A cikin Janairu 1997, duniya
Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, Human Rights Watch, ta fitar da sanarwar
rahoton shekara-shekara na bakwai game da yanayin ɗan adam a duniya
hakkoki. Rahoton, gabaɗaya, ya gano haƙƙin ɗan adam'
yanayi mara kyau da tabarbarewa.Koyaya, ƙungiyar, ta ba da kuɗi ta
daidaikun mutane da tushe a ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma sun sami
dalilan bege.A cewar rahoton, "...da
manyan kasashen duniya sun yi watsi da sadaukarwarsu ga dan Adam
hakkoki. [Sun] jinkirta haɓakar ɗan adam akai-akai
hakkoki da sunan sau da yawa shakku na dogon lokaci dabarun.
Sun yarda da neman ciniki da zuba jari
damar da za su raunana adawarsu da haƙƙin ɗan adam
zagi."Sai dai kuma rahoton ya ce.
"[P] tabbatar da magance waɗannan abubuwan da aka gina masu tayar da hankali
daga bangarori daban-daban. Gwamnatoci iri-iri sun yi aiki
a matakin kasa don a bi diddigin jami’an da ke cin zarafi
ga manyan laifukan haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma na duniya
matakin shawo kan rashin son manyan kasashe zuwa
kafa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya na dindindin
munanan masu take hakkin bil'adama."Ci gaba da fadada a
tattalin arzikin duniya, ta hanyar haɗa masu amfani da masana'antun a duk faɗin
nisa mai nisa, ya haifar da karuwar sha'awar haƙƙoƙin aiki
da ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kuma
yayin da wata fafutuka ta kare hakkin bil'adama ta fuskanci danniya a ciki
kasashe da dama, wannan ya kasance abin takaici game da ita
tasiri wajen matsin lamba ga gwamnatoci su mutunta
ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya."Don haka, a cewar rahoton,
gwagwarmaya don makomar bil'adama ya bayyana a fili: shi ne
manyan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da ke tafiyar da harkokin duniya a yanzu
tattalin arziki (da manyan gwamnatocin da suke yi musu hidima)
akan kusan kowa. Rahoton kuma a bayyane yake kuma
jajircewa wajen bayyana hadin gwiwar manyan kasashe
(musamman Amurka, ƙasashen EU, gwamnatoci
na CIS, Japan, China, da "damisa" na Asiya)
sun mika wuya a matsayinsu na wakilan jama'a
kuma sun zama wakilai na ƴan ƙasa da ƙasa kawai.“Ko da yake gwamnatoci kadan ne suka jajirce
Jettison 'yancin ɗan adam a bayyane, manyan ƙasashe sun daidaita
sau da yawa a cikin 1996 don facade na manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam
maimakon ƙoƙari na gaske don inganta yancin ɗan adam,"
inji rahoton. Me yasa?“Tsoron asarar ciniki da
damar saka hannun jari a 'manyan kasuwanni masu tasowa,'
ko kasashe masu arzikin albarkatun kasa, masu karfin masana'antu
ci gaba akai-akai don zaɓar riba fiye da ka'ida lokacin da aka tambaye shi
don aiwatar da ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama a duniya."In case bayan harka, rahoton
ya rubuta yadda gwamnatocin ƙasashe masu arzikin masana'antu ke magana
kyawawan kalmomi, sa'an nan kuma yi (ko kasa aiki) a fuskar
manya da munanan take hakkin dan Adam. Babu babbar gwamnati
an keɓe, aƙalla na duk gwamnatin Amurka Kan Bosnia,
Ya buga misali da Shugaba Clinton don yin katsalandan kuma ya tilasta yin karya
"zabe" domin ya iya da'awar ci gaba a matsayin wani
kwararre na kasa da kasa a yakin neman zabensa na sake tsayawa takara. A ciki
Haiti, in ji rahoton, gwamnatin Clinton ta taimaka
rufe dangantakar kut da kut tsakanin Amurka ta tsakiya
Hukumar Leken Asiri (CIA) da mambobi daban-daban na
juyin mulkin kisa na 1991-94. Hakanan yana ba da maki CIA don gazawa
don ƙaddamar da bayanai kan sanannen Battalion 3-16 in
