fiye da yadda za su lakafta ta a matsayin kasar ta'addanci ko mai daukar nauyin ta'addanci, komai kusanci
dacewa. Idan ƙasa tana da isasshen ƙarfi, a zahiri tana ɗaukar matsayin duniya
dan sanda, don haka yana bayyana wadanda suke 'yan ta'adda da 'yan damfara. An yarda da wannan rawar
kuma ba wai kawai ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun ta ba, amma ta hanyar 'yan siyasa da kafofin watsa labaru na abokanta
da kuma jihohin abokin ciniki. Kamar yadda La Fontaine ya nuna a cikin tatsuniya "The Wolf and the
Tumaki," "Ra'ayin Mafi Girma shine koyaushe mafi kyau."
A karkashin mulkin Mafi Girma, doka da ka'idojin ɗabi'a sun shafi wasu kawai, ba
ga mai mulki da kansa. Wannan ma'auni biyu yana kan ƙarfin gaske. Ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar a
iri-iri iri-iri da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun, waɗanda suka yi watsi da su ko kuma suna da ban tsoro
halayya da keta doka daga mai mulki, amma kakin zuma ya fusata da kwatankwacin ko ƙaramin maƙiyi
ayyuka. Harbin da kasar Cuba ta yi wa wani jirgin 'yan gudun hijirar kasar Cuba wanda ya tashi a cikin kasarsa shi ne
kafafen yada labarai sun fusata, amma bayyana yunkurin Amurka na kashe Castro
bai haifar da fushi ko tunani a kan "wane ne dan ta'adda ba." Lokacin da
Dan damfara na duniya ya ba da hujjar ta'addancin Nicaragua a cikin 1980s ta "tsaron kasa
barazana" da waccan karamar ikon ta haifar, kuma ta jefa bam a Baghdad a cikin 1993 bayan wani zargi
Makircin Iraqi na kashe tsohon shugaban kasa George Bush, bisa hujjar hakkin yin hakan
"kare kai," babu wani mai mahimmanci da ya amsa da dariya ko fushi. The
An ba da rahoton rashin fahimta na rashin hankali "da gaske" kuma ayyukan tashin hankali sun kasance
karba da kuma daidaita.
Yin amfani da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Kotun Duniya ba daidai ba, Babu wani abu da ya kwatanta rashin ɗan damfara na duniya
Ka'ida da kusanci ga haɗin kai fiye da yadda take kula da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Duniya
Kotu. Lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko Kotun ta kasa cika manufofinta, dan damfara na duniya yana da
ya kai musu hari, ya ki biyan kudadensa (wanda ya saba wa doka), an janye shi daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
kungiyoyi (UNESCO, ILO), kuma kawai sun yi watsi da yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko hukuncin kotu. Amurka
ta yi amfani da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin fakewa da manufofinta, amma ba ta yarda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi aiki a ina ba
Matsayinsa bai dace da wannan ajanda ba.
Babban abin sanannen kwanan nan na amfani da (da rashin amfani) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shine harin 1990-1991
kan kasar Iraki, da kuma takunkuman da aka kakabawa kasar Irakin wanda har ya zuwa yau. Anan Amurka ta kasance
tsananin bacin rai game da wani aiki da aka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniya Ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kuma ta hanyar
yin amfani da karfin ikonsa don tilastawa da ba da tallafi (wanda aka kwatanta da kyau a cikin Phyllis
Muhimmancin kiran Bennis na kiran Shots, babi. 2), dan damfara na duniya ya iya samun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
ba ta hannun 'yanci don murkushe Iraki da kiyaye ta daga baya - tare da tarawa
adadin fararen hula da suka mutu a cikin daruruwan dubbai. A zahiri dan damfara ya keta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Yarjejeniya ta aiwatar da kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba shi hannu 'yanci, ta hanyar kin amincewa
yi la'akari da duk wani sulhu na lumana da dagewa kan harin soja. Amfani da makamai
kamar uranium inganta harsashi da man iska bama-bamai, yankan adadi mai yawa
Sojoji marasa ƙarfi da gudu (tare da ƴan gudun hijira da yawa), suna binne da yawa daga cikinsu
a cikin kaburbura da ba a tantance ba, da kuma yashi a kan ramukan Iraki inda suka kashe daruruwan mutane.
ya keta ka'idojin yaki, a karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Tare da Iraki, dan damfara na duniya yana koyar da darasi ga dan damfara wanda ya ketare ta.
