Babu shakka cewa akwai cutar sankara a cikin Amurka Ciwon daji yana karuwa da sauri akan cututtukan zuciya a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa. Ciwon daji kuma babbar matsalar lafiyar jama'a ce a duniya. Bisa ga Rahoton Ciwon daji na Duniya na 2014 da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta fitar, ciwon daji yana girma a “taki mai ban tsoro” a duk duniya. Alkaluman da aka ruwaito a Amurka suna da tambaya, "Saboda babu wani rajistar cutar kansa a fadin kasar, babu wata hanyar sanin ainihin adadin sabbin cututtukan da ake gano cutar kansa a kowace shekara a Amurka." Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta kasa ta ba da rahoto a cikin 1996 cewa cutar daji a cikin yara ya karu da kashi 10 cikin 1973 tsakanin 1991 da XNUMX. New York Times labarin farko a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2003 ya ba da rahoton cewa cutar sankara a yara ya karu da kashi 20 cikin 20 a cikin shekaru 36 da suka gabata, kuma jariran da ba su kai shekara daya ba ya karu da kashi 2014 cikin dari. Hukumar Bincike Kan Kansa ta Duniya kwanan nan ta fitar da Rahoton Ciwon daji na Duniya na shekarar 70. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, ana hasashen kamuwa da cutar sankara a duniya zai karu da kashi 2 cikin dari cikin shekaru XNUMX masu zuwa. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata kafofin watsa labarai sun cika da labarai game da tushen kwayoyin cutar kansa. Ta yadda mutane da yawa yanzu sun gaskata cewa ciwon sukari, ciwon daji da kiba galibi “cututtukan kwayoyin halitta ne.” Irin wannan rashin fahimta da gaske yana zargin wanda aka azabtar. Amma duk da haka yawancin mutane ba za su ce mura, ciwon huhu, ko ebola cututtukan kwayoyin halitta ba ne. Akwai fahimtar gaba ɗaya cewa wakilai na waje na iya mamaye kariyar dabi'ar mutum ta ciki. Ba dukanmu ba ne za mu yi rashin lafiya ko mu mutu a cikin annoba. Babban al'amari na "Me ke haifar da ciwon daji?" farfaganda a cikin kafafen yada labarai shine karya cewa asalin kwayoyin halitta ne, ba asalin muhalli ba. Wannan babban murdiya na gaskiyar cututtukan kwanan nan kamar su kansa da kiba, an bayyana shi a cikin labarin "Tsarin Rigakafin Kiba, Genes Ba Kaddara ba, Lafiyar Jama'a na Harvard:"
“Ba zai yuwu canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta su bayyana saurin yaduwar kiba [ko kansa, sharhi na] a duniya. Hakan ya faru ne saboda tarin tarin halittun ya kasance da kwanciyar hankali ga tsararraki da yawa…. Don haka idan kwayoyin halittarmu sun kasance iri daya, menene ya canza a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata na hauhawar kiba? muhallinmu.” Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ta kuma tabbatar da fifikon muhalli a matsayin sanadin cututtuka a shafinta na yanar gizo: “Hakika, wasu cututtukan da ba kasafai ba… na iya zama sakamakon rashi na kwayoyin halitta guda daya, amma wadannan cututtukan suna wakiltar wani sosai. kadan daga cikin dukkan cututtukan mutum. Cututtuka na yau da kullun, irin su ciwon sukari ko ciwon daji, sun samo asali ne daga hadaddun cuɗanya da abubuwan da suka shafi halitta da muhalli.” An tabbatar da matsayin CDC a fili ta hanyar babban bincike na tagwaye iri ɗaya guda 53,666, wanda aka buga a cikin Journal of Translational Medicine, wanda ya kammala da cewa ƙarfin kwayar halitta don tsinkayar rashin lafiya "ba ta da cikakken bayani." Tun yakin duniya na 11, muhallinmu ya zama cikin sauri da gurɓata da guba. A cikin littafin Siyasar Ciwon Kansa Ta Sake Ziyara, na Samuels Epstein, MD, 1998, Epstein ya lura cewa samar da sinadarai na roba ya tashi tun daga 1940, da kuma samfurori daga man fetur da iskar gas a kusa da 1945. An gabatar da filastik da magungunan kashe qwari daga 1945 zuwa 1955. CDC ya lissafa a kan gidan yanar gizonsa 135 abubuwan da ake la'akari da su "zama masu yuwuwar cututtukan carcinogens." Kadan daga cikin sinadarai 80,000 da ake amfani da su a yanzu ba a taɓa gwada lafiyarsu ba.
A cewar Scientific American (Yuli 2014): "Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba, na ƙarshe da aka sabunta a 1976 ta ba masana'antu damar yin amfani da sabbin sinadarai ba tare da nuna cewa ba su da lafiya. Maimakon haka yana sanya nauyin hujja akan EPA. Duk da haka daga cikin sinadarai sama da 50,000 da aka yi amfani da su ta kasuwanci, EPA ta gwada 300 kawai."
Duniya tana cike da sinadarai masu guba. Masana'antu da sinadarai na noma sun kasance suna gurɓata ruwan ƙasa da ke bautar miliyoyin mutane a California aƙalla shekaru 50. Miliyoyin ton na magungunan kashe qwari masu haddasa cutar daji an zuba su a ƙasar noma a Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya suna gurɓata abinci a gida da waɗanda aka shigo da su daga ketare.
A cikin Amurka, Kamfanin Siginar Allied ya samar da Kepone na kashe kwari, mai alaƙa da DDT, kuma ya jefar da shi cikin Kogin James Estuary na shekaru a cikin 1960s da 1970s. An rufe kogin James don kamun kifi tsawon shekaru 13. An haramta amfani da samfurin a duk duniya a cikin 1990, amma masu shuka ayaba sun yi amfani da su na tsawon shekaru 3. Kepone na iya dawwama na ɗaruruwan shekaru. A cikin 2003, tsibirin Guadalupe ya hana shuka amfanin gona saboda ci gaba da gurɓatawar kepone. Guadalupe yana daya daga cikin mafi girman adadin ciwon daji na prostate a duniya. Kwanan nan, an sami Kamfanin Makamashi na Duke da laifin zubar da tokar kwal mai guba a cikin Kogin Day. Zubar da guba ta yau da kullun, ko kuma abin da ake kira "hatsari" na lokaci-lokaci a cikin Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, da Japan, ba su nuna wani raguwa mai yawa ba cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata. An dade da sanin guba da yawa suna haifar da ciwon daji. Alakar da ke tsakanin gurɓataccen muhalli da haɓakar ciwon daji ta samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1775, lokacin da Percival Pott ya wallafa wani bincike na bututun bututun hayaƙi na Ingilishi wanda ya haifar da ciwon daji na ƙwanƙwasa saboda tsatso da kwal ɗin kwal. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da suna haifar da ciwon daji sune: arsenic, asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde, ionizing radiation, soot, radon, rini na gashi, magungunan kashe qwari marasa arsenical da polychlorinated biphenyls.
Wani bincike na 2006 akan Hiroshima da Nagasaki Atomic bam da suka tsira shekaru 55-58 bayan bayyanar radiation ya nuna amsawar maganin radiation na layi don ciwon thyroid da ciwon daji. Kwamitin Ciwon daji na Shugaban kasa ya ruwaito cewa "an yi watsi da ainihin nauyin cututtukan daji da ke haifar da muhalli sosai." Ana gano yawancin sinadarai na muhalli akai-akai a cikin mutane. An gano cewa mata masu yawan PCBs, (polychlorinated biphenyls) ko DDT a cikin jininsu nan da nan bayan sun haihu suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna gurɓataccen muhalli don yin tasiri na dindindin na aikin kwayoyin halitta. Wannan fanni na ilimin da aka sani da epigenetics ya kuma nuna a cikin dabbobi cewa DDT na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri a cikin zuriya: sunadarai masu cutarwa da sauran wakilai na iya canzawa har abada waɗancan kwayoyin halittar da aka kunna ba tare da canza kowane lambar kwayoyin halitta ba, wanda aka sani da canje-canje na epigenetic. "A yau, babu wanda ke shakkar cewa tasirin epigenetic yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakawa, tsufa har ma da ciwon daji." Abubuwan sha'awar masana'antu suna da tarihin ɓoye dogon ilimin kimiyya game da haɗin kansa-muhalli.
Misali ɗaya mai haske shine batun ionizing radiation da ciwon daji. Dangane da kwararan shaidun da ke nuna cewa radiation na nukiliya yana haifar da cutar kansa, Gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da cewa ma'aikatan nukiliyar da suka kamu da ciwon daji suna da ciwon daji na muhalli sakamakon kamuwa da radiation ionizing a wurin aiki. "Bayan shekaru da yawa na musantawa, gwamnati ta yarda cewa tun daga farkon zamanin atomic, ma'aikatan da ke kera makaman nukiliya an fallasa su zuwa radiation da sinadarai wadanda suka haifar da ciwon daji da kuma mutuwa da wuri." Ana kyautata zaton cewa wannan musantawa da gwamnati ta yi ya samo asali ne sakamakon matsin lamba daga masana'antar nukiliya, da kasuwancin jari-hujja a gaba ɗaya, na hana duk wani alaƙa tsakanin cutar kansa da muhalli. Ƙofar jami'an gwamnati (EPA FDA, da dai sauransu,) waɗanda masana'antun gurbatawa suka yi aiki daga baya an rubuta su sosai a cikin littafin. Yaudara mai guba. Ko da mafi haɗari ga makomar lafiyar jama'a shine haɗin kai tsakanin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IAEA). “Hukumar ta WHO ta yi tsayin daka da tsayin daka wajen nuna adawa da gudanar da bincike kan illar lafiyar da ke tattare da kamuwa da sinadarin Uranium 238 biyo bayan guguwar Desert Storm, Bosnia, da Kosovo.
Dalilin wannan kin amincewa shi ne yarjejeniyar da aka kulla a shekara ta 1959 tsakanin hukumar ta IAEA, wadda ke inganta makamashin nukiliya a duniya baki daya, da kuma hukumar ta WHO, inda ta bayyana cewa, idan wata hukumar na son gudanar da wani binciken da ya shafi aikin daya, akwai bukatar yarjejeniya tsakanin juna. Hukumar IAEA ba ta taba amincewa da irin wannan binciken ba." Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin da suka hana karatu da alhaki suna zuwa tsakiyar masana'antar jari-hujja. Yana daga cikin manufofin ɓarna mai aiki. Lokacin da gwamnati ta yi aiki don hana gurɓatawa, ta ƙirƙiri EPA da Dokar Tsabtace Iska. Ayyukan da ake amfani da su na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu mulki sau da yawa suna raunana, rashin kuɗi, kuma ba a tilasta su a kan buƙatar masana'antu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata, wanda Barry S. Levy, MD da David H. Wegman, MD suka shirya "...sha'awar ma'aikata don ta'aziyya, samun kudin shiga, aminci, da nishaɗi ana ci gaba da daidaitawa ta hanyar buƙatun riba." Gasar duniya don riba da rayuwa ita ce mafi girman al'adar kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu. Sakamakon sakamako shine riba na ɗan gajeren lokaci akan lafiyar ma'aikata da sauran al'umma gabaɗaya. Shugabannin kamfanoni a kai a kai suna mayar da martani ga sukar ayyukansu na gurbata muhalli ta hanyar cewa watakila ana iya fassara ayyukan kasuwanci a matsayin lalata, amma ba bisa doka ba.
Kamfanonin da ke cinikin jama'a doka ta buƙaci su sanya sha'awar kuɗi na masu su sama da komai, gami da amfanin jama'a. A bayyane yake tsarin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na yanzu yana da kyau. Lawrence Summers, babban masanin tattalin arziki na Bankin Duniya, ya zayyana akidar kyaftin na jari hujja na zamani a cikin wata sanarwa da aka aika ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1991: “Ina tsammanin tunanin tattalin arziki da ke tattare da zubar da kaya mai guba a cikin mafi karancin albashi ba shi da kyau ya kamata mu fuskanci hakan." Tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu, tsarin jari-hujja, shine "tsarin da ke lalata gida nasa, da yanayin ɗan adam da zamantakewa da kuma faffadan yanayin yanayin da ya dogara da shi."
Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amirka tana da yawan aika wasiku na labarai mai suna AMA Morning Ronds. Abin da aka ambata kwanan nan ne daga Agusta 22, 2014: “Sabon Bincike ya nuna cewa ba za a iya kawar da kansa ba.” Sun ci gaba da yin tsokaci daga wani masanin ilimin juyin halitta wanda ya ce “ikon sel mu na kamuwa da cutar kansa wani abu ne na gaske.” Wani Labari na Kimiyyar Amirka daga ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2010, mai jigo “Cutar Ciwon daji Nawa Ke Haihuwa Ta Muhalli?” ya ce: “Amma da alama masana kimiyya ba za su taɓa iya yin wasa da ainihin rawar gurɓata muhalli ba domin bayyanar muhalli, kwayoyin halitta, da salon rayuwa suna kama da juna.” Labarin ya yi ƙaulin Dokta Clapp na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Boston: "Aiki ne na kuskure don ƙoƙarin sanya kowane sinadari ko fallasa wani yanki na musamman na kansa."
Yarda da cutar sankara ta yara tana shiga cikin al'adu kamar yadda ake nuna fina-finai, fina-finai, da littattafai, watakila don taimakawa jama'a su yarda da gaskiyar yara masu ciwon daji. Martanin cibiyar kiwon lafiya game da cutar sankara an iyakance ta farko ga ƙarfafa dubawa da canje-canjen salon rayuwa. Irin wannan gwajin ba ya "hana" ciwon daji. Mammograms da colonoscopy an tsara su ne don gano ciwon daji na farko ko sauye-sauye na farko, amma ba sa hana ci gaban ciwon daji a cikin jama'a gaba ɗaya. Canje-canjen salon rayuwa ba abu ne mai yuwuwa su sami babban ƙarfin yaƙar cutar sankara ba.
Ayyukan kula da lafiyar gwamnatocin sun sami kashi 3 ne kawai na fiye da dala tiriliyan 2 da Amurka ta kashe kan Kiwon Lafiya a 2009. Shahararren likitan nan Rudolph Carl Virchow (1821-1902), an ba da rahoton cewa “Magunguna kimiyya ce ta zamantakewa, kuma siyasa ba komai ba ce illa rubuce-rubucen magunguna.” Ba za a iya hana cutar daji ba a ƙarƙashin tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu na riba a gaban mutane. A cikin Maganar Jarida a Ghost Story, Arundhati Roy ya rubuta, "Ba muna gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa tare da sake fasalin tsarin da ke buƙatar maye gurbinsa." Dole ne mu nemi aikin da aka kafa akan ilimin kimiyya cewa muhalli shine muhimmin abin da ke haifar da cutar kansa. Kungiyoyin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, wadanda alhakinsu shi ne kare lafiyar al'umma baki daya ta hanyar rigakafin cututtuka, da dukkan kwararrun masana kiwon lafiya, ya kamata su rika yin kira da a dauki mataki a yau da kullum. Abin takaici, sun yi shiru.
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Nayvin Gordon likita ne na iyali wanda ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Likitoci a Oakland CA.