S. Herman
Yana da ban sha'awa sosai
yadda ingantaccen ilimi da farfagandar albarkatun daular mulkin mallaka
ana hada kai don biyan bukatarta ta shedanta makiya da sanya nata da nata
Ayyukan jihohi na abokin ciniki a cikin haske mai kyau. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga
ikon daular da ke riƙe da tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya yayin da yake kashe kashe-kashe
tushen duniya, kuma yana ba da hujjar waɗannan kashe-kashen, da “kariyar” mai girma.
kashe kudi, bisa dalilan da suka shafi “hakin dan Adam” da kuma “kasa
tsaro." Isar da saƙon sa yana buƙatar ba kawai kafofin watsa labarai masu yarda ba kuma
"'yan jarida na abin da aka makala" waɗanda za su bi tsarin aikin hukuma, amma kuma an
Ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun malamai da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, Sabuwa
Masu ba da agaji, jami'an kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, da tsoffin 'yan hagu wadanda suka yi
karshe gani haske, wanda hidima a matsayin "m" sharhi da kuma shiryar da
jama'a ga gaskiyar hukuma. Sun zama akida da farfaganda
gamayya wanda ke ba da babban ɗakin faɗakarwa a cikin abin da ajanda na hukuma
yana da ban sha'awa, wanda ke taimaka wa jama'a su shiga cikin kisa.
Aiki na
wannan gamayya, da dabarunsa, an kwatanta su da kyau ta hanyar maganinta
“ƙididdigar jiki” a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu kama da zalunci a duk faɗin duniya. Ina
akwai buƙatun hukuma da na masarauta don ƙidayar jiki mai girma kuma mai girma
bacin rai, kamar yadda ya faru a Kosovo a 1998 da 1999 (da farko a Bosnia a cikin
shekaru 1992-1995, Kuwait a 1990-1991, har yanzu a farkon yanayin Cambodia.
karkashin Pol Pot, 1975-1978), ƙungiyar za ta damu sosai da farar hula.
wadanda suka mutu, za su bi 'yan gudun hijirar ba tare da bata lokaci ba don samun cikakkun bayanai game da wahalar da suke ciki,
kuma za su nemo gawawwaki. Ganin cewa sun san gaskiya a ciki
ci gaba - cewa "wani Hitler" yana aikata kisan kare dangi, ba za su kalli ba
shaida sosai, kuma za su yi farin cikin karɓar kowane labari da duk wani kumbura
lissafin adadin gawarwakin, duk da haka ya nuna son zuciya. Za su kuma yi bayani
kawar da binciken da aka yi a baya cewa “wani adadin jikin Hitler” ya yi yawa.
A daya bangaren
hannun, inda ikon daular da/ko wakilansa ke yin kisan, kamar a
Afghanistan daga Oktoba 7, 2001 gaba, ko a Panama a 1989, ko a Iraki daga
Janairu 1991 zuwa yanzu; ko inda kasashen abokin ciniki kamar Isra'ila, Turkiyya, da
Indonesiya a Gabashin Timor na yin kisan, kamar yadda kungiyar ta kafa ta yi
kadan game da asarar fararen hula [banda: farar hula na Isra'ila], ya kasa
bin 'yan gudun hijira don samun labarun wahalarsu, kuma ba sa shiga cikin kowane
neman gawawwaki. Mambobinta har ma suna nuna shakku game da labarun
wahala da kiyasin gawarwakin da wasu suka yi.
Wannan daidai
Bambanci ya shafi manyan kididdigar jiki kamar a cikin sanannen mutuwar miliyan 100
yawan gurguzu a cikin Littafin Baki, wanda ya hada da miliyoyin da suka mutu a ciki
Yunwa ta China da Soviet. Amma ba zai zama abin zato ba ga marubuta a cikin
na al'ada don ƙidaya a cikin adadin mutuwar jari-hujja waɗanda suka mutu
fallasa, aiki mai wuyar gaske, yunwa, da cututtukan da za a iya magance su
tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da manufofin, wanda zai gudana fiye da miliyan 100; ko kuma
jimillar “batattu” a Latin Amurka lokacin Tsaron Ƙasa
shekaru; ko kuma "lalacewar haɗin gwiwa" mutuwar daga takunkumi da bama-bamai a Iraki,
Afghanistan, da sauran wurare da dama. AOL Time Warner ba zai yiwu ba
sha'awar bugawa a Bakar Littafin Jari-Hujja.
