Bill Berkowitz
unguwa
Watch
In
farkon Maris, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma tsohon ɗan wasan gefe na Johnny Carson,
Ed McMahon ya gabatar da Attorney Janar John Ashcroft ga wani
masu sauraro masu ni'ima na wakilai daga Unguwa sama da 300
Kungiyoyin kallon sun hallara a Washington, DC. Babban lauyan ya kasance
can don bayyana sabon manufa ga kungiyar Sheriff ta kasa
Shirin Watch Unguwa na Kasa. Ya sanar da tallafin $1.9
miliyan a cikin asusun tarayya don taimakawa NSA ninka adadin mahalarta
kungiyoyi zuwa 15,000 a fadin kasar. Ya kuma bayyana hadewarta cikin
Sabon shirin Shugaba Bush na Amurka Freedom Corps.
Duk da yake
Shirin Shugaba Bush na Amurka Freedom Corps yana ginawa
al'adun sabis na al'umma na Americorps, Peace Corps, da
shirin Neighborhood Watch, yana kuma kira ga ma'aikata da makwabta
don shiga a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri a gaban gida. “Ta hanyar
Shirin Watch Unguwa, za mu saƙa yanar gizo na rigakafi mara kyau
na ta’addancin da ya hada ‘yan kasa da jami’an tsaro,”
Ash-croft ya ce.
To
a kara sa hannu a cikin shirin, sanarwar da ma'aikatar shari'a ta fitar
ta sanar da cewa hukumar hana aikata laifuka ta kasa (NCPC) ta samu
ya bayyana Sanarwa na Ma'aikatan Jama'a (PSA) mai suna "United
don Amurka mai ƙarfi." A haɗin gwiwa tare da Sashen
na Adalci, Ƙungiyar Rigakafin Laifuka ta Amurka, da Talla
Majalisa, tallan tallan yana nufin ƙarfafa al'ummomin gida
don ƙaddamar da ƙarin shirye-shiryen Watch Unguwa.
The
Kamfen na PSA kuma yana ba da shawarar ƴan ƙasa su yi kira da ba da oda mai shafi 24 “Citizens’
Littafin Jagorar Shiryewa,” wanda ya ƙunshi “nasihu akan gaggawa
shirye-shirye a gida, wurin aiki, lokacin fita da waje, da kuma cikin al'umma;
ra'ayoyi game da haɓaka shirin ƙaura; shawarwari kan bayar da rahoton gaggawa
ko ayyukan da ake tuhuma; bayani kan tafiya lafiya a gida
da kuma kasashen waje; ra'ayoyi game da ayyukan jama'a na son rai waɗanda za su iya ƙarfafawa
al'ummomi; da jerin albarkatun, gami da lambobin waya da fax
da gidajen yanar gizo” (“Littafin Jagora” ana iya sauke shi
a www.citizencorps.gov/guidebook).
Ma
shekaru, National Neighborhood Watch (NNW) ya kasance tushen al'umma
shirin kawo mazauna yankin tare da jami'an tsaro
don tattaunawa da kuma hada kai don hana aikata laifukan unguwanni. Cewar
zuwa Washington Post, NNW ya kusan miliyan 50
mahalarta a duk faɗin Amurka sun sanya shi "mafi girma
a cikin facin shirye-shiryen da ke neman mazauna yankin don taimakawa 'yan sanda
yaki da laifukan cikin gida.”
In
1972, NSA ta sami tallafinta na farko daga Doka
Gudanar da Taimako. Abin da ya kasance mai ƙarancin maɓalli, amma a faɗake,
kayan aikin rigakafin aikata laifuka da ke mai da hankali kan fasa-kwaurin unguwanni da barasa,
yanzu an keɓe shi don babban matsayi - sa ido a cikin sabis
na "yakin ta'addanci."
The
da aka ba da shawarar fadadawa da kuma ƙarin kudade don aikin da aka tara
jan tuta ga ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam. A cewar wata jarida ranar 8 ga Maris
saki daga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU): Ashcroft's
shirin “ya karawa unguwanni agogon da ya hada da ta’addanci
rigakafin, wani yunkuri na masu sukar tsoro na iya kara rura wutar salon yakin cacar baki
nuna wariya da katsalandan.”
The
yunƙurin babban lauya ya kamata ya zama labari mai daɗi ga Santa
Fe Springs, Cibiyar Kallon Maƙwabta ta Ƙasa ta California
(NNWI). Kungiyar ta yi alfahari da cewa "cikakkiyar layinta
’Yan sanda sama da 1,500 ne ke amfani da kayayyakin rigakafin aikata laifuka
da hukumomin sheriff, ƙungiyoyin kula da unguwanni na gida, mai gida
ƙungiyoyi, da kuma daidaikun mutane “da ke da hannu wajen rigakafin aikata laifuka
ayyuka” a fadin kasar. Duk da muhimmancin
aikinsa, ya kasance aiki na jama'a, yana ba da alamu.
alamar faɗakarwar taga, da lakabi.
A takaice
bayan Satumba 11, Cibiyar ta fara bayar da "Ƙasar Gida
Alamomin Titin Tsaro," wanda ke sanar da al'umma da masu laifi
cewa "dukkan mutane da ayyukan da ake tuhuma suna nan da nan
rahoton” ga jami’an ‘yan sandan yankin. Bill Preciado, manajan
na Cibiyar ta ce sun fito da manufar Tsaron Cikin Gida
alamun kafin a kafa Ofishin Tsaron Cikin Gida.
Suna kan aiwatar da haɗa littafin ba da shawara
mutane yadda za su "gano ayyukan ta'addanci a yankunansu,"
ya kara da cewa.
Ƙungiyar Jama'a
In
A jawabinsa na jiha, shugaban ya bayyana sabon nasa
yunƙurin sabis — USA Freedom Corps — kuma an yi kira
duk Amurkawa don ba da agaji daidai da shekaru 2, ko sa'o'i 4,000,
tsawon rayuwa. A cewar wani littafin Jagorar 'Yancin Amurka, the
shugaban yana "neman" fiye da dala miliyan 560 a cikin sabo
kudade a cikin shekara ta kasafin kuɗi na 2003 don tallafawa sabon shirin.
A cewar
zuwa sanarwar manema labarai na Fadar White House, wata hanya ta aikin sa kai ita ce
Citizens Corps (CC), wanda zai "shigar da 'yan ƙasa kai tsaye
inganta tsaron cikin gida."
The
Citizen Corps, wanda Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya ta haɗa
(FEMA), za ta ƙirƙiri kansilolin Citizen Corps da ake zargi
tare da “haɓaka tsare-tsare na ayyukan al’umma, tantance yiwuwar
barazana, gano albarkatun gida da daidaita sauran Jama'a
Shirye-shiryen Corps." Wadannan majalisun za su kunshi jami'an tsaro
shugabanni, ma'aikatan kashe gobara da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na gaggawa, da 'yan ƙasa
daga kasuwanci ("musamman kamfanonin tsaro"), makarantu,
wuraren ibada, wuraren kula da lafiya, ayyukan jama'a, da sauran su
muhimman sassan al'umma.
The
Sanarwar da Fadar White House ta fitar ta ce shugaban zai nemi dala miliyan 144
"a cikin daidaita kudade don tallafawa samuwar da horar da su
Kananan Hukumomin Citizen Corps. Masu sa kai na CC za su iya shiga
a cikin shirye-shirye iri-iri da suka dace da basirarsu da iyawarsu."
Tukwici na Ayyuka
In
Bugu da kari ga sabunta shirye-shiryen Watch Unguwa, masu sa kai
a cikin Shirin Sabis na 'Yan Sanda, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya, da Al'umma
Ƙungiyoyin Amsar Gaggawa, Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta yi kira da a kafa
Aiki TIPS, Tsarin Bayanai da Rigakafin Ta'addanci.
Operation
TIPS, wanda ke karkashin kulawar ma'aikatar shari'a.
yana da niyyar horar da ma'aikata miliyan daya wadanda a cikin tafiyarsu
ayyukan yau da kullun za su yi aiki azaman masu ba da shawara kan neman “m
da kuma ayyukan da ke da alaka da ta'addanci." Hukumar Gudanarwa
ya nemi dala miliyan 8 don TIPS.
In
Maris, mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya gaya mani cewa Operation
TIPS shiri ne na matukin jirgi wanda "ƙungiyar aiki" ta haɓaka.
wanda ya ƙunshi mutane daga Sashen Shari'a (DOJ) da yawa
sauran hukumomi. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da ainihin membobin kungiyar
"Rukunin aiki," ta ce ba ta iya bayyana nasu ba
suna a wannan lokaci. Ta ce tunda har yanzu aikin yana ci gaba.
ya yi "da sauri don yin magana da mutanen da abin ya shafa."
Ko da yake
“masana’antu,” ko sassan ma’aikata, ba su yi ba tukuna
An zaɓi, mai magana da yawun DOJ ya bayyana cewa aikin zai iya
hada da manyan motocin daukar kaya, masu dakon wasiku, masu gudanar da jirgin kasa, shugabannin jiragen ruwa,
da ma'aikata masu amfani - ma'aikata waɗanda ke cikin aikin yau da kullum
ayyuka suna da kyau don zama "karin idanu da kunnuwa"
a cikin gwagwarmaya da ta'addanci. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko kungiyoyin sun san
ko kuma ta shiga cikin haɓaka aikin, ta faɗi hakan da kyau
na iliminta ba su kasance ba. Ba ta yanke hukuncin nasu ba
hallara a wani wuri ƙasa.
So
me yasa ake tsare kungiyoyin a cikin duhu? David Bacon, mai ba da rahoto na aiki
kuma mai daukar hoto, ya yi imanin cewa akwai dalilai da yawa. “Don
mafi yawancin,” in ji shi, “gwamnati ba ta yi
tunanin ƙungiyoyin duk sun dace, don haka za su iya ma
kai tsaye wurin ma’aikata.” Gwamnati kuma na iya
a damu da “tano gidan ƙaho, tun da yawa
ƙungiyoyin sun damu da ƴancin jama’a,” in ji shi.
In
tsarin binciken wannan labari, na gano cewa shirin ya kasance
rufa masa asiri. Amsoshin farko daga masu magana da yawun a
hedkwatar AFL-CIO da Teamsters Union a Washington,
DC, ofishin manema labarai na ACLU a birnin New York, da kuma Washington
ofisoshin Kwamitin Yaki da Wariya na Larabawa na Amurka sun kasance
Haka—babu wanda ya ji labarin Operation TIPS.
bayan
Rob Black, mai magana da yawun Teamsters, ya sami damar dubawa
A cikin Operation TIPS, ya gaya mani cewa majalisar dokoki ta ƙungiyar
ma'aikatan "suna tafiya kan shawarar TIPS don ganin yadda za ta kasance
aiwatar da membobinmu."
At
ofisoshin Washington, DC na Ƙungiyar Wasika ta Ƙasa
Kamfanin dillalai, shugaban hulda da jama'a, Drew VonBergen, ya nuna
Ya ji labarin Operation TIPS amma bai san cewa komai ba
sanarwa ta yau da kullun” an ba ƙungiyar. Ba shi da “babu komai
ya kara da cewa game da TIPS a yanzu," in ji shi.
A cewar
zuwa gidan yanar gizon TIPS, “Kowane ɗan takara za a ba shi Operation
Bayanan TIPS da za a liƙa a cikin taksi na abin hawan su
ko sanya shi a wani wuri na jama'a don bayar da rahoton kyauta
lambar tana nan a shirye. Ko'ina a Amurka, damuwa
ma'aikaci na iya kiran lambar kyauta kuma a haɗa kai tsaye zuwa
wayar tarho ta kira zuwa ga hukumar tabbatar da doka da ta dace"
(duba www. Citizencorps.gov/tips).
Wanda su ka Halarta
a cikin shirin ana ƙarfafa su don ƙirƙirar "rikodin
sabis”—wata jarida mai zaman kanta ta kowane mai sa kai
lokaci da gogewa-a gidan yanar gizon Citizens Corps.
Abin da
ya ƙunshi "ayyukan ta'addanci" wanda kusan ɗaya ne
shekara bayan Satumba 11? Tare da yakin dindindin akan ta'addanci, yana da
tunanin kowa.
CSIS
A
adadin tankunan tunani na dama, ciki har da
Cibiyar Dabaru & Nazarin Duniya (CSIS) zuwa ga
Gidauniyar Heritage, ta samar da aikin tsaron gida.
In
marigayi-Nuwamba 2001, CSIS ya buga "Don Rinjaye: Ba'amurke
Dabarun Yakin Yakin Da Ta'addanci." Kurt M. Campbell
da Michele A. Flournoy, manyan marubutan "To Prevail,"
bayar da shawarar "ya kamata shugaban kasa ya samar da runduna don bincike
samar da Rundunar Tsaron Cikin Gida ga matasa da
tsofaffin Amurkawa, waɗanda ke shirye su ba da shekaru biyu don taimakawa
yi wa kasa hidima da kare kasa. Za a horar da masu ba da agaji don yin hidima
a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Filin Jirgin Sama
Tsaro, da kuma National Guard and Reserve."
PCIC
At
taron manema labarai a farkon-Janairu 2002 shugabannin shugabannin biyu
Kwamitin Tsaro na Gidauniyar Heritage Foundation, tsohon
Babban Lauyan Janar Edwin Meese da gwamnatin Reagan yaki da ta'addanci
Cif L. Paul Bremer ya bayyana rahotonsa, “Kare Amurkawa
Ƙasar gida."
The
Rahoton Gidauniyar Heritage ya ba da shawarar, “Sashen ‘yan sanda na gida
yakamata ya haɗa da kimantawar ƴan ƙasa na barazanar gida da lahani
ta hanyar tsarin kwamitin hulɗar 'yan sanda da jama'a (PCIC)—a
dandamali na yau da kullun don tarurrukan matakin-precinct tare da ƴan ƙasa
don tattauna matsaloli da hanyoyin magance sha'awar al'umma.
Aiwatar da dabarun ƴan sanda na al'umma, kamar PCICs, bai kamata ba
na bukatar tallafin tarayya.”
Duk da yake
ya yarda da mahimmancin daidaikun mutane na sa kai, da
rahoton ya damu da farko game da "saki[da] sojojin kasuwa
don tara kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa,”
da buƙatar gina ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu / gwamnati.
In
Op-ed yanki don tallafawa shawarwarin Task Force,
wanda aka buga a gidan yanar gizon gidauniyar a ƙarshen Janairu, Meese da
Kim Holmes, darektan Tsaron Gida na gidauniyar
Project, ya bayar da hujjar cewa domin kare al'umma yadda ya kamata "mu
dole ne a rage ayyukan gwamnati da bai shafi tsaro ba - musamman
wadanda ba su tabbatar da inganci ba.”
In
kiyaye tare da haɓaka manufofin Heritage - mai zaman kansa,
de-regulation, da ƙaramar gwamnati-Task Force tana kiyayewa
“Ayyukan gwamnati da yawa, kamar ‘Yancin Bayanai
Dokar (FOIA), dokokin antitrust, abubuwan alhaki, da na yanzu
manufofin haraji, hana haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na gaskiya don
tsaro tsakanin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da gwamnati.”
saboda
ga yiwuwar hare-haren sunadarai da kwayoyin halitta, Heritage
Task Force ya ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar “sa ido na ƙasa
tsarin...gina daga ƙasa zuwa sama. Cibiyoyin sa ido na gida
masu tattara bayanai akan, misali, adadin asibitoci
shiga, rashin makaranta, da rashin ma'aikatan jihar kowace rana
ya kamata a rika ba da wadannan bayanai akai-akai ga jihohi, da jihohi
sai a tattara wannan bayanin kuma a yi rahotanni akai-akai
gwamnatin tarayya.”
Spotting
"Ayyukan da ake tuhuma" na iya juyewa cikin sauƙi zuwa bayanin launin fata - kallo
fita ga maza masu kamannin Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke ziyartar wata unguwa-ko
ba da rahoton wani yana buga fom ɗin sanarwa yana sanar da zanga-zanga mai zuwa
ko gangamin adawa da yaki. Wataƙila bayar da rahoto akan wasiku na "m".
cewa wasu abokan cinikin gidan waya suna karba. Idan Attorney General
Ashcroft ya tsaya a bayan abin da ya gaya wa Majalisa - wannan rashin amincewa da
tambayar "yakin ta'addanci" yana goyon bayan 'yan ta'adda - to
"Ayyukan da ake tuhuma" na iya haɗawa da kowane irin maƙwabtanku
yi imani ya zama adawa ga shugaban kasa na dindindin
yaki da ta'addanci. A wasu garuruwan Amurka, ba a ratayewa ba
Tuta za a iya fassara shi azaman "aiki na tuhuma". Z
Bill
Berkowitz marubuci ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke rufe ƙungiyoyi / siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.
Taimakon bincike daga Laura Ross.