Ana kula da abokan ciniki na dan damfara na duniya daban. Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba
ta mamaye Namibiya, kuma ta yi amfani da ita azaman tsalle-tsalle don mamaye Angola da tallafawa
Savimibi, ya kuma kai hari tare da tsoratar da duk sauran jihohin gaba da dama
shekarun da suka gabata, watakila shine na farko dan damfara da jihar ta'addanci na rabin karshe
karni. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da mamayar da ta yi wa Namibiya
da Kotun Duniya daga karshen shekarun 1960, kuma aka ba da umarnin janyewa. Amma ya ki
yi biyayya, kuma ba a yi wani yunƙuri na tilasta dakatar da wannan aikin ba. Amurka ta kasance
"Haɗin kai" tare da Afirka ta Kudu, kuma tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ita a cikin ta
goyon bayan Savimbi da kai hare-hare kan Angola da jihohin sahun gaba.
Wani lamari mai muhimmanci shi ne na Isra'ila, wadda ta mamaye Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza
Rikici a cikin 1967, kuma ko da yake ƙudiri na 242 na Majalisar Tsaro ya bukaci Isra'ila ta janye
ta ki yin hakan tsawon shekaru ashirin, ba tare da an hukunta ta ba. An kuma hukunta Isra'ila
hadin gwiwarta da Afirka ta Kudu da kuma cin zarafi da Falasdinawa ke yi a cikin dogon zango
na kudurorin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Amma kamar yadda Amurka ke goyon bayan Isra'ila, mamayewa da cin zarafi sun wuce
isar da hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Amurka ta ki amincewa da wasu kudurori 40 na la'antar Isra'ila, kuma
ya yi nasarar hana duk wani aiki da zai takura shi ko kuma kare wadanda abin ya shafa. Kuri'u sune
yawanci a cikin tsari na 150-2, amma wannan kusa unanimity ba zai iya kashe ikon da
duniya dan damfara.
A cikin shari'ar Kotun Duniya, Amurka ta yi amfani da shi sosai a kan Iran da sauran su
jihohi, amma lokacin da Kotun yanke hukunci a kan Nicaragua a 1986, kira ga US
ramuwar gayya ga "amfani da ƙarfi ba bisa ka'ida ba," Amurka ta yi tir da kuma a sauƙaƙe
yayi watsi da hukuncin. A cikin wani bayyananniyar bayyani kan yadda kafafen yada labarai na Amurka suke yi wa
haƙƙin ɗan damfara na duniya, New York Times an tsara shi don tallafawa Amurka
kin amincewa da hukuncin da kotun ta yanke, yana mai kiran kotun a matsayin "zauren adawa." Kamar yadda
Game da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, har ila yau, Times da tarukan yada labarai sun bi ajanda a hukumance,
gano rashin tasiri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuskure lokacin da ba ya amfani da muradun Amurka, amma a karshe
dawo da rawar da ta dace, kamar a yakin Gulf Persian, lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin Amurka
kayan aiki.