Ka Bamu Jiki
Tare da Milosevic "wani
Hitler" da Sabiyawan "masu aikata kisa," ta hanyar ƙarfin ikon NATO a cikin
farkon 1990s, neman gawarwakin ya kasance da wuri kuma mai tsanani. Sai dai musulmin Bosniya
An nemi gawarwakin, ba wadanda musulmin Bosnia ko Croatia suka kashe ba, ko da yake
akwai kwararan shaidun kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sabiyawa a Bosnia a cikin
shekaru 1992-1995. A cikin 1994 da 1995, kwamandan musulmi a Srebrenica, Naser Oric.
cikin alfahari ya nuna wa ‘yan jarida faifan bidiyo na “kofunan yaƙi,” gami da yanke
kawuna da tarin gawarwakin Sabiyawa, amma waɗannan ba gawarwakin ba ne
yana nema.
A littafinsa
Mayanka, David Rieff ya ce akwai 'yan kasar Bosniya sama da 250,000
kashe-kuma Rieff yayi amfani da kalmar Bosniyawa yana nufin musulmin Bosniya kawai-amma shi
bai bayar da wata madogara ba, kuma a fili yana sake gurgunta da'awar musulmin Bosniya
jami'ai, musamman ministan harkokin waje Haris Silajdzic. Masu yada farfaganda akan nasa
bangaren masu gaskiya ne. Don Rieff, Susan Sontag, Hitchens, et al., Wannan ya kasance
“Kisan kare dangi,” amma dubban Sabiyawan da Naser Oric da bin Laden suka kashe
'yan kadar ba su yi kisan kare dangi ba; haqiqa waxanda ake yankawa da kaburbura (akalla 53
da'awar da Bosnia Serbs) taba nunawa a kan allon na gama kai ko
isa ga jama'ar Amurka.
Bisa lafazin
George Kenney, wanda ya yi aiki a Yugoslavia a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a lokacin
Yaƙin Bosniya, Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya (ICRC) ta ƙiyasta
20-30,000 sun mutu a Bosnia, kuma al'ummar leken asirin Amurka sun kiyasta "gudu zuwa goma
dubbai.” Gawarwaki dubu kaɗan ne aka samu a Bosnia
zuwa yakin Bosnia-Herzegovina, kuma ICRC ta ce "fiye da 20,000"
wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda kuma, bai kai mu kusan 250,000 da “kisan kare dangi ba.” A ciki
Srebrenica, an gano gawarwakin mutane 473 ne kawai, kuma akwai kwata-kwata
Babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ta nuna cewa maza da yara maza 7,500 da ake zargin sun bace a cikin wannan
yankin a watan Yuli 1995 aka kashe. Rashin jikin, duk da tsananin
bincike da ƙarfafawa masu ƙarfi don samar da su, ba su tsoma baki tare da
an kashe 7,500 a can.
Daya da'awar
Hakika Sabiyawan sun cire gawarwakin. Wannan ba abin dogaro ba ne, kamar cirewa
dubban jikkuna ba kawai za su buƙaci gagarumin ɗan adam da jari kawai ba
albarkatun, ba zai yiwu ya zama babban fifiko a lokutan yaƙi mai tsanani ba, amma shi
Hakanan zai zama aikin da za'a iya gani cikin sauri a hotunan tauraron dan adam. tauraron dan adam na Amurka
lura da wannan yanki bai taba fito da wani hoto na kisa, tono, ko
cirewa. Ka'idar cirewa ta kasance sananne ga Kosovo, musamman bayan
Kotun ta samar da gawarwaki kasa da 4,000 (ta kowane bangare, gami da matattu
sojoji). Dadewa bayan yakin, amma lokaci yayi da kyau don samar da mahallin da ya dace
kawo Milosevic zuwa Hague, labari ya yadu game da Mercedes
Motar da aka sanyaya ta jefar a cikin Danube dauke da gawarwakin mutane, abin da ya ce
kasancewar watakila an jefar da irin wadannan manyan motoci da gawarwaki a cikin kogin.
