin XNUMX na kuri'un da aka kada, yana nuna wani abu
banda al'ummar da ba ta da kishin kasa. Ta kuma bayar da m
An tabbatar da cewa Alija Izetbegovic, shugaban musulman Bosnia
shekarun yaki, ya kasance mai jajircewa ga Musulunci-ba a
Jihohi da yawa - da kuma mutumin da ya ɗauki Turkiyya a matsayin ma
ci-gaba da zamani, ya fifita Pakistan a matsayin abin koyi na Musulunci.
Dubban mayakan Mujahid, ciki har da mayakan al Qaeda.
da ya yi maraba da yakar manufarsa da dimbin taimakon da aka bayar
shi da Saudi Arabiya ba a kawo shi ba a dalilin kabilanci.
johnstone
ya nuna cewa tare da taimakon Amurka da ƙarfafawa Izetbegovic ya yi yaƙi da kowa
sasantawa wanda zai haifar da cin gashin kansa ga manyan kasa
kungiyoyi. Shi, kamar KLA, ya gane cewa zai iya bi maximalist
dabarun ta hanyar samun fiye da son Amurka don tallafawa
shi duka ta fuskar diflomasiyya da kuma, ta hanyar soja. Milosevic,
kuma a ɗan ƙarami Sabiyawan Bosnia, sun kasance a shirye akai-akai
don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin sasantawa, amma Izetbegovic ya ƙi yarda.
tare da goyon bayan Amurka-mafi mahimmanci, a cikin lamarin Lisbon
Accord na Maris 1992, wanda dukkan jam'iyyun uku suka sanya hannu, amma
daga inda Izetbegovic ya janye, bisa shawarar Amurka. Milosevic kuma
ya goyi bayan shirin Owen-Vance na 1992, wanda Sabiyawan Bosnia suka ki amincewa da shi.
ga Milosevic kyama. Wannan tarihin diflomasiyya yana da kyau a rubuce
a cikin memoir na Ubangiji David Owen,
Balkan Odyssey
, wanda shine
shiyasa wannan dan Birtaniyya ba ya aikin jam'iyyar
masu layi.
Johnstone ta
cikakken bayani na Croatia ya jaddada halin kisan kiyashi na
Croats zuwa ga Sabiya a yakin duniya na biyu; goyon baya mai tsayi
na ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a Croatia ta Jamus, Austria, da
Vatican; Muhimmancin zauren Croatian a cikin United
Jihohi da sauran wurare wajen neman goyon bayan ballewarsu daga
Yugoslavia; da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun farfagandar Croatia, sun taimaka
tare da aikinsu na kamfanin hulda da jama'a Ruder Finn. "Labarai"
game da Croatia da cin zarafin da Serbia ta yi musu ya taso daga Zagreb
da Ruder Finn. Ba tare da 'yancin kai na Milosevic na Croatian kishin ƙasa ba,
Franjo Tudjman ya jagoranta daga 1990, a fili suna nufin "Mafi Girma
Croatia" wanda zai hada da wani yanki na Bosnia, da kuma
Yankin Krajina da ke zaune a Sabiya. Kamar yadda Johnstone ya yi jayayya,
ƙwararriyar farfaganda ce ta Croatia
yaki a Bosnia da kuma korar Sabiya miliyan kwata daga Krajina
(tare da taimakon Amurka mai aiki) an kwatanta shi a Yamma ba a matsayin wani ɓangare ba
na neman Babban Croatia, amma a matsayin juriya ga Milosevic
kokarin neman Babban Serbia.
A cewar
zuwa Clinton da sharhi na yau da kullun, Milosevic's drive for
Babban Sabiya da kishin kasa ya nuna ta tada hankalinsa
jawaban kishin kasa na 1987 da 1989. Wannan cikakken kwatanci ne
na babban rawar ɓarna a cikin tsarin aljani.
Shahararrun jawabai guda biyu sun yi tir da kishin kasa: Milosevic a zahiri
Ya ce, "Yugoslavia al'umma ce ta kasa da kasa, kuma tana iya
tsira kawai bisa yanayin cikakken daidaito na dukkan al'ummomin da ke rayuwa
a ciki." Babu wani abu a cikin jawaban biyu da ya saba wa wannan ra'ayi.
In
yana kawar da "tatsuniya" na Milosevic, Johnstone da kyar ya sanya
shi a kan tudu. Ya kasance dan siyasa mai son rai, “wanda
' shubuha' ya ba shi damar cin zabe, amma bai hada kai ba
Serbs." Milosevic ya sami farin jini ta hanyar la'antar duka biyun
Kishin ƙasa na Serbia da tsarin mulkin gurguzu da kuma ta hanyar ƙwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki
gyare-gyare daidai da bukatun al'ummomin kasashen yammacin turai.