Tare da rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma ikon mallakar Amurka na Tsaro
Majalisar, Amurka a kai a kai tana ketare Kotun Duniya, kuma, ba shakka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Majalisar, wajen aiwatar da ajandarta. Don haka ba kawai ya sami damar yin amfani da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin fakewa ba
don yaki da ramuwa kan Iraki, ta yi nasarar amfani da Kwamitin Sulhun wajen
Kakaba takunkumi kan Libya saboda kin mikawa Amurka da Birtaniya wasu mutane biyu da ake zargi
a harin bam na Pan Am 103. Libya ta musanta cewa Kwamitin Sulhun na da hurumi kuma
ya saba wa duk wani gwaji na masu son zuciya, amma Kotun Duniya ta jinkirta zuwa ga
Kwamitin Sulhu, don haka wannan hukuma da Amurka ke da rinjaye a yanzu tana da hannun 'yanci don tantance 'yan damfara da
'yan ta'adda. Babu wani abokin cinikin dan damfara na duniya da aka sanya wa takunkumi a karkashin wannan
tsarin mulki.
Global Rogue Aggressions
Yin watsi da duka ƙananan hare-haren bama-bamai da masu yawan ɓarna
yunƙurin da ba ya haɗa da dakarun soji, tun bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Amurka ta yi
aikata ayyukan ta'addanci a kan Guatemala (1954), Lebanon (1958), Dominican
Jamhuriyar (1965), Vietnam (1954-75), Laos (1964-1975), Cambodia (1969-1975), Nicaragua
(1980-1990), Grenada (1983) da Panama (1989). Zan yi jayayya cewa yakin Gulf Persian ya kasance
har ila yau wani lamari ne na cin zarafi na Amurka, kamar yadda Amurka ta yi amfani da damar da Iraki ta yi
Kuwait don karya ikon yankin da ya bijire mata. A takaice, Amurka ta kasance
lamba daya mai cin zarafi na kasa da kasa a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.
Game da yakin Vietnam, dan damfara na duniya ya iya yin watsi da Geneva na 1954
Yarjejeniyar, sanya ɗan tsana a cikin iko a Kudancin Vietnam, mamayewa da bam duk Indochina,
kashe kusan mutane miliyan hudu a cikin shekaru ashirin, ba tare da ko kadan ba
tsoma baki daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko Kotun Duniya. A game da Panama, dan damfara ya mamaye a 1989
don kama shugabanta, Noriega, da ake zarginsa da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da mulkin kama karya. Amma
Noriega ya kasance a cikin lissafin albashin Amurka tsawon shekaru yayin da yake mu'amala da kwayoyi kuma yana yanke hukunci
ta'addanci. Ainihin dalilin mamayewar shine Noriega ya ƙi yin haɗin gwiwa tare da
Amurka a cikin hare-haren haramtacciyar kasar Nicaragua. Bugu da ƙari, veto na Amurka da ikon gabaɗaya sun yarda
wannan aikin dan damfara da yawa don ci gaba ba tare da cikas ba.
Ta'addanci da Taimakawa Hukumomin Ta'addanci
Kamar yadda aka gani, Amurka ta sami damar yin lakabi ga masu hari da wadanda abin ya shafa
"'yan ta'adda" da kuma 'yan damfara. Ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci suna tallafawa kuma suna daukar nauyin
Amurka, kamar Savimbi a Angola, da Nicaragua contras, da kuma Cuban 'yan gudun hijira cibiyar sadarwa-wanda.
ya yi aiki daga Amurka da kanta – “mayakan ‘yanci ne,” ba ‘yan ta’adda ba, ta hanyar
hakkin daukar nauyi.
CIA da sojojin Amurka sun kasance fitattun kayan aikin ta'addanci kai tsaye:
William Blum a cikin Killing Hope ya lissafa mutane 35 ko kungiyoyi da aka sani da aka yi niyya
Wakilan Amurka a yunƙurin kisan kai, wasu (kamar Castro da Kaddafi) akai-akai, kuma tare da
an samu nasarar kashe wasu kadan. An aiwatar da ta'addanci mafi girma ta Amurka
kafa sojoji, tare da kashe fararen hula da yawa, da kafa
Masanin ta'addanci J. Bowyer Bell ya yarda cewa an taso da halaltacciyar tambaya kamar
dalilin da yasa "amfani da B-52s na Amurka akan Hanoi ya kasance aikin soja da ya dace,
yayin da Falasdinawa suka yi amfani da gurneti masu tayar da kayar baya a Roma ba." Bell bai taba ba
ya amsa tambayar, amma za mu iya yin hakan cikin sauƙi: Mafi Girma ya bayyana menene ta'addanci
haka kuma wanene dan damfara.
Abokan ciniki da Amurka ta kare suma sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen ta'addancin duniya: kisan kiyashi
na wasu fararen hula 600 da sojojin Salvadoran suka yi a kogin Rio Sumpul a 1980, kisan gilla.
fiye da 600 na Afirka ta Kudu a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Kassinga a Angola a 1978, da kuma
An kashe Falasdinawa sama da 1,800 a Sabra-Shatila a shekarar 1982 da Isra'ila ta yi a Phalange
ya yi daidai ko ya zarce jimillar abubuwan da aka fi so na Yamma – PLO, Baader Meinhof
gang da Red Brigades. Waɗannan ɓangarorin guda ɗaya ne kawai ta gwamnatoci waɗanda suka yi yawa
kisa. Tallafin Amurka na Hukumar Tsaro ta Ƙasa a Latin Amurka, da na gwamnatoci
kamar na Marcos, da Mobutu, da Shah na Iran, da Suharto, da turawan mulkin mallaka na Girka, da abin ya shafa
goyon bayan ta'addanci mai tsanani a duniya. "Ainihin ta'addanci
cibiyar sadarwa," da aka kwatanta a cikin littafina na wannan suna (South End, 1982) halittar Amurka ce
manufofin ga nata bayan gida, tsara don kawar da cikas ga fadada kasuwa da kuma
Dokokin Amurka da ta'addanci. Ita ce hazakar tsarin farfagandar Turawan Yamma, a ciki
Fuskar wannan gaskiyar, Amurka ta kasance kuma a yau ana siffanta su a matsayin ƙwaƙƙwaran abokin adawa
"ta'addanci."
Ta'addancin Tattalin Arziki
Ka'idojin tattalin arziki na wasan kuma sun shafi wasu, ba
zuwa Mafi Girma. A cikin shekarun 1980s, lokacin da masana'antar kera motoci ta Japan ta yi nasara sosai
na Amurka, Amurka ta sanya kason a cikin tsarin kariya wanda ya kasance
ana kuma amfani da shi a cikin karafa da sauran masana'antu. Wannan shine lokacin da Amurka ta kasance
An tsunduma cikin "ƙananan ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa," cin zarafi ga wasu ƙasashe don buɗewa
kasuwanninsu bisa ka'idojin ciniki cikin 'yanci masu tsarki.
Babban abin da ya fi girma shi ne yadda Amurka ta yi amfani da yakin abinci da kauracewa kasuwanci/hannun jari
a kan manufofin siyasa kamar Vietnam, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Nicaragua da sauran jihohin da
ketare shi. Wadannan kauracewar sun haifar da matsananciyar yunwa, cututtuka da mutuwa ga wanda abin ya shafa
kasashe, ko da yake sau da yawa yana da wuya a raba illar yakin abinci da na
Ayyukan soja na Amurka kai tsaye da wakili. A Nicaragua a cikin 1980s, biyu tare
ya taimaka wajen rage yawan kuɗin shiga na gida da kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari, yana ba da gudummawa ga yaɗuwar jama'a
rashin abinci mai gina jiki, raunin tsarin kula da lafiya, kuma a ƙarshe abin da ake so ya kori
Gwamnatin Sandinista. Manufofin Amurka na "haɗin kai mai lalata" da Cuba yana da
Hakanan ya shafi yanayin rayuwa da lafiyar Cuban sosai. The
Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Amurka kwanan nan ta ba da rahoton cewa yakin abinci da Cuba
"ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman a tsakanin mata masu juna biyu,
wanda ke haifar da karuwar jarirai marasa nauyi. Bugu da kari, an danganta matsalar karancin abinci
zuwa mummunan barkewar cutar neuropathy yana ƙidaya a cikin dubun dubatar." Caloric
Abincin ya ragu da kashi ɗaya bisa uku tsakanin 1989 da 1993, kuma ya hana samun damar yin amfani da ruwa
sinadarai da magunguna suma sun yi mummunar barna.
Amurka ta kauracewa Cuba da Iran da kuma barazanar mayar da martani ga kamfanonin kasashen waje
yin kasuwanci tare da su-wani nau'i na kauracewa sakandare-ya saba wa ka'idojin cinikayya na duniya
da Amurka ta taimaka tare, amma ta keɓe kanta, yawanci akan ƙasa
"Tsaron kasa," kuma ikonsa yana ba shi damar fita tare da keɓe kai.
Kuma kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun, sun fusata da kauracewa sakandaren Larabawa na kamfanoni
kasuwanci tare da Isra'ila bayan yakin 1967, kada ku yi kwatance kuma ku yi watsi da kawancen Amurka
don rashin aminci ga Mafi Girma.
Ana kuma sa ran sauran kasashe za su yi gyare-gyaren tattalin arzikin kasa don sake kafawa
daidaiton da Babban bai zaɓa ya yi ba. Babban gibin kasuwancin Amurka, don
misali, za a iya rage ta hanyar canje-canjen manufofin ta ko dai Amurka ko ta Japan da sauran manyan
abokan tarayya. Manufofin fadada Jafananci da Turai za su ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga da kuma
farashin, kuma ta haka ne ke haɓaka shigo da su daga Amurka da rage fitar da su. A kan
a wani bangaren kuma, za a iya rage gibin Amurka ta manufofin kwangilar Amurka da za su yi
rage shigo da Amurka da kuma kara fitar da Amurka ke fitarwa. Amurka na iya tsammanin wasu za su aiwatar
manufofi masu raɗaɗi masu raɗaɗi, amma a zahiri baya jin daɗin yuwuwar hakan
ya kamata ya kasance yana fama da irin wannan ciwo. Daga 1945 har zuwa yau Amurka ta sa rai
kasashen waje don yin gyara.
Yiwuwa nau'in ta'addanci mafi mahimmanci na tattalin arziki da 'yan damfara na duniya ke aiwatarwa
ya kasance gudunmawarta ga ci gaba da ƙaddamar da tsarin neoliberal na
rayuwar tattalin arziki a kan al'umma a ko'ina. Amurka ba ita kadai ce ta tura wannan shirin ba,
wanda ke samun goyon bayan al'ummar kamfanonin kasa da kasa a fadin duniya, kamar yadda
haka kuma da yawa daga cikin jahohin da gwamnatocinsu ke kishin wannan al’umma mai karfi. Amma da
Mafi girma, gida mai ɗimbin ɓangarorin ƙasashen ƙetare da mamaye IMF yadda ya kamata
da Bankin Duniya, ya kasance jagora. Shigar da wannan samfurin ya kori ƙasashe
na cin gashin kai da kuma raunana karfin manyan ’yan kasa wajen tsarawa da neman sauyi
ta hanyoyin siyasa na gargajiya. An haɗa shi da babban sama
sake rabon kudin shiga da dukiya da tsananin wahala ga daruruwan miliyoyin
masu hasara a sabon yakin ajin.
Irin wannan cin zarafi da cin zarafi da manyan karnukan daular ke yi ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar a baya
mulkin Birtaniya da Spain sun bayyana. Abin da ke sabo, duk da haka, shine munafunci a cikin
ɗaukaka girman kai na Amurka a matsayin ƙasa mai fansa, yana kawo "dimokraɗiyya" zuwa
duniya, yayin da take yakar "kariya" da 'yan ta'addar Aljanu
da kuma jahohin damfara, an gina su don samar da ma'anar tsarkakewa da tsarkinta.