Anthony Arnove
A cikin Gulf Persian
Yaki, yakin da ake yi a yankin Balkan, da kuma yanzu a Afghanistan, in ji masu tsara shirin sojan Amurka
sun ɓullo da sababbin hanyoyin yaƙi waɗanda za su kai hari ga sojoji da
keɓe rayuwar farar hula ko, a cikin kalmomin da aka fi so, "lalacewar haɗin gwiwa."
“Wannan yaki ne kuma
yaki jahannama ne," in ji Sanata Joseph Lieberman (D-CT) a ranar 16 ga Satumba. "Amma muna da
iyawar da za a yi niyya ta hanyar da ta fi yadda muka taɓa samu a baya. I
za mu iya gaya muku cewa za mu yi iya ƙoƙarinmu don takaita barnar da aka yi. The
Sojoji sun yi "kokarin ban mamaki" don iyakance lalacewar haɗin gwiwa, da
admiral ya Cibiyar USS Kungiyar yakin ta fadawa manema labarai a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba.
"Manufarmu ita ce ta'addancin 'yan ta'adda." Amurka ta haɓaka “sabon
samfurin yaki" a Afghanistan, da New York Times A ranar 18 ga Disamba.
A duk kwanan nan
yaƙe-yaƙe, jami'an gwamnati sun yi zanga-zangar cewa sojoji suna auna
shugabancin siyasa, ba farar hula ba. "[W] ba shi da wata jayayya da
Al'ummar Iraki," in ji Firayim Minista Tony Blair. "[T] gaskiya ita ce United
Jihohin Amurka ba su da wata husuma da Afganistan da mutanen Afganistan,” in ji ta
Sakataren tsaro Donald Rumsfeld.
Amma ainihin
Tasirin harin bama-bamai na Amurka ya nuna yadda wadannan ikirari ke yaudara. Ba kawai da
"Bama-bamai masu wayo" akai-akai suna rasa maƙasudinsu kuma suna haifar da farar hula
wahala, amma yaƙe-yaƙe sun yi amfani da makamai da yawa tare da farar hula
tasiri, gami da raguwar makaman uranium a Iraki da Kosovo da tari
bama-bamai a cikin dukkan hare-haren uku.
Kamar yadda Seamus Milne
ya ruwaito a cikin Guardian (London) a ranar 20 ga Disamba, “Farashin cikin jini
wanda tuni aka biya kudin yakin da Amurka ke yi da ta'addanci sai yanzu aka fara
don bayyana. Ba na Biritaniya ko Amurka ba, ko ma har zuwa yanzu na al-Qaida da
Shugabannin Taliban sun dauki alhakin harin da aka kai birnin New York na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba da
Washington. A maimakon haka talakawan Afganistan ne suka biya, wadanda ba su da komai
duk abin da za a yi da ta'addanci, ba su zabi 'yan Taliban da suka yi mulki ba
a kan su, kuma ba shi da wata magana a kan shawarar ba da daki ga Bin Laden da
abokansa." Milne ta buga Marc Herold, farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar
ta New Hampshire. wanda ya yi kiyasin daga nazari a hankali na rahotannin manema labarai cewa “a
Akalla fararen hula 3,767 ne Amurka ta kashe a tsakanin 7 ga Oktoba zuwa Disamba
10… matsakaita na mutuwar mutane 62 a rana.
A cikin Gulf War,
duk da ikirarin da ake yi game da sahihan makamai masu linzami, kashi 70 cikin XNUMX na bama-bamai na Amurka sun yi kuskure
makasudin su kuma kashi 7 ne kawai na makaman da aka yi amfani da su ana kiransu da wayo
bama-bamai, a lokacin "mafi tsananin tashin bama-bamai na iska a tarihi," da
Washington Post an ruwaito a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1991. Waɗancan bama-baman da suka kai ga nasu
manufa da aka yi niyya sau da yawa takan kai hari ga kayan aikin farar hula, gami da gadoji, ruwa
wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, da wuraren samar da wutar lantarki.
Amma a cikin tarihin
na mugayen makamai, gungun bama-bamai sun cancanci wuri na musamman. Tarin bama-bamai
warwatsa kayansu a kan wani yanki mai faɗi; sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙananan 200
"Bomblets" wanda akai-akai ba sa fashewa akan tasiri; kuma ya kasance mai kisa
adadin shekaru. An gina wasu bama-bamai na gungu tare da “sprinklers” waɗanda aka kera
don watsa bama-bamai a kan wani yanki mai faɗi fiye da na gargajiya.
Yara sau da yawa
ku ci karo da bama-bamai da ba a fashe ba ku dauke su, a zatonsu abin wasa ne. A cikin
yanayin Afganistan, bama-bamai masu launin rawaya masu haske sun yi kama da abinci
fakitin da Amurka ta yi watsi da su a cikin dangantakar jama'a mai ban tsoro suna tafiya gabaɗaya
kungiyoyin agaji da ke aiki a Afghanistan a da suka yi Allah wadai da su
yakin.
A Iraki, mai gudana
Hare-haren jiragen sama a kasar “a bar wani datti mai kisa wanda zai iya yin ikirarin
farar hula da aka kashe tsawon shekaru,” da Washington Post tabbata in a
rahoton da ba kasafai ba kan hare-haren. "[C] raunin da ya faru ya zama na yau da kullum" kamar yadda a
sakamakon, da Post ya lura.
A wata kasida don
gidan yanar gizon Washington Post.com, ba a cikin jarida ba, William M. Arkin
ya lura cewa Amurka ta ƙara yin amfani da "bama-bamai da ba su da gaske
manufa da kuma kashe da raunata fararen hula marasa laifi na shekaru masu zuwa."
Daga 28 JSOW
A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2001, jiragen saman sojan ruwa sun harba bama-bamai kan Iraki.
majiyoyi sun ce 26… sun rasa burinsu,” in ji Arkin, kashi 93 cikin XNUMX
yawan gazawar. “Makamin fam 1,000 mai tsawon kafa 14 yana dauke da makaman kare dangi guda 145 da kuma
bama-bamai masu tayar da kayar baya wadanda suka tarwatse a wani yanki
kusan ƙafa 100 tsayi da faɗin ƙafa 200. A takaice, ”Arkin ya rubuta, JSOW
“An yi ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a wani yanki mai girman filin wasan kwallon kafa mai guda shida
bama-bamai suna fadowa a cikin kowane murabba'in ƙafa 1,000. Da yawa don daidaito.”
Kwararru akan hakar ma'adanai
kiyasin cewa an bar bama-bamai 35,000 da ba a fashe ba a Kosovo, wanda ya kai ga “an
Matsakaicin mutuwar farar hula daya a mako a yankin,” a cewar Guardian
(London).
Afghanistan da
yanzu an cika da bama-bamai masu tarin yawa da ba a fashe ba, abin da ke kara jefa fararen hula cikin hadari
Haka kuma a kai a kai ana mutuwa daga nakiyoyin da aka kiyasta sama da miliyan 10 da suka ragu
yaƙe-yaƙe na baya. A cewar kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, an
Matsakaicin 'yan Afganistan 88 ne ke mutuwa duk wata saboda raunukan nakiyoyin da aka samu. Daya daga cikin
farkon wadanda suka mutu a yakin da ake yi da ta'addanci shi ne kashe Majalisar Dinkin Duniya hudu
masu aikin hakar nakiyoyi a farkon watan Oktoba da kuma rugujewar ayyukan hakar nakiyoyi. “Mu
sun yi asarar ma'aikata 30 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata a wuraren nakiyoyi, amma wannan shine na farko
lokacin da muka yi asarar mutane a ofishin," in ji Syed Ahmad Farid Elmi, mukaddashin
darektan tawagar da ke aikin hakar nakiyoyi. Sama da ma'aikatan hakar nakiyoyin 1,000 ne aka saka
“Wajibi na hutun da ba a biya ba da zarar ya bayyana cewa Amurka na iya ramawa
a Afghanistan," in ji shi Boston Globe ya ruwaito.
'Yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan
komawa ƙauyukansu an riga an kashe su tare da nakasu suna cin karo da juna
bama-bamai na gungu ba fashewa. "Yayin da mutane da yawa suka isa wuraren da aka yi watsi da su,
asibitoci sun ba da rahoton kwararar wadanda suka jikkata,” a cewar sanarwar New
York Times.
“Wanda ba a fashe ba
Bama-bamai masu launin rawaya, kowannensu yayi girman girman iskar iska, har yanzu yana damun a
gonar shinkafa, tiredi da tsakar gida biyu” a cikin Charykari, a cewar Times.
“Mazauna yankin sun lullube wasu daga cikinsu da tankunan wanka da aka birkice domin su ajiye
kaji sun tafi.”
Ko da yake "babu kowa
ya san yawan ton na makaman Amurka da ke kwance ba a fashe a kan ko a karkashin
kasa," da Times ya kara da cewa, “a bayyane yake cewa tare da tsoffin layin gaba da
Hanyoyi da yawa masu mahimmanci, nakiyoyi da harsasai marasa tsayayye suna kewaye.”
Amma United
Jihohi na bayar da gudunmawar dala miliyan 7 ne kawai don ayyukan hakar nakiyoyi a halin yanzu. Kara
mahimmanci, "Amurka ba ta bayar da jerin wuraren da ta kasance ba
jefa cluster bama-bamai,” da Times ya ruwaito. Don haka, Halo Trust aikin nakis
Yanzu haka ma'aikata suna ta tuki a wuraren yaƙi a cikin wata mota kirar Land Rover, suna neman
kananan bama-bamai masu launin rawaya da kansu.” Z
Anthony
Arnove shine editan Iraki Karkashin Siege: Mummunan Tasirin Takunkumi da Yaki
(Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Kudu, 200)