A ganin Johnstone, ana iya ɗaukar Milosevic a matsayin mai laifi
"Idan yin amfani da masu aikata laifuka don yin ayyukan ƙazanta ya sa shi mai laifi,"
amma a kan wannan ƙidaya ya kasance "ba shi da (laifi) (ko kuma ƙasa)
fiye da marigayi shugaba Tudjman na Croatia ko shugaba Alija Izetbegovic
na Bosnia, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin waliyyi." Ya kasance mai kishin kasa
fiye da Tudjman da Izetbegovic, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da "ɓata mutumtaka
imani” da kuma “aikin kawarwa” an ɗauka
daga dukan tufa.
Milosevic asalin
zargin neman wani Babba Sabiya shima kuskuren karantawa ne
ainihin manufofin, waɗanda su ne, na farko, don hana tarwatsewa
na Yugoslavia kuma, na biyu, yayin da wannan wargajewar ta faru, don karewa
'Yan tsiraru na Sabiya a cikin sabbin jihohi kuma su ba su damar ko dai su kasance
a Yugoslavia ko samun 'yancin kai a cikin sabbin jihohin rump. Ya kasance
wanda Sabiyawan Bosnia da kuma Krajina ke fama da aikin
Guguwa don zama mai siyarwa, masu sha'awar yin ciniki da abubuwan da suke so
musanyar yiwuwar dage takunkumin da aka sanyawa Yugoslavia. Ya yi
tallafa wa Sabiyawan Bosnia, kai-tsaye, amma ba a cika ambatonsa ba
cewa dakarun NATO da Saudiya da Al Qaeda suna goyon baya
Musulman Bosnia (kuma Croatia tana goyon bayan kawayenta a Bosnia).
So
Milosevic ya kasance da laifin bin Babban Serbia ta hanyar ƙoƙarin hanawa
rugujewar Yugoslavia da rashin ƙarfi don neman ba da makare
da kuma yi barazanar kariyar yawan jama'ar Sabiya. Yakinsa
da Slovenia—daya daga cikin waɗancan “mummunan rikice-rikice”
Tim Juda halayen Milosevic - ya kasance mai rabin zuciya na kwana goma
kokarin hana ballewar wannan Jamhuriyar ba bisa ka'ida ba, cikin sauri
an ƙare tare da ƙarancin (kuma galibi sojojin Yugoslavia) waɗanda aka kashe. A halin yanzu,
Tudjman, a fili yana neman Babban Croatia, da Izetbegovic,
kokarin yin amfani da Amurka da sauran NATO kiyayya ga Yugoslavia cikin
wata hanya ta tilastawa Manyan Musulmin da ba a so a Bosnia, sun kasance
kawai wadanda ke fama da mugun mutum.
The
haka abin yake game da gwagwarmayar Kosovo. Babu tambaya sai wannan
Rikicin Milosevic a cikin 1989 ya kasance m kuma 'yan sanda da
ayyukan sojoji a kan KLA a cikin shekarun baya sun kasance marasa tausayi a wasu lokuta,
amma phalanx ya yi watsi da wasu mahimman bayanai. Daya shine Kosovo
Albaniyawa ne suka fi gudanar da shi kafin 1989 kuma farkon manufa na
1989 murkushe shi ne tsohon tsarin mulki da 'yan gurguzu na Albaniya ke gudanarwa.
Na biyu, a karkashin mulkinsu Sabiyawa ne ake nuna musu wariya
kuma an kore su daga Kosovo. A cikin 1980s da kuma baya, Kosovo Albaniya
’yan kishin ƙasa sun fito fili suna shiga cikin “tsaftar ƙabilanci”
domin maslahar kasar Albaniya mai kama da juna. A cikin 1990s
motsi ba don gyara ba, amma don fita daga Yugoslavia.
Su ma shugabannin kungiyar sun fi nuna sha'awarsu
a "Babban Albaniya." Kamar yadda yake a cikin Izetbegovic
Bangaren Musulmin Bosnia, nan da nan KLA ta ga hakan ta hanyar tsokana
da kuma farfaganda mai inganci zai yiwu a samu NATO ta yi hidima
a matsayin hannun sojansa.
johnstone
ya bayyana kokarin Yugoslavia na sasantawa da baiwa Albaniyawa
mafi girman 'yancin kai kuma ta lura da gazawar NATO gaba daya
ikon neman kowace irin hanyar sulhu (ciki har da rarrabuwa
na yankin Kosovo). Yakin da KLA da United suka yi
Daga nan sai jihohi suka biyo baya, tare da sakamako mai muni. A Kosovo ya samar
babbar halaka, ƙaƙƙarfan gudun hijira, tare da dubbai
na hasarar rayuka da sabon alluran kiyayya ta kowane bangare cewa
ya ci karo da manufar NATO da ake zargin na samar da kabilanci na gaske
al'umma. Hakan ya biyo bayan kisan kabilanci da aka yi wa Serbs.
Roma, Turkawa, da Yahudawa ta KLA mai goyon bayan NATO, kuma Kosovo ta kasance
bar “ba tare da tsarin doka ba, wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba
Sojojin Kosovo Liberation Army kuma sau da yawa ta hanyar gasa mafias "
(Ya nakalto Jiri Dienstbier, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kare hakkin dan Adam a Kosovo).