Honduras da kan CIA shiga Guatemala da sauran wurare.Rahoton ya kuma bayyana yadda Amurka
gwamnati ta yi magana game da dimokuradiyya a Gabashin Turai da
tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, amma "ta yi watsi da zaben
keta da zamba da kuma yin shiru game da sauran mutane
cin zarafi don tabbatar da cewa wasu gwamnatocin abokantaka
ya ci gaba da mulki."A kasar Sin, "Hakkin Dan Adam [kamar
shaida ta gwamnatin Clinton] ya ɗauki kujerar baya zuwa
Bukatun kasuwanci da dabaru a cikin Amurka The
gwamnatin ta 1994 'delinking' na kasuwanci da
Haƙƙin ɗan adam ta haka aka ɗauki mataki na gaba, kuma Shugaba
Clinton ta yi watsi da duk wata yuwuwar amfani da siyasar Amurka ko
karfin tattalin arziki tare da Beijing don yin matsin lamba kan mutane
hakki."Ko da a Amurka, rahoton ya kai hari
Clinton don ba da izini da ba da gudummawa ga harin
muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda yawancin ƴan ƙasa—a cikin
duniya masu masana'antu aƙalla - sun yi yawa sau da yawa
ba."[P] Shahararrun shawarwari
Majalisa da Fadar White House suka yi sun ba da gudummawa ga
hanzarta yazawar muhimman hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma haƙƙin ɗan adam
kariya a Amurka. Duk da jama'a
shelar tallafawa 'yancin jama'a da 'yancin ɗan adam, Shugaba
Bill Clinton ya nuna rashin jin daɗi don kiyayewa
haƙƙoƙin da ake kai wa hari, kuma a wasu lokuta sun jagoranci kai hari
kawar da kare hakin bil'adama," in ji rahoton.Ko da yake rahoton ya tabbata a ciki
Saukowa kan gwamnatin Clinton da ɗan adam na Amurka
manufofin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙinsu ne kawai saboda Amurka ce
al'umma mafi arziki kuma mafi karfi a duniya da bears
nauyi mai nauyi na waɗannan gaskiyar. Babu wani
kasa daya ko shugaba na kasa a cikin ci gaban masana'antu
wanda ba ya karɓar tsauri-kuma daidai
barata - magani. Gwamnatoci da shugabannin
Jamus, Birtaniya, Faransa, Rasha, China, Japan, Indonesia, da kuma
An ambaci Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka sau da yawa don ayyuka
na tsallakewa da laifukan aikata laifuka, yawanci bisa ga umarnin
na tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya na kasuwanni masu 'yanci, marasa tsari
da riba na gajeren lokaci.
Rahoton bai ɓata ɓata lokaci ba
gwamnatoci a kasashe masu tasowa ko manyan kasashen duniya
cibiyoyi, ciki har da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban, da
Bankin Duniya, da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya. Amma wannan shine
ba dabarar "pox on all your homes" dabarun. The
m (kuma an rubuta a hankali) gaskiyar lamarin
shi ne cewa ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam yana cikin koma baya a duniya.
Ƙimar ƙarshe, da tsoro, na wannan littafin yana yarda da shi
wannan gaskiyar.Ina bege to? A cikin akalla biyu
wurare, a cewar rahoton. Na farko, akwai da yawa
daidaikun al'amuran gwamnatoci, daidaikun mutane, da
kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da suka tsaya tsayin daka
tsunami na tattalin arzikin duniya da mantra na sa
riba a gaban mutane.A Afirka ta Kudu, ya ba da misali da kokarin
na hukumar gaskiya da sulhu ta kasa. A ciki
Indiya, ta sami ingantaccen ɗabi'a daga ɓangaren
gwamnati wajen magance rikicin kabilanci. A Guatemala, shi
yana tunatar da mu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka sanya hannu a tsakanin kasashen
gwamnati da 'yan daba, sun kawo karshen yakin basasa na tsawon shekaru 35
Amurka ce ta fara kuma ta tallafaA Koriya ta Kudu, ya lura cewa biyu
An yanke wa tsaffin shugabannin kasar hukunci bisa laifin tada kayar baya.