Ba sai an ce babu irin wannan shaidar da ta zo ba.
Binciken
gawarwakin sun tsananta a lokacin yakin da aka kwashe kwanaki 78 ana kai hare-haren bam, sannan kuma a sakamakonsa, a cikin
Kosovo da NATO ta mamaye. An bukaci wannan cikin gaggawa daga masu yakin NATO, kamar yadda
haƙiƙa ƙaƙƙarfan tashin ƴan gudun hijira da ƙarar kisa ya biyo bayan harin bam na NATO;
Kafin wannan, yarjejeniyar Belgrade da NATO ta ga ja da baya na Serbian
sojojin, dawowar da yawa daga cikin 'yan gudun hijirar, shigar da babban jami'in OSCE
kasancewar, da rage kisa, duk da tsokanar KLA. Wani Bajamushe kafin ya kai harin
Kimanta ma'aikatar harkokin waje har ma ta musanta cewa an wanke kabilanci a Kosovo, yana mai bayyanawa
Ayyukan sojojin Serbia a can kamar yadda aka yi niyya ga dakarun KLA da tungarsu.
Bugu da ƙari, daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin jama'a da Amurka ke da shi
a zahiri ya taimaka wa KLA kafin tashin bom, ta yadda KLA ta tayar da hankali
wajen jawo ramuwar gayya ta Serbia don taimakawa NATO cikin yaki ana iya cewa ita ce
Amurka ta dauki nauyin. Don haka fushin da aka yi wa ramuwar gayya na Serbia ya kasance abin kunya kuma
munafunci.
NATO
na'urar farfaganda da ake buƙatar yin watsi da wannan tarihin, da kuma sojoji
hadin gwiwar NATO da KLA a lokacin yakin, da kuma zargi rikicin 'yan gudun hijira
da kashe-kashen gaba daya akan Sabiyawan. An taimaka wannan ta hanyar da'awar "Aiki
Horseshoe" shirin korar Albaniyawan Kosovo koda ba tare da yakin NATO ba. The
kafa haɗin gwiwar gama gari a cikin wannan aiki abin koyi ne, gami da
danne har zuwa yau na shaidar da ake zargin Operation Horseshoe
Ƙirƙirar farfaganda ce (wanda aka fallasa a cikin littafin Brigadier na Jamus mai ritaya
Janar Heinz Loquai, Rikicin Kosovo: Yaƙin da Za a Iya Kaucewa).
Matsala ta ƙarshe
shi ne rashin isassun gawawwaki a Kosovo bayan 10 ga Yuni, 1999 NATO
sana'a don gamsar da ɗimbin farfagandar da'awar kisan kare dangi. A lokacin
Yaƙin, masu yada farfagandar NATO sun yi iƙirarin daji na 100,000 har ma da 500,000.
kashe-kashe da kalmar "kisan kare dangi" an yi amfani da ita kyauta don kwatanta ayyukan Sabiyawa. Bayan
yakin, NATO da jami'anta sun shirya abin da dole ne ya kasance mafi girman bincike
bincike a cikin tarihi, kuma kafofin watsa labaru sun gangara a lardin da aka ci kamar wata
mamayewar fara, yin hira da 'yan gudun hijira, neman da duba kabari
shafuka, marasa gamsuwa ga labarun cin zarafi da jiki. Sun samu labarai masu raɗaɗi daga gare su
'yan gudun hijirar, da yawa ba shakka gaskiya ne, amma akwai rashin jin daɗi da yawa cewa
Alal misali, ma'adanin Trepca, wanda masu ba da labari na Albaniya na Kosovo suka yi iƙirarin zama
wurin da aka kona jama’a, bai nuna alamun kona gawarwakin mutane ba
a can, kuma kididdigar Kotun ta yi kasa da 4,000 da suka mutu—daga dalilan da ba a san su ba
kuma ta kowane bangare. A cewar ICRC, akwai wasu mazauna Kosovo 3,500
har yanzu ba a rasa a watan Mayu 2001, adadi da ya haɗa da Sabiyawa 900, Roma, da
sauran wadanda ba Albaniyanci ba. Ko waɗannan duka sun ɓace ko sun mutu
m.
Tare da jiki
ƙidaya lambobi a fili bai isa ba, maimakon nuna cewa jami'an NATO
sun yi karya kuma sun yarda cewa an gulled su, kafofin watsa labarai da sauran membobin
kungiyar farfaganda sun watsar da batun. Bayan amfani da inflated
da'awar da matsi duk abin da za su iya daga shaidar 'yan gudun hijira, kuma sun kasa
don ambaton cewa an karyata ikirarin Operation Horseshoe, da
watsi da taron gama gari na nufin sun bar tsarin
dace karya m. Wannan zai ba su damar tallafawa Kotun a ciki
duk abin da ta yi, kamar yadda Kotun ta yi aiki tare da tsarin da ke da alaƙa
siyasa da son zuciya "bayanai."
sabuwar
'yan agaji na gama kai, wadanda suka hadiye tare da yada
lambobi masu kumbura, kuma ba a taɓa yin la'akari da ainihin adadin jiki ba. Babu ko ɗaya
sun taba ambaton shaidar da Amurka ta taimaka a asirce
KLA kafin yakin bam kuma yana cikin hulɗa tare da su a lokacin
yaki. Babu wanda ya yarda cewa "Operation Horseshoe" an nuna shi azaman a
farfaganda concoction; Christopher Hitchens ya maimaita cewa “tsarin taro
korar… yana cikin jirgin kasa," kuma Michael Ignatieff ya ce "Milosevic ya yanke shawarar
magance 'matsalar cikin gida' ta hanyar fitar da al'umma gaba daya zuwa ga talakawansa
makwabta.”
Don Ian Williams
da Ignatieff, waɗanda ke nuna rashin jikin da ke daidai da
da'awar farfagandar NATO "masu bita ne." Dukansu sun ba da labarin Kotun
kiyasin a matsayin kalma ta ƙarshe—Williams ya ce kiyasin Carla del Ponte na 11,334
matattu bisa “shaidun gani da ido” “ya kamata su yi tambayoyi game da mutuwar
adadin da za a huta,” amma a’a—“ sake fasalin adadin mutanen da aka kashe a Kosovo
yana tabbatar da gaye-ko da a cikin New York Times,” wanda za
Haushin Williams ya fitar da wani kanun labarai "Farkon ƙidayar Alkawari a Ƙarshen Mutuwar Kosovo."
Ainihin adadin jikin ya kasance ƙasa da 4,000, amma ga Williams, kiyasin del Ponte na
nawa take tsammanin za a same ta ita ce lambar da ta dace, idan aka ba da
Sanin haƙiƙanin kotu. (A cikin watsi da buƙatar binciken NATO
laifuffukan yaki a harin bam a Serbia, del Ponte ya amince da daukar sanarwar manema labarai na NATO
a matsayin tushen bayanai mai iko, amma Williams mai yiwuwa ba zai samu ba
wannan matsala ko dai.)
Williams ya yi
New York Times wani zalunci. Baya ga taɓa samun US-KLA
dangane da sha'awar labarai ko rugujewar da'awar Operation Horseshoe
ko kuma shaidun da ke gaba da juna game da kisan kiyashin na Racak, jaridar ta yi kira
Michael Ignatieff don ba da kalma mai ƙarfi kan "Kirga Jiki a Kosovo"
(Nuwamba 21, 1999). Kamar Williams, Ignatieff yana da "masu bita… samun
gaskiyarsu ba daidai ba ne." Shugabannin NATO ba su yi karin gishiri game da kashe-kashen ba. Yayin da Amurka
Sakataren tsaro William Cohen ya yi ikirarin cewa maza 100,000 'yan Kosovo Albaniya ne
"Bace," ya kuma bayyana a fili cewa rahotanninsa sun nuna cewa 4,600 Kosovars
an kashe shi, da'awar da aka tabbatar ta hanyar bin diddigin
shaidun da masu binciken laifukan yaki suka gano tun watan Yuni." Amma Ignatieff
Daga karshe ta yarda cewa Kotun ta samu gawarwaki 2,108 kacal, don haka
cewa "shaidar bincike" bisa gawar da aka gano ba za ta iya ba
ya nuna cewa an kashe mutane 4,600. Tabbas, Ignatieff yayi magana
game da "hanyar shaida," amma wannan dabarar ba za ta iya rufewa ba
kasancewar yana cikin yaudara da gangan. Shima baya magana
Amfani da Cohen na “bace,” a tsakiyar yaƙi lokacin da adadin ya kasance a
dabarar farfaganda mara ma'ana, da aka yi amfani da ita don nuna yiwuwar 100,000
an riga an kashe shi.
Kotun Koli
An kiyasta cewa za a gano gawarwakin mutane 11,334, don haka Ignatieff ya ce ko za su samu
a same shi "ya danganta da ko sojojin Serbia da 'yan sanda sun cire su."
Cewa ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar ) za ta iya zama ƙima don dalilai na siyasa ko kasancewa
Kuskure kawai ana kawar da shi ta hanyar akida. Kotun ba ta samu ba
fiye da gawarwaki 4,000, amma ba Ignatieff ko kuma Times ya lura.
Afganistan: Wane Jiki?
Bambanci tsakanin
kafofin watsa labarai da na gamayya na kula da fararen hula da aka kashe da kuma kirga gawarwaki a ciki
Yugoslavia da Afghanistan bayan 11 ga Satumba ba za su iya zama mafi ban mamaki ba. The
Rashin sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai game da yiwa 'yan gudun hijirar Afganistan tambayoyi abin lura ne musamman kamar
akwai adadi mai yawa da tashin bam din ya tashi, da wannan sabon nauyi
An sanya yaki a kan al'ummar da ke cikin matsalar yunwa. Elementary
bil'adama zai sanya yanayin su da yanayin sha'awa. Amma, a daya
hannun, nasarar manufofin Amurka ya dogara ne akan rage tasirin yakin bam
akan farar hula. Kyakkyawan tsarin farfaganda don haka zai sa Afghanistan ta zama farar hula
wadanda abin ya shafa “ba su cancanta ba,” kuma za a yi watsi da halin da suke ciki. Kafofin yada labaran Amurka da
gamayya sun amsa aƙalla kamar yadda Pravda ko Izvestia suka amsa
Bukatun kasar Soviet lokacin da take lalata fararen hular Afghanistan.
Don Amurka
kafofin watsa labarai, ya kasance "Ƙalubalantar Ƙasa" da "Yaƙin Ta'addanci." An mayar da hankali kan
Shirye-shiryen yakin Amurka, ayyukan yaki, nasarorin kai hari ga abokan gaba, kawance
tsari, da kuma martani a gaban gida. An kula sosai
an biya wa fararen hula da suka jikkata da radadin mutuwa, amma sai dai dangane da
wadanda aka kashe 9/11; a gaskiya, da New York Times an bayar
lissafin bil'adama, kowace rana, na kowane wanda aka azabtar da Kasuwancin Duniya
Bama-bamai na tsakiya. Amma dole ne ku duba sosai a cikin babban ɗaukar hoto na
yaki don gano rahotannin kafafen yada labaran Amurka wadanda har sun tabo fararen hula da suka mutu daga harin
kai hare-haren bama-bamai masu tsanani da Amurka ke kaiwa Afganistan ko kuma illar yakin ga 'yan gudun hijira
tsara da yunwa. A cikin bambanci mai haske, yayin da Guardian
(London) ya ruwaito “Yan gudun hijira sun bar cikin sanyi a sansanin ‘yanyanka: 100
'Yan Afganistan suna halaka kowace rana yayin da wata matsala ta rugujewar hanyar sadarwa a karkashin ambaliyar sabbin masu shigowa"
(Janairu 3, 2002), da Washington Post fasali nasara a
kawar da yunwa da kuma kawar da idanunsa daga Afganistan da ke cikin wahala ("Massive Food
Bayarwa Yana Kawar da Yunwar Afghanistan,” Disamba 31, 2001).
Ko da lokacin da US
Bama-bamai sun sha kai hare-hare kan cibiyoyin Red Cross da ke Kabul, da jami'an Amurka
sun yarda cewa an yi niyya ne, kafofin yada labaran Amurka sun ruwaito wannan a takaice kuma
ba k'aramar bacin rai ba, kuma hakan bai sa su kalli Amurka ba
dabarun jefa bama-bamai sosai. Ko da shigar da niyyar cutarwa
farar hula, kamar yadda a cikin sanarwar Admiral Sir Michael Boyce na Burtaniya, “Matsi
za su ci gaba har sai mutanen kasar da kansu sun gane hakan ne
za su ci gaba har sai sun sami canjin shugabanci” (NYT, Oktoba 28),
ba ya motsa kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka. Ƙaunar bincike akan wannan batu shine
babu shi. Lokacin da masanin kimiyya Mark Herold ya tafi matsala a hankali
nazarin rahotannin labarai a gida da waje, kuma ya fito da adadin sama da 3,700
farar hula da bama-bamai na Amurka suka kashe daga 7 ga Oktoba zuwa 7 ga Disamba (“A Dossier on
Fararen hula da harin bam na Amurka ya rutsa da su a Afganistan”), ba babban Amurka ba
Cibiyar labarai ta damu da bayar da rahoton wannan binciken.
Daidai
Abin sha'awa shi ne shiru da/ko ba da uzuri kan farar hula da aka kashe
Bangaren sabbin masu aikin jin kai da suka damu sosai da
a hukumance an amince da wadanda abin ya shafa a yankin Balkan. Rubuce-rubuce da bayar da rahoto kan Afganistan
yaki, Timothy Garton Ash, David Rieff, Michael Ignatieff, da kuma Bernard Kouchner
ba su bayyana komi na damuwa ba dangane da harin bam da fararen hula suka hallaka, ko
da ingantacciyar barazanar yunwa da ake samu daga yaƙin, ko kuma yiwuwar “laifuwan yaƙi.”
Chistopher Hitchens ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar yakin, kuma ya sani
fahimta da bangaskiya ga shugabanninsa cewa ba a yi “muguwar hasarar ɗan adam ba
rayuwa" daga harin bam da kuma cewa gwamnatin Bush ta bi "kusan
manufofin ladabtarwa na guje wa 'lalata'' (Nation, Disamba 17,
2001).
Hitchens ta
Nation Abokin aikinsa, Marc Cooper, ya fusata a wata magana da aka yi wa Mark Herold's
binciken da aka yi na farar hula, yana iƙirarin cewa adadin jikin Herold “gaba ɗaya ne
wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba kuma ba na kimiyya ba." Cooper, wanda bai taba yin fushi ba a kan mafi ƙarancin
Da'awar kimiyya na mutuwar Albaniya Kosovo ta William Cohen da sauran NATO
masu magana da yawun, ba shakka suna jiran gwamnatin Bush ta "tabbatar" da
Herold jiki ƙidaya. Abin lura ne cewa Cooper bai bayyana fushin hakan ba
Da alama gwamnati ko kafafen yada labarai ba su yi kokarin nazarin farar hula ba
wadanda aka kashe kamar yadda Herold ya yi, gazawar da ke sauƙaƙa kashewa a fili
farar hula-amma ana iya fahimtar hujjar sa idan aka yi la’akari da yakin
ya same shi a matsayin "dalili na gaskiya," wanda ya sa farar hula na Afghanistan daidai
rashin cancanta. Nasa, Hitchens, da sabon matsayin 'yan agaji game da waɗannan
kashe-kashen fararen hula ya sa su zama masu gudanar da laifukan yaki.
Gabas
Timor, Turkiyya, da Isra'ila
Yana tafiya kusan ba tare da
yana mai cewa manyan kafafen yada labaran Amurka ba su nemi ‘yan gudun hijira ba kuma sun bi su
kirga gawawwakin mutanen Gabashin Timore da suka kashe Indonesia, Kurdawa wadanda Turkiyya ta kashe, ko
Falasdinawa da Isra'ila ke fama da su. Babu yadda jama'ar Amurka za su iya sanin hakan
Turkiyya ta kasance tana kashe Kurdawa tare da samar da 'yan gudun hijira a cikin shekarun 1990 a ma'auni
wanda ya zarce ayyukan Sabiya a Kosovo da wani babban abu. Hakazalika, dangane da haka
Isra'ila da Falasdinawa, kafofin watsa labaru sun ci gaba da al'adar su
mai da Isra’ilawa ‘yan ta’adda, Falasdinawa azzalumai da ‘yan ta’adda.
Jikin lambobi yana ƙididdige ƙasa sabanin ra'ayin jiki
ƙidaya isarwa a kafofin watsa labarai (duba Herman, “Isra’ila ta Amince da Kabilanci,
Sashe na 3, Yadda Kafofin Yada Labarai na Amurka Ke Kare Shi,” Z magazine, Yuni 2001).
Magana ce
Kamar yadda kashe kashen Indonesiya a Gabashin Timor ya kai kololuwa a 1977 da 1978,
New York Times ɗaukar hoto na wannan yanki ya faɗi zuwa sifili. Wataƙila wannan shi ne
abu mafi kusa da kisan kiyashi da muka gani tun yakin duniya na biyu, amma kalmar ba haka bane
amfani da wannan harka (da bambanci da lavish amfani ga Kosovo), da kuma tsohon soja
New York Times wakilin Henry Kamm ma ya musanta hakan
dacewa zuwa Gabashin Timor (15 ga Fabrairu, 1981). Abin da ya kasance Times
'yan jarida suna kiran shari'ar "rikitarwa", a matsayin mai kyau kisan kare dangi (Suharto), dadewa da goyan baya
ta Amurka, wanda ya kawo "kwanciyar hankali" a yankin, ya jagoranci.
A 1998 da 1999,
lokacin da Indonesiya ta yi yunƙurin hanawa da kuma murƙushe ƴancin kai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauki nauyi
kuri'ar raba gardama a gabashin Timor, an kashe sojojin Indonesia da dakarun sa-kai
sama da fararen hula 5,000 da ba su karewa tun kafin zaben 30 ga Agusta, 1999, a cewar
zuwa kiyasin Ikilisiya (John Taylor, Gabas Timor: Farashin 'Yanci). Wannan
ya fi wanda ya mutu a Kosovo a shekarar da ta gabata kafin yakin bam, kamar yadda aka kiyasta
Mai bada rahoton kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Jiri Dienstbier ya kai kimanin 1,800, kuma fiye da
adadin gawarwakin da aka gano a Kosovo ko da bayan yakin. Amma rashin sha'awar
Kafofin watsa labaru na yau da kullun na Amurka a cikin 'yan gudun hijira ko ƙididdigar jiki sun kusa kammalawa, da yaushe
a lokuta da ba kasafai aka bayar da adadin da aka kashe, ba su da yawa. Seth Mydans
ya ba da shawarar cewa "mutane kusan 1,000" sun mutu a gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai, tare da
babu ambato ga tushe, kiyasin da ya dace da doguwar murfin takarda na
Cin zarafin Indonesiya na waɗannan marasa cancanta ("Kasusuwa suna ba da Shaidar Kisa
A Gabashin Timor,” Satumba 30, 2001).
sabuwar
masu aikin jin kai sun bi irin wannan tsari, suna halarta cikin fushi
ga "kisan kare dangi" a Bosnia da Kosovo, kuma ko ta yaya ba za a iya zuwa ba
akai-akai da yawa da yawa marasa cancanta waɗanda jihar su da ta ke fama da su
abokan ciniki. A cikin binciken kwanan nan wanda ni da David Peterson muka yi akan “Sabon
'Yan Salibiyya' 'Yan Salibiyya' don littafi mai zuwa akan Hakkokin Dan Adam: Kalubale
Sabon Ijma'i (edited by David Chandler), mun gano cewa a cikin wani samfurin na
Manyan labarai guda 101 na baya-bayan nan kan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda manyan mutane goma sha biyu suka rubuta
sabbin masu ba da agaji (Rieff, Sontag, Kouchner, Havel, Hitchens, Ignatieff, Ash,
Kaldor, Aryeh Neier, Geoffrey Robertson, Tim Juda da Kenneth Roth), da
An tattauna rikice-rikicen Yugoslavia dalla-dalla a cikin kowane labarin, amma haƙƙin ɗan adam
Batutuwa a Gabashin Timor, Turkiyya, da Isra'ila an ambaci su a takaice a cikin uku kawai.
sabuwar
rashin sha'awa ko damuwa na masu aikin jin kai ga wadanda abin ya shafa da aka ga ba su cancanci su ba
Jiyar Christopher Hitchens ta kama jihar ta Gabas Timor, inda
Ya yaba da sabon shiga tsakani da aka yi a Kosovo saboda taimaka wa Gabas
Harshen Timore. Kodayake an jinkirta shiga tsakani, a ƙarshe “Indonesiya
'yan mamaya sun yi tafiyarsu" ("Kisan kare dangi da 'yan jakunkuna," Nation, Nuwamba
29, 1999). Ya bar ambatar cewa Amurka da kawayenta sun sani, kuma
kallo ba tare da yin komai akai ba, yayin da aka kashe wasu da dama da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba
fiye da wanda ya mutu a Kosovo kafin yakin bam; cewa ban da babba
alkaluman da aka kashe, barnar ta yi yawa kuma kashi 85 cikin XNUMX na jama'ar sun kasance
sanya 'yan gudun hijira; cewa ba a aiwatar da raguwar abinci a madadin 'yan gudun hijirar;
cewa babu wani abu da aka yi don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira sama da 100,000 a karkashin Indonesiya
sarrafawa a West Timor; cewa ba a garzaya da wasu kungiyoyin bincike don duba yaki ba
laifuffuka kuma babu shari'ar laifukan yaki da kasashen Yamma ke matsawa.
Wannan shi ne
Kalma ta ƙarshe ta Hitchens akan wannan batu, yayin da yake tafiya a jirgin ruwa don mai da hankali kan mugu
a Kosovo, sai kuma yakin adalci da farkisanci a Afghanistan.
jiki
Ƙidaya a Sabis na Imperial
Kyakkyawan wannan tsarin
shi ne cewa yana aiki ba tare da tilastawa ba-kafofin watsa labaru da sababbin masu aikin jin kai suna nunawa sosai
kuzari wajen bin zaluncin mutanen da suka cancanta na Pol Pot, Saddam
Hussein, ko Milosevic, kuma fushinsu ya zama kamar na kwatsam; kuma
rashin sha'awarsu da rashin jin haushin cin zarafin wanda bai cancanta ba
wadanda harin Suharto, Janar-Janar na Turkiyya, Ariel Sharon, ko harin bam na Amurka ya rutsa da su
Serbia, Sudan, da Afghanistan suna kama da na halitta. Duk alherin su
kuma rashin kulawa an tsara shi daidai don biyan bukatun daular
bayyana yayin da suke hanzarta shigar da manufofin kishin kasa. Ta haka za su iya biya kadan
ko kuma ba a kula da wadanda aka kashe Saddam Hussein ba yayin da yake aikin daular
(kafin 2 ga Agusta, 1990), amma da sauri fara binciken gawarwaki
bayan ya zama wani Hitler (daga Agusta 2). Wannan ita ce hanyar samfurin
ya kamata tsarin farfaganda yayi aiki. Z
Edward Herman ne
masanin tattalin arziki kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin yada labarai. Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka haɗa tare da Philip
Hammond, da Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa: Kafofin watsa labaru da Rikicin Kosovo (Pluto,
2000).