Karkashin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, kuma shugabannin Albaniya suka taimaka, wani sabon salo
An ci gaba a cikin manufar "Greater Albania" a cikin
Macedonia da yiwuwar wasu wurare. A ƙarshe, Serbia ta yi muni sosai
yaƙe-yaƙe ya lalace, ya zama fanni da dogaro, rigingimu,
da kuma tsarin dimokuradiyya na bogi.
johnstone
yana da mummunan asusu na ayyukan masu laifi na kasa da kasa
Kotun tsohuwar Yugoslavia (ICTY), tana nuna asalinta na siyasa,
manufa, da kuma hidima, da kuma keta ta ga dukkan shari'ar Yammacin Turai
ka'idoji (ciki har da amfani da "lalata" don yanke hukunci da
ware ba tare da fitina ba). Daga cikin sauran abubuwan da aka gabatar akwai
gaskiyar cewa Kotun ta nemi kafa alhakin kawai
a saman ga Sabiyawa, ba don shugabannin musulmin Croatia ko na Bosnia ba.
Johnstone ya kuma lura da rashin son gurfanar da kowane ma'aikacin NATO
ko jami'ai don rubuce-rubucen laifukan yaƙi. Ta kuma nuna
fitar da cewa tuhumar Milosevic a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1999, bisa ga rashin tabbas
bayanan da hukumomin leken asirin Amurka suka bayar kwana daya kafin hakan, ana bukatar su
Kungiyar tsaro ta NATO don rufe bakin zaren da take yi wa farar hular Serbia
shafukan yanar gizo, a kai tsaye keta dokokin kasa da kasa. Kamar yadda Clinton
ya ce, "Shari'ar ta tabbatar da cewa yakinmu adalci ne,"
amma a fili ya tabbatar da cewa Kotun ta siyasa ce,
ba cibiyar shari'a ba.
johnstone
yayi ikirarin cewa Amurka ta kasance mai shiga cikin yankin Balkan
yaƙe-yaƙe saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da sha'awar kiyaye ta
matsayin jagoran NATO da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da NATO aiki
a shekara ta 50th (wanda aka yi bikin a tsakiyar kwanaki 78
yakin jefa bam a Afrilu 1999); idan Jamus da sauransu za su je
shiga cikin Yugoslavia, Amurka za ta shiga kuma
ta taka rawar ta kuma ba zato ba tsammani ta nuna hakan a cikin amfani da karfi
har yanzu zakara. Har ila yau, {asar Amirka na amfani da Bosnia
shiga tsakani don nuna shirye-shiryenta na taimakon Musulmai, wanda ya sabawa
siffarta a matsayin mai adawa da musulmi da kuma karfafa dangantakarta da Turkiyya
da sauran kasashen musulmi masu taimakawa a yakin Bosnia. Haka kuma
sanya kanta don ƙarin ci gaba a yankin tare da manyan
sansanin soja a Kosovo da sababbin abokan ciniki a wani yanki na karuwa
sha'awa tare da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa kwandon Caspian. Dalilin jin kai
ya saba wa rashin yarda na asali kuma ta yanayi da
sakamakon rashin jin dadi na shiga tsakanin Amurka da NATO.
Duk-cikin-duka
Amurka ta yi kyau daga shiga tsakani, amma mutane
na yankin yayi rashin kyau. Manufofinta da kawayenta na Turai
sune abubuwan farko na wargajewar Yugoslavia da gazawar
a gudanar da duk wani rarrabuwar kawuna cikin lumana. Shisgin nasu ba “shima
marigayi,” amma da wuri, mai halakarwa, kuma an tsara shi da kyau don ƙarfafawa
kawar da kabilanci da ya biyo baya. Daga baya, sun kasa
sasanta rikicin Kosovo tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da KLA a cikin
haifar da yaƙi mai ɓarna sosai, sannan kuma zama a ciki
wanda hakikanin kabilanci ya faru, tare da amincewar NATO da
hatta hadin kai. Bosnia da Kosovo suna karkashin mulkin mallaka ne.
Ragowar Yugoslavia, wacce ta taba zama kasa mai fa'ida kuma mai yawan kabilu, ita ce
matalauta, cunkushe da 'yan gudun hijira, masu dogaro da yammacin yamma, masu rikici,
da rudderless. Kasashen Balkan ba su da kwanciyar hankali kuma ba su da 'yanci; makomarsu
kamar yadda abokan ciniki na NATO ba su da alama.
Diana
Johnstone ya rubuta wannan labari a cikin abin karantawa, ilimi, da gamsarwa
hanyar da na iya taƙaita duka a takaice a nan. Yana da
littafi mai mahimmanci, musamman ga hagu wanda ya rikice
ta hanyar fitar da tsarin farfaganda mai karfi sosai.
Edward
S. Herman masanin tattalin arziki ne, marubuci, kuma manazarcin kafofin watsa labarai. A ƙarin daki-daki
kuma ana iya ganin sigar wannan labarin bita a: www.monthlyreview.org/comment.htm.