cin amanar kasa, da rashawa. Juyowa yayi yana cewa,
a Indonesiya, an samu wasu sojoji 20 da laifin cin zarafin bil adama
an same su da laifin karya ka'idojin soja. Haka kuma
ya lura da adadin wasu shari'o'in mutum ɗaya, haka kuma
ayyukan NGO masu nasara, da abubuwa kamar Timor na Gabas guda biyu
masu fafutuka suna samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel.Hakanan mahimmanci - mai yiwuwa ma
mafi mahimmanci-a cikin wani sashe mai suna "Haƙƙin Aiki
da kuma Tattalin Arziki na Duniya”—rahoton ya ba duniya
tattalin arziki wuri ne na tsakiya a cikin daidaiton haƙƙin ɗan adam da
ya ce haƙƙin ma'aikata, haƙƙin ɗan adam ne.Daga baya, a cikin wani sashe kan kamfanoni
da kuma haƙƙin ɗan adam, rahoton ya kuma duba ƙarfin
rashin daidaituwa da ke wanzu yayin da kamfanoni suka yi watsi da shi
bukatun ma'aikatansu da al'ummar da suke ciki
suna located, ko da yaushe suna ruku'u a bagaden na karuwa
Riba.Duk da karuwar kasa da kasa
matsin lamba daga kungiyoyi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kungiyoyin al'umma (da
lokaci-lokaci gwamnatoci), kamfanoni yawanci suna yin abin da suke
so. "[W] yana da biliyoyin daloli na jarin jari
da ribar da ake samu, galibin ‘yan kasuwa
yi tsayayya da matsin lamba, "in ji rahoton. Amma mai kyau
labarai-idan ana iya kiransa haka-yana cikin wannan
rahoto, yakin, kamar yadda yake faruwa, a fili yake
ya ruwaito. Wannan ba karamin aiki bane kuma ya kamata Human Rights Watch
a taya shi murna da aikinsa.Ya haifar da rahoto wato
gabaɗaya da tsari sosai. Bayan gabatarwar cewa
ya taƙaita duka juzu'in, babi biyar sun ba da ƙarin
cikakkun rahotanni daga yankuna daban-daban na yanki a cikin
duniya: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Helsinki (Turai, da
Balkans, Turkiyya, da CIS), da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Saba'in
kasashe suna cikin waɗannan yankuna, da kuma yanayin ƙasa
rahotanni ne suka fi yawan littafin.
Littafin kuma ya ƙunshi adadin
ƙarin sassan da ke nuna cewa Human Rights Watch
yana ci gaba da fadadawa da sake mayar da hankalinsa. Daya
sashe ya keɓe ga Amurka kawai, wanda ke iƙirarin
don jagorantar duniya a gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ba tare da
vitriol, tare da bayyanannun hujjoji, an bayyana Amurka a matsayin
babban munafuki a duniya.Aikin HRW Arms shima yana karba
magani na musamman. Ya nuna yadda mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Kwamitin Tsaro yana da katafaren yanki na duniya
cinikin makamai da lura cewa gwamnatocin United
Jihohi da Rasha na ci gaba da jagorantar harkar kasuwanci
na sayar da tarzoma mai tsari don riba.HRW ta fara kare hakkin mata
Project and Children's Rights Project, da karfi
turawa da ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya cire ɗan adam ba
daga yakin kare hakkin dan adam. Sauran ayyuka na musamman da aka ambata
a cikin rahoton sun hada da: gidajen yari, hukumomi da kuma mutane
hakkoki, kwayoyi da yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki,
'yancin ilimi, 'yancin madigo da 'yan luwadi, bayar da shawarwari na shari'a da
ma'auni, aikin shari'ar majalisa, har ma da taƙaitaccen bayanin
HRW International Film Festival. A bayyane yake, ƙungiyar ita ce
sake bayyana ra'ayinsa game da kalmomin "mutum" da
"hakkoki."
Akwai wasu matsaloli tare da wannan
rahoto kuma suna da zurfi da asali. Matsalolin sune
duka na harshe da tsari. Harshen yana karkata zuwa ga
bureaucrateze, kusan abin da Orwell ya kira "newspeak."
An cika shi da gajarta, taƙaitawa, da "akan
daya bangaren, a daya bangaren "nau'ukan jayayya. Wannan
ƙara yawan karantawa kamar taƙaitaccen doka ko ilimi
karatun.An ba da mafi yawan sarari
kungiyoyi, cibiyoyi da daidaikun mutane,
gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da shahararrun mutane.
Sha'awar ɗan adam da labarin ɗan adam gabaɗaya sun ɓace
wadannan shafuka. Babu isasshen shaida daga ƙungiyoyi da
daidaikun mutane da suke fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama akan a
yau da kullun. Dole ne a nuna kalmar "zagi",
kamar yadda aka fada. Don haka ya kamata kalmar "fama".[Duk da haka, ya kamata kuma a lura da hakan
Littafin ya jera duk rahotannin HRW daga 1996. Waɗannan su ne
takardun da ke da shaidar kai tsaye kuma ba sa jin kunya
daga cikakkun bayanai da haƙiƙanin azabtarwa, kisan kai, da
zagi.]Wani hadadden batun tsarin na
kuma dole ne a fuskanci kungiyar. Ina kudin
zo daga? Ba za a iya yin watsi da hanyoyin samar da kudade ba a kowace kungiya mai zaman kanta;
a ƙarshe, kudade aƙalla tasiri-kuma sau da yawa
ƙaddara - hali. HRW tana karɓar dubban ɗaruruwan
na daloli daga Ford Foundation da Rockefeller
Foundation. Duk waɗannan masu ba da gudummawa suna samun mafi yawan kuɗin shiga
daga kamfanoni na duniya waɗanda suka kasance (kuma suna) shiga
manya-manyan take hakkin dan adam.Sauran manyan masu kudi sun haɗa da: Phillips
Van Heusen wanda ke da hannu a cikin kantin sayar da gumi da kuma hana haɗin gwiwa
aiki a Amurka ta tsakiya; Arthur Anderson Co., A
Kamfanin lissafin kuɗi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda galibi ke yin kasuwanci don
hukumomi marasa alhaki da gwamnatocin da ke cin zarafin ɗan adam
hakkoki; Reebok, wanda ya ƙware a cikin ƙarancin albashi;
Continental Grain Co., kasuwanci ne na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda
yana sarrafa yawancin kasuwar hatsi ta duniya; Shagon Jiki, da
wasu.Har ila yau, yawancin kattai na sadarwa sune
Masu ba da tallafi na HRW. Wadannan sun hada da Washington Post (an
kamfanin yaki da kungiyar kwadago wanda ke da abokantaka da gwamnatin Amurka);
da New York Times (har ila yau, kamfanin anti-union
a halin yanzu ƙoƙarin danne haƙƙoƙin masu zaman kansu
marubuta); Gargadin lokaci; Warner Bros.; Capitol mallakar Disney
Biranen/ABC (wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin rikici mai zafi da daya
na kungiyoyin sa); NBC (wanda ke hannun giant General
Lantarki); CBS; Rukunin Littafin Zuciya; Gidan Random; kuma
Abubuwan da aka bayar na American Express Publishing Co., Ltd.Akwai kuma masu ba da tallafi na ci gaba,
ciki har da Asusun Lillian Hellman da Dashiell Hammett, Mike
Farrell da Shelly Faberes, Norman Lear da sauransu. The
Tambayar ita ce: ta yaya masu ba da gudummawa ke shafar kungiyar? Yana da
rashin gaskiya don yin kamar ba su yi ba.Human Rights Watch ta fuskanci hakan kwanan nan
tambaya a zahiri, a cewar wani rahoto a cikin
fitowar Afrilu 7 na Birnin Washington, DC Corporate
Rahoton Laifuka (CCR). A cewar CCR, Human Rights
Watch ya fitar da rahoto a cikin Maris wanda ke nuna yadda Phillips
Kamfanin Van Heusen na cin zarafin ma'aikatansa a Guatemala.
Bruce Klatsky shine Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na PVH kuma shima
mamban kwamitin Human Rights Watch.Bayan karanta daftarin rahoton.
Klatsky da kansa ya tashi zuwa Guatemala don halartar taron
matsala: PVH ta dade tana kin tattaunawa da kungiyoyin ta
a Guatemala tsawon shekaru shida kuma yana haɗin gwiwa da
gwamnatin can don karya kungiyoyin kwadago. Rahoton
a hannu, Klatsky ya umarci jami'an kamfaninsa na gida da su kawo karshen
musgunawa jami'an kungiyar kwadago na gida da fara imani
yin ciniki da ƙungiyoyin.Rahoton HRW da Klatsky's
Matakin ya biyo bayan Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata na Amurka/Guatemala
yayi barazanar zaburar da shirin tara kudade na shekara-shekara na HRW a fakar da ta gabata
New York Museum of Natural History.Daraktan ayyukan US/GLEP Stephen
Coats ya gaya wa CCR: "Ya kamata Human Rights Watch ta kasance
taya murna saboda aikinsa. Abu ne mai wahala ga kowa
kungiya, balle kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam, to
bincikar zargin cin zarafi da wani kamfani da shugabansa ke yi
a kwamitin gudanarwarta."Har ma masu kallo suna buƙatar kallo. Su
suma mutane ne.
Human Rights Watch, 485 Fifth Avenue,
New York, NY 10017; 212-986-1980; http://www. hrw.org