Robert Whitaker, tsohon Boston Globe mai ba da rahoto, ya kasance mai son sanin dalilin da ya sa ake samun karuwar nakasa tabin hankali a Amurka. Littafinsa, Halittar Annoba: Harsasai na Sihiri, Magungunan tabin hankali, da Haɓakar Ciwon Hankali a Amurka. (Crown Publishers, 2010), ya fara da waɗannan bayanan: a cikin 1987, yawan nakasassu na tabin hankali na Amurka ya kasance 1 a cikin kowane Amurkawa 184, amma a shekara ta 2007 yawan nakasa tabin hankali ya ninka fiye da sau biyu zuwa 1 a cikin kowane Ba'amurke 76.
A cikin wannan lokaci guda, an kuma sami karuwar yawan amfani da magungunan tabin hankali. Kafin 1988 lokacin da Prozac ya shiga kasuwa, yawan kuɗin Amurka na shekara-shekara don maganin rage damuwa da magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa bai wuce dala biliyan 1 ba, amma a yau waɗannan nau'o'in magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa guda biyu kawai suna da fiye da dala biliyan 25 a shekara a Amurka. Tambayar ga Whitaker ita ce: shin kwatsam ne kawai cewa naƙasa cututtukan tabin hankali da kuma amfani da magungunan tabin hankali yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri a lokaci guda?
Whitaker baya rangwame abubuwan al'adu waɗanda maiyuwa suna da wani abu da ke da alaƙa da wannan haɓaka mai ban mamaki na nakasa tabin hankali. Duk da haka, ya gano cewa, abin da ya fi dacewa a kimiyance na iya haifar da karuwar matsalolin tabin hankali shine karuwar amfani da magungunan tabin hankali. Ya gano wani yanayi mai ban tsoro: yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na dogon lokaci ya haifar da yara da manya masu ƙananan matsalolin motsin rai don samun rashin lafiya mai tsanani da na yau da kullum wanda ke haifar da nakasa tabin hankali.
Yadda Magungunan Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
Whitaker yayi nazarin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata game da tambayoyi 2 masu alaƙa. Na farko, shin magungunan tabin hankali suna canza yanayin rashin hankali na dogon lokaci don mafi kyau ko mafi muni? Musamman, shin suna ƙara yuwuwar mutum zai iya yin aiki mai kyau na dogon lokaci ko kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar mutum ya mutu a cikin nakasa? Na biyu, sau nawa ne marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya suna da mummunar amsa ga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na farko wanda zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci? Alal misali, sau nawa ne mutumin da ke fama da matsananciyar damuwa ya zama manic a lokacin da yake mayar da martani ga maganin damuwa kuma sai a gano shi yana da ciwon bipolar?
Ya gano cewa yayin da magungunan tabin hankali na iya, ga wasu mutane, yin tasiri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, waɗannan magungunan, a cikin dogon lokaci da amfani da su, suna ƙara yiwuwar mutum ya kamu da rashin lafiya na yau da kullum, yana kara yiwuwar cewa matsala mai laushi ta kwakwalwa za ta kara tsanantawa zuwa. rashin lafiya mai rauni. Wannan ya fito fili da ban tausayi a lamarin yara.
Ba da dadewa ba, "ƙananan ciwon biyu" ba a cika samun gano cutar ba, amma a yau yana ƙara zama gama gari. Whitaker ya yi nuni da cewa, “Lokacin da kuