Fim ɗin Hollywood Diamond Diamond ya nuna mummunar zubar da jini a yammacin Afirka
sha'awar lu'u-lu'u ta haifa. Fim ɗin yana buɗewa tare da rashin fahimta
cewa "dubbai sun mutu kuma miliyoyin sun zama 'yan gudun hijira." Amma ƙari
sama da mutane 70,000 ne suka mutu a yakin Saliyo kadai. Fim din nan da nan
Ya isa wani ɗakin kwana a Antwerp, Belgium, zuwa taron G-8
akan lu'u-lu'u. Manyan shugabannin farar fata suna da damuwa, suna riƙewa
Tattaunawar damuwa game da… makomar mutane? Mutanen Afirka?
"A cewar wani rahoto mai ban tsoro na Global Witness," in ji ɗaya daga cikin
G-8 execs, “ana amfani da waɗannan duwatsun [rikici] don siyan makamai da
kudin yakin basasa." Maganar ita ce shugabannin duniya sun yi mamaki
ta hanyar wahayi na Global Witness—ƙungiyar sa ido da ke Landan
cewa fim din ya tallata karara don fallasa munanan ayyukan kamfanoni. “Mu
dole ne a tuna cewa waɗannan duwatsun sun ƙunshi kaɗan kaɗan daga cikin
halattaccen masana'antar lu'u-lu'u," in ji wani jami'in G-8, "wanda kasuwancinsa ke da mahimmanci
ga tattalin arzikin kasashe masu tasowa da yawa." Gafara min? Lu'u-lu'u na halal
masana'antu? Kasashe masu tasowa?
'Yan Afirka a cikin fim din sun yi ado da kyau kuma suna da kyau kuma na Afirka
al'amuran suna da ban sha'awa na rana da tsabta: sakamakon talauci da yunwa
an sanya su ganuwa. Lallai, fim ɗin yana wasa kuma yana sake sake yin wasu abubuwan rashin yarda
stereotypes da rashin daidaito-amma wannan shine Hollywood, bayan duk, wani ɓangare na
Kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka, inda akai-akai ana yin tallar jigogin kabilanci.
A karshen fim din wani disclaimer ya gaya mana cewa a cikin 2003 na kasa da kasa
al'umma - waɗancan shugabannin G-8 da ke haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'antar lu'u-lu'u - an kafa su
hanyoyi na yau da kullun don sarrafa kwararar lu'ulu'u masu rikici. Fim din
disclaimer parrots line na World Diamond Council, na duniya
kungiyar da masana'antar lu'u-lu'u ta kirkira. Dukansu suna tabbatar wa masu amfani da hakan
fiye da kashi 99 cikin XNUMX na duwatsu masu tsauri a yau sun fito ne daga tushe marasa rikici,
godiya ga Tsarin Kimberley da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarni — tsarin kai na son rai
makirci inda masana'antu ke kera takardun "fasfo" masu tabbatar da duk duwatsu
kamar yadda babu rikici. A cewar mutanen da suke samun riba daga lu'u-lu'u, da
matsalar lu'u-lu'u na jini ya wuce.
"Fiye da kashi 99 na lu'u-lu'u ba su da rikici," mawakan masana'antar
ya gaya mana. "Don haka duk lu'u-lu'u ba su da rikici." Kamar yadda Diamond Diamond
disclaimer, Majalisar Diamond ta Duniya (WDC) tana share lu'ulu'u masu rikici a ciki
ma'adanai na tarihi. Dokar "Clean Diamond Act" - Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta zartar
a 2003 - ya aikata haka. Komai lafiya, in ji su, a Diamondville.
Don tabbatar da mun fahimta, WDC a cikin 2006 ta ƙaddamar da tallan blitzkreig
kamfen-cikakken tallace-tallace a cikin New York Times, USA Today, Los Angeles Times,
da Jaridar International Herald Tribune-touting da kai 'yan sanda nasarori
Tsarin Kimberley. Ana kyautata zaton an daidaita yakin don fuskantar
da ake zaton "mara kyau jama'a" na Diamond Diamond fim.
Don haɓaka zukatan masoya a cikin rugugin lu'u-lu'u kafin Kirsimeti 2006,
New York Times ya yi daidai da bayanin WDC, yana mai kara da cewa kudaden shigar lu'u-lu'u
a yau kawo kiwon lafiya, ilimi da kuma ci gaba ga kasashen Afirka-waɗanda
kasashe masu tasowa. "Wannan [lu'u-lu'u] yakamata ya zama alamar kowane abu
da kyau, "tafad'a a ciki NYT labarin yana karanta-kusa da samfurin lalata tare da
murmushi mai kyalli da riga mai kyalli. Labarin yana nuna masu siye zuwa lu'u-lu'u
daga Kanada: babu jini da aka zubar a Kanada, daidai? A cikin takarda guda, akan
A wannan rana, wani cikakken tallan Tiffany mai cikakken shafi yana nuna launin ruwan aquamarine
kashe walƙiya na lu'u-lu'u da sha'awar rubutun: “Gaskiya na
Soyayya Ta Ba Ni.”
Shin lu'ulu'u na jini kawai ana goge su ta hanyar hulɗar jama'a? Tsarin Kimberly
an ƙaddamar da shi a ƙarƙashin kunkuntar ma'anar cewa "lu'u-lu'u masu rikici" kawai
ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikice tsakanin "'yan tawaye" da " gwamnatoci." Yana nufin
zuwa yin fasa-kwauri ta ƴan sa-kai masu adawa da gwamnatocin membobin “halaltattun”.
Sai dai misalan Angola da Zimbabwe sun nuna yadda sabbin dokokin suke
da ake amfani da shi a kan baƙi, 'yan gudun hijira, da matalauta masu hakar ma'adinai na jama'a. Wannan shine
ainihin tunanin lu'u-lu'u: gaskiya da karya ba su rabuwa, tare da sakamako mai kisa.
Soyayya Ta Gaskiya Ta Dauke Ka
A Angola ana kiran su artisanos ko garimpeiros, kuma su ne a zahiri
hakar ma'adinai don rayuwarsu. Yayin da noma da kasuwanci a yankin ke bukata
iznin kai tsaye na gwamnan lardin, ba wani artisano da ke da shi
an ba da lasisi don binciken lu'u-lu'u ko aikin noma.
Gwamnatin Angola ta "halaltacciyar" ta sojojin Angola sun fidda ran mutane su yi amfani da su
zuwa ayyukan "ba bisa doka ba" don tsira.
Garimpeiros a Angola ana tilastawa yin hakar ma'adinai "ba bisa ka'ida ba" saboda Angola
Kamfanonin tsaro da ke hakar ma'adinai suna korar mutane daga kasarsu. Uku masu zaman kansu
Kamfanonin soji (PMCs) sun yi ta kai hari ga garipeiros a Angola. The
Kamfanonin haya na Alfa-5, Teleservices, da K&P Mineira sun kare babban birnin Angola.
Sunan kamfanonin lu'u-lu'u kamar Sociedade de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (Sodiam),
Sociedade Mineira de Cuango, da Sociedade Mineira Luminas. Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Mai bincike Rafael Marques ya rubuta shari'ar bayan da aka kama PMCs,
duka, da azabtar da garimpeiros. Suna hana garimpeiros daga kamun kifi
a cikin kogunansu, suna noman abincinsu, da zaman al’ada. The
PMCs suna aiki a bayan kamfanin lu'u-lu'u na jama'a na Angola, Endiama, kuma suna da
keɓance haƙƙin lu'u-lu'u na Angola. Endiama ya mallaki kashi 99 na hannun jari
a Sodiam, wanda ke da haɗin gwiwa tare da Lazare Kaplan International (LKI)
na dangin Maurice Tempelsman Ba-Amurke ɗan Isra'ila.
Sodiam kuma yana aiki tare da Russo-Israeli Lev Leviev Group. Endiama ya mallaki
wani ɓangare na Alfa-5, PMC da ke cin zarafi da azabtar da garimpeiros. Alfa-5
da K&P Mineira suna ba da tsaro ga ASCORP-Kamfanin Selling na Angola-wani
mulkin mallaka na Angola. Ɗaya daga cikin masu saka hannun jari na ASCORP, Lev Leviev, yana gudana
daular kasuwanci ta duniya wacce ta hada da: Rukunin Kamfanoni na Leviev; Lev
Leviev Diamonds; Afirka-Isra'ila (kasuwanci na kasuwanci a Prague da London);
Gottex (kayan iyo); tare da gidajen mai 1,700 Fina a kudu maso yammacin Amurka;
173, 7-Elevens a New Mexico da Texas; da kuma kashi 33 na hannun jarin Cross
Titin Isra'ila (Hanyar haraji ta farko ta Isra'ila); da sauransu. Leviev abokin tarayya Arcady
Gay damak, dillalin makamai, kuma an ruwaito yana aiki tare da Danny Yatom, tsohon
Babban jami'in Mossad (Ma'aikatar sirri ta Isra'ila) kuma mai ba da shawara kan tsaro ga tsohon Isra'ila
Firayim Minista Ehud Barak. Leviev yana da alaƙa da shugaban Rasha Vladimir
Putin, da kuma Sandline International, kamfanin haya na Birtaniya/Afirka ta Kudu.
Angola ta kasance kasa mai fama da yaki. The União Nacional para a Indepen-dência
Total de Angola (UNITA) 'yan tawayen-wanda CIA ke goyon bayan yakin cacar baka, sannan
gwamnatin Clinton ta yi niyya, sannan ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da "'yan tawaye"
a yakin Kongo - an san cewa ana sayar da lu'u-lu'u na dala miliyan 100 a kowace shekara.
Yayin da mahalarta taron Kimberley ke korafin laifin UNI-TA,
sun bai wa gwamnatin Dos Santos "halaltacciyar doka" dokar lafiya.
Masu sarrafa lu'u-lu'u ('yan kasuwa) a Kisangani, DRC, suna sarrafa cinikin
don manyan katunan lu'u-lu'u-hotuna ta keith harmon dusar ƙanƙara
Misalin Angola ya nuna yadda "baƙar fata" ke ƙirƙirar "fararen fata"
tattalin arziki, wanda ke ci gaba da wahala da fatara. Kamfanonin Diamond
kar a “yi watsi da zalunci” kamar yadda New York Times sun rubuta a watan Disamba
farar fata, suna ƙirƙira su dawwama.
Cin Amana Har Abada
Zimbabwe ita ce ma'anar tunanin lu'u-lu'u. Daga Disamba 2006 zuwa Janairu
2007, 'yan sandan Zimbabwe sun kashe Operation Chikorokoza - kawo karshen aikin hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba -
ma'adinan zinare ba bisa ka'ida ba da masu hakar lu'u-lu'u a fadin kasar. 'Yan sanda sun kafa shingaye
da matafiya da aka zalunta. Sun kama tare da tsoratar da akalla 24,000
mutane tare da kona gidajen masu aikin hakar ma'adinai da sauran wadanda suka rigaya
tabarbarewar kasa da kasa ta Zimbabwe ta raba da muhallansu. 'Yan sanda sun kwace
wasu kilogiram 3.5 na zinari da darajarsu ta kai dala miliyan 57.3; kilogiram 552,227
na zinariya tama; 92 Emeralds; da lu'u-lu'u 7,868. A halin yanzu, shugaban kasar Zimbabwe,
Robert Mugabe, da mukarrabansa da masu taimakonsu na duniya suna da
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) ta rasa zaman lafiya da raguwar yawan jama'a
shekaru da yawa - satar jan ƙarfe, cobalt, katako, uranium, da lu'u-lu'u.
Jam'iyyar Zanu-PF ta Mugabe a shekarun baya-bayan nan ta ruguza kafafen yada labaran duniya
wurin korar fararen fata manoma a karkashin "gyaran kasa," amma ba a taba
manyan masu mallakar filaye—watau kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa. An kama Mugabe
mulki a 1981 a kan komai alkawarin sake fasalin kasa. A shekarun 1980 Mugabe
da sojojinsa na “yanto” sun firgita mutanen Ndebele a ƙarƙashin Gukurahundi—a
gaskiya kisan kiyashi. Bayan ba da makamai ga gungun Mugabe, "al'ummar" kasa da kasa
rufe idonta akan yanka. Yunkurin karya labarin ya ruguje
a Biritaniya da Amurka Haka kuma ba a ganuwa dangantakar Mugabe da kasashen duniya
dillalin makamai John Bredenkamp, daya daga cikin 50 mafi arziki a Biritaniya, BAE Systems
(Birtaniya Aerospace); Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka; da Billy Rautenbach, wani
Shugaban kungiyar ma'adinai na yammacin Turai kuma farar fata ma'aikacin Mugabe.
Majalisar dinkin duniya ta bayyana damuwarta game da hada-hadar Zimbabwe
a cikin satar lu'u-lu'u da safarar lu'u-lu'u daga DRC zuwa makwabta
Afirka ta Kudu na siyarwa a kasuwannin duniya ta hanyar amfani da takaddun shaida na yaudara
na asali. Sai dai barazanar takunkumin da ake yi wa Zimbabwe bai shafi lu'u-lu'u ba.
Yayin da babban birnin kasa da kasa ke ware tare da hukunta Robert Mugabe, da sauransu
masu aikata laifukan lu'u-lu'u cibiyoyin sadarwa da racketeering na daidai sikelin da yanayi ne
jurewa.
Angola da Zimbabwe suna misalta tsarin da ke ba da takaddun shaida na duniya
makirci, wanda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta tilasta shi, kwalayen tambarin roba na duwatsu masu tauri
bisa ga kasarsu. An buga Angola ko Zimbabwe, jama'a
an tabbatar da cewa waɗannan lu'u-lu'u a yanzu sun kasance "marasa rikici" saboda waɗannan al'ummomi
Membobi ne na takaddun shaida na Kimberley. Ya fito daga gwamnatoci-da
ba 'yan tawaye ko 'yan bindiga ba - masu cin kasuwa za su iya zama cikin kwanciyar hankali yayin da suke zamewa
lu'u-lu'u a yatsansu.
Botswana misali ne na al'ada na "ƙasa mai zaman lafiya" da ke tsunduma cikin lu'u-lu'u
bincike. Idan wani lu'u-lu'u a Afirka ba shi da rikici, mutum zai yi tunani
Botswana ita ce wurin da za a same ta. Amma gwamnatin Botswana tana da
dogon tarihin zalunci akan al'ummar San-Bushmen na Kalahari-da
yana ci gaba da tilasta musu barin ƙasashen kakanni don ba da hanya ga duniya
Firimiya Diamond Cartel, De Beers/Anglo-American Corp.
Tunanin Diamond na De Beers bai san iyaka ba - har ma sun yi iƙirarin hakan
kare yankunan kabilanci yana haifar da wariyar launin fata. Diamond yana samuwa a cikin Bushmen's
Ƙasar kakanni ne suka sa gwamnati ta kori. "Kudi daga lu'u-lu'u
babu shakka ya bayar da kuɗaɗen korar da ' sansanonin ƙaura' waɗanda
Bushmen suna kiran wuraren mutuwa,” in ji Survival International. "De Beers"
Manajan darakta a Botswana ya goyi bayan cirewar. De Beers yayi ikirarin karya
babu 'yan Bushmen asali a cikin rangwamensa. Ya kuma bayyana
cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da dokokin kare kabilanci a Afirka ba, kamar yadda
suna ‘ kai ga mulkin wariyar launin fata.’ ”
Botswana da Namibiya sun yi ta gwabzawa kan ruwa da kwararar 'yan gudun hijira
kuma 'yan adawa sun kawo Botswana cikin tsakar ma'aikatar Pentagon a ciki
karshen shekarun 1990. An sami haɓakar haɓakar sojojin Amurka - leken asirin lantarki
wuraren saurare, wani faffadan filin jirgin sama da aka gina a cikin hamadar Bushman, da
makamai da shirye-shiryen horo. Ginin ginin ya fara a 1994 kuma
Amurka “ta mayar da tushe zuwa wurin shiryawa don [ayyuka na musamman]
dakarun da ke da hannu wajen dakile yakin basasa da yunkurin ballewa a Afirka."
‘Yan adawar Botswana sun yi korafin: “Me ya sa za mu saka irin wannan nagartaccen tsari
da kayan aiki masu tsada lokacin da mutane ke fama da yunwa?” (Duba Kisan kare dangi da Boye
Ayyuka a Afirka, 1993-1999 na Wayne Madsen.)
Bayan jawabin shugaba Clinton a Botswana a 1998, Farfesa
Larry Swatuk na Jami’ar Botswana ya koka: “Mutanen San
na Tsakiyar Kalahari an ƙaura daga tsakiyar Kalahari
Wasan Reserve don samar da hanyar sabbin ayyukan yawon shakatawa da neman ma'adinai
ta kamfanoni da yawa, ciki har da De Beers. Kimanin 3,000 San sun kasance
An ƙaura zuwa wani ƙauye mara kyau da ake kira New Xade kimanin kilomita 45 fiye da wurin ajiyar
iyakar yamma…. Rashin aikin yi, bunkasar tattalin arziki, rashin aikin yi, yakin siyasa,
rikice-rikice kan albarkatun kasa a ciki da tsakanin jihohi, da karuwa
soja a yankin da ya saba da tsadar mutane da kayan aiki
na yaki: waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya kamata Bill Clinton ya gani. "
A shekara ta 2003 BHP-Billiton ta Australiya tana neman hayar fiye da 78,000
murabba'in kilomita na Botswana, gami da wasu murabba'in kilomita 27,000
in Kalahari Reserve. A cikin wata shari'ar kotu da aka yanke a watan Disamba
2006, San ya sami "haƙƙin" don sake shiga ƙasashen kakanninsu a cikin
Central Kalahari Game Reserve, amma gwamnati ta kayyade cewa
ba zai iya kafa tsarukan dindindin ba, farauta ko haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse, da tsammanin
babu ayyukan gwamnati. Labaran Rapaport wanda ake kira shari’ar kotun “mafi tsawo
kuma mafi tsada a tarihin Botswana." Lu'u-lu'u masana'antar dala biliyan biyu ce
a Botswana, kuma gwamnati tana da kashi 15 cikin dari a De Beers.
Bushmen sun ce: “Mu a matsayinmu na mutanen Kalahari na farko mun yarda da wannan rikici
lu'u-lu'u shine a duk lokacin da lu'u-lu'u ke haifar da ciwo da wahala. Shi ya sa mu
kira Botswana lu'u-lu'u lu'u-lu'u masu rikici."
A ina Diamonds suke fitowa?
Maurice Tempelsman, haifaffen Belgium yana da dogon tarihi da zub da jini a Afirka.
Lokacin da firaministan Congo na farko, Patrice Lumumba, ya yi alkawarin mayar da lu'u-lu'u
arziki ga sabuwar Kongo mai cin gashin kanta a farkon shekarun 1960, Tempels-man,
wanda ya fara da De Beers a cikin 1950s, ya taimaka injiniya juyin mulkin da ya karfafa
mulkin kama-karya na Kanar Mobutu mai shekaru 29, da kuma juyin mulkin da aka yi masa
Kwame Nkrumah na Ghana. Lu'u-lu'u sun kasance cikin haɗari a kowane ɗayan waɗannan juyin mulkin.
"Na yi imani wannan shine farkon abin da muka sani yanzu a matsayin lu'u-lu'u masu rikici
a Kongo," in ji Janine Roberts kwararre kan lu'u-lu'u. “Daga nan
Za a yi amfani da lu'u-lu'u da yawa don ba da kuɗi cikin basira, yaƙe-yaƙe, juyin mulki, danniya,
da mulkin kama-karya a Afirka." A cewar Roberts, “Matsayin Tempelsman
a cikin haduwar manufofin jama'a da kuma riba ta sirri a matsayin tsaka-tsaki
don ƙungiyar lu'u-lu'u ta De Beers na iya siffanta kowane babban murfin Amurka
aiki a Afirka tun farkon shekarun 1950. Memos da igiyoyi da ba a tantance su ba tsakanin
tsoffin shugabannin Amurka da jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka a cikin hudun da suka gabata
shekarun da suka gabata kai tsaye sun danganta Tempelsman da tabarbarewar Zaire/Congo,
Saliyo, Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Rwanda da Ghana."
Shugaban Uganda Yoweri Museveni ya gana da hamshakin attajirin hakar ma'adinai Tony Buckingham (nisa
dama) — Hoton jaridar New Vision, Kampala
Sama da shekaru 35 Maurice da dansa Leon Tempelsman sun yi aikin lu'u-lu'u
alakar da ke bayan danniya Mobutu Sese Seko da wanda Isra'ila ta horar
girgiza sojojin. Yanzu, shekaru 47 bayan haka, daular Tempelsman ta kasance da ƙarfi
bayan kamfanoni uku: Leon Tempelsman & Sons, De Beers, da LKI (wanda
yana samar da Tiffany & Co. da Cartier). Abokin ciniki na dokar Adlai Stevenson
a lokacin rikicin Kongo na farko (1960-1970), Tempelsman daga baya ya yi hayarsa
Lawrence Devlin, shugaban tashar CIA da ke da alhakin ayyukan ɓoye
a Katanga, don kula da haɗin lu'u-lu'u/cobalt na Mobutu zuwa cikin
karshen 1980s. A cikin 2002 Tempelsman ya yi wa shugaban Namibia Sam Nujoma kyauta
Dala miliyan 80 “lamun riba” don cike gibin kasafin Namibiya
a kan tallace-tallace na gaba na duwatsu masu daraja na Namibia.
Tempelsman shine zurfin aljihu na yawancin 'yan siyasar Amurka, suna ba da gudummawa ga
yakin neman zaben John Kerry (D); Ed Royce (R); Tom Daschle (D); Barack Obama
(D); Maxine Waters (D); John Rockefeller (D); Richard Gephardt (D); Howard
Kwalliya (D); da Patrick (D) da Edward Kennedy (D). Ya kuma bada gudunmawa
zuwa 1988 na George HW Bush. Tempelsman ya yi amfani da dangantaka da Anthony
Lake, mai ba Clinton shawara kan Tsaro na kasa, wanda ya shiga tsakani a Amurka-shigo da fitarwa
Bank a madadin Tempelsman.
Tempelsman ya ba da gudummawar $ 500,000 ga Clinton don shugaban kasa kuma shi ne
a halin yanzu yana goyon bayan Hillary. Ya yi tafiya a gefen Clinton a matsayin shugaban kasa na 1998
Ziyarar Afirka inda ziyarar tasa ta Botswana ba ta shafi namun daji na Okavango Delta ba ne
ajiye safari. Shugaban Botswana Mogae ya halarci bikin jan hankali na 1999
Taron babban birnin kasar Afirka ta Kudu a birnin Houston, wanda majalisar kamfanoni ta shirya
on Africa (CCA), "wane ne wane" na kamfanoni na kasa da kasa. Tempelsman,
a matsayin shugaban CCA, ya shirya taron, inda shugabannin kasashen Afirka 10 suka hadu
tare da rabin majalisar ministocin Clinton da wakilan kamfanoni 200. Tempelsman
da CCA ta shirya taron kasuwanci na Amurka da Afirka a Afirka a 2001,
tare da shugaban DRC Joseph Kabila, tare da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Afirka
da Dokar Dama (AGOA) taron da ya shafi Shugaba GW Bush da Sakatare
Jihar Colin Powell.
Tempelsman shi ne shugaban Majalisar Yahudawan Amurka, matsin lambar yahudawan sahyoniya
kungiyar da ke ikirarin tana "aiki tare da sojojin Isra'ila" kuma ya zauna
a kan allunan cibiyoyin tunani na Amurka masu kishin kasa. A matsayin mataimakin shugaban LKI,
Kudin tushe na shekara-shekara na Tempelsman shine $458,833, tare da kari na $80,000. A matsayin shugaba
darekta/mai hannun jari a Leon Tempelsman and Sons yana samun kwatankwacin adadin
sake. Bayanan SEC sun nuna cewa daraktocin LKI manyan lauyoyin sahyoniya ne
da masu zuba jari: darakta ɗaya na kamfanin lauyoyi ne da ke wakilta
Shugaba Kennedy - wani abokin Tempelsman. LKI kuma an haɗa shi da
mai suna Hukumar Raya Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka
(USAID). Sayar da hannun jari na Diamond US da sauran wurare, Tempelsman
Kamfanoni sun wawashe dubunnan biliyoyin dalolin lu'u-lu'u daga Kongo/Zaire
kadai a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.
Zaman Lafiya Yaki Ne, Jahilci Karfi
A cikin 2001 Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya (WPF Shirin) akan Rikicin Cikin Gida
a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy ta Harvard ta shirya taro kan rikici
lu'u-lu'u wanda "ya ƙunshi masu ruwa da tsaki na bukatu daban-daban." Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na WPF
darekta Robert Rotberg ne ya jagoranci taron. Rotberg kuma yana cikin jirgin
na Makarantar Kennedy ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Harkokin Duniya ta Belfer,
wanda daraktocin su ne jigon tsaro da kafa bayanan sirri-mutane
kamar John Deutch, tsohon darektan CIA, da Richard Darmam, abokin tarayya a
kungiyar Carlyle. Taron lu'u-lu'u na Harvard a zahiri ya daidaita De
Dangantakar Beers da gwamnatin Amurka. Wakilan De Beers sun sami na musamman
afuwar da gwamnati ta yi na halartar taron bayan kwashe shekaru na gudun hijira daga
Amurka saboda cin zarafin doka.
Zaben 2006 na DRC ya fafata tsakanin Kabila da Bemba—hoton keith harmon dusar ƙanƙara
A cikin 2002 rahoton WPF "Diamonds in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond"
Connection" ya yaba da ƙoƙarin Makarantar Kennedy bisa gaggwan ayyuka
wanda ya biyo bayan taron a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2001. The “rush of
ayyuka” sun haɗa da Dokar Kasuwancin Diamond na Gwamnatin Amurka (HR 722),
An zartar a watan Afrilun 2003. Dokar ta baiwa shugaban Amurka ikon yin hakan
kafa takunkumin "yaki da ta'addanci" a kan duk wata kasa da ke mu'amala da kazanta
lu'u-lu'u. Babban Ofishin Lissafi na Amurka ya lura a cikin 2006 cewa dokar
ya kasance mai rauni kuma mai rauni sosai.
Makarantar Kennedy a yau ta ba da rahoton su a matsayin nasara. "Amfani da lu'u-lu'u
shigo da makamai da daukar nauyin yaki ba shi da yuwuwa a yanzu da Tsarin Kimberley
ya samar da yarjejeniya kusa da karshe, "in ji mawallafin na yanzu. "'Diamonds
a cikin Aminci da Yaƙi' shine wurin da za a koyi duka game da wannan nasara mai ban mamaki
yunƙurin rigakafin rikice-rikice da rage rikice-rikice”.
Lokacin da aka tuntube shi, Robert Rotberg ya yaba da Tsarin Kimberley a matsayin "abin ban mamaki
nasara" kuma yayi watsi da duk wani rikici na sha'awa tsakanin Tempelsman
da ayyukan Kimberley. Da aka tambaye shi game da lu'u-lu'u na gwamnatin Amurka
tara, Robert Rotberg ya nuna cewa kasancewarsa "labari ne a gare ni."
Hukumar Kula da Dabarun Tsaro ta Amurka tana sarrafa wasu carats miliyan 3.1 da aka rike
a cibiyoyin hada-hadar hannun jari na kasa. An kara matsawa game da Tempelsman,
Rotberg ya amsa, "Babu wata alaƙa tsakanin wannan bangaren Charles
Kogi da wancan gefe. Wannan ba makirci ba ne. Matsala ta hakika ba haka bace
Maurice Tempelsman. Babbar matsalar ita ce Baitul malin Amurka ya kasance
da gaske jinkirin sanya tsarin [Kimberley] a wurin.”
Maurice Tempelsman da Robert Rotberg membobi ne na majalisar kan harkokin waje
Dangantaka (CFR). Babu wata alaka tsakanin su? Daga 1999 zuwa 2002 CFR ta dauki nauyin
jerin gwano mai taken “Roundtable on Private Capital Flows to Sub-Saharan
Afirka." Daraktan kwamitin shi ne Mahesh Kotecha kuma kujera Maurice
Tempelsman. A lokacin, Tempelsman yana ba da tallafin Shirin Afirka na CFR.
Masu gabatar da kara sun hada da Walter Kansteiner, Robert Rotberg, Frank Wisner, da
Shugaban Botswana Festus Mogae.
“Matsayin Tempelsman… a matsayin a
tsakiyar mutum ga De
Beers Diamond Cartel may
sun siffata kowane babba
Ayyukan sirri na Amurka a Afirka
tun farkon shekarun 1950."
Iyalin Kotecha suna gudanar da hanyoyin sadarwar da ba bisa ka'ida ba waɗanda ke lalata Columbus-tantalite
(coltan) daga Kongo. Walter Kansteiner - Kwamitin Tsaron Kasa na Afirka
Daraktan harkokin karkashin Clinton-yau darekta ne na Moto Gold, wani kamfani
da hannu a yankin Ituri na Kongo mai cike da jini, da kuma dangin Kansteiner
Kasuwancin Chicago a Coltan. Walter Kansteiner shi ne shugaban Amurka
"Wakili na sirri" ga Tsarin G-8 na Afirka kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa
shugaban kungiyar Scowcroft karkashin Brent Scowcroft, tsohon National
Mai ba da shawara kan tsaro ga Bush I da Gerald Ford. Kansteiner kuma yana aiki don aikin
Cibiyar Bayar da Shawarar Siyasa ta Afirka.
Dan majalisa Frank Wisner shima yana cikin kwamitin tsaro na kasa karkashin Clinton.
Mahaifin Wisner shi ne daraktan CIA na Ofishin Gudanar da Manufofi.
Wani ofishin ayyukan sirri na farko, Operation Mockingbird, wanda aka tsara don kutsawa
da kuma kula da kafafen yada labaran Amurka, na daya daga cikin nasu. Frank Wisner - USAID da
Jami'in ma'aikatar gwamnati a Vietnam - ya shiga cikin ayyukan baƙar fata
Shirin kisan kai na Phoenix. Wisner's co- darektocin Amurka
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya sun haɗa da:
Marshall Cohen, darektan Barrick Gold Corporation mai haɗin gwiwa da Bush
da wani jami'in gwamnatin Kanada
Farfesa Harvard Martin Stuart Feldstein
Wakilan majalisar ministocin Clinton William Cohen da Richard Holbrooke
Carla Hills, mai ba da shawara na NAFTA kuma darektan Chevron-Texaco da International
Crisis Group, wata kungiya ce mai fafutuka a duk wuraren da ke Afirka
(William) Abokan Cohen Group sun haɗa da tsoffin manyan jami'an Pentagon, White
Jami'an gidan, Ubangijin Burtaniya, shugabannin NATO, da daraktocin Lockheed Martin
da Dyncorp. Lura cewa darektan Dyncorp Mark Ronald ya kasance shugaban / Shugaba a baya
Abubuwan da aka bayar na BAE Systems. Wani darektan rukunin Cohen, Janar (ret.) Paul Kern, ya shiga
aiki a Rwanda da Zaire.
Haɗin Tempelsman tare da Robert Rotberg a CFR yayi bayanin rashi
na duk wani ambaton Tempelsman ko lu'u-lu'un sa a cikin Kimberley masu alaƙa
taro, manufofi, da takaddun da suka fito daga Makarantar Kennedy.
Kwararrun Harvard bakwai, ciki har da Michael Ignatief da Samantha Power,
wacce ta lashe Pulitzer saboda farar fata na juyin mulkin da Amurka ta goyi bayan Rwanda,
ya shiga cikin taron makarantar Kennedy na 2001 wanda ya kai ga "Diamonds in
Aminci da Yaƙi," rahoton da ya binne hannun Maurice Tempelsman.
Z
aikin keith harmon dusar ƙanƙara ya bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe a cikin Amurka, Burtaniya,
da Japan, ciki har da WOrld War 4 Report, Black Commentator, Asahi Weekly,
Yomiuri Shimbun, Zuwa Ga 'Yanci, Da kuma Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Far East. Ana iya samun aikinsa a www.allthingspass.com. Rick Hines
mai fasaha ne, marubuci mai zaman kansa, kuma mai bincike mai zaman kansa don adalci na zamantakewa.
Sashe na 2 na "Diamond na Jini" ya ƙunshi ƙarin kan kyalkyali da kwadayin jari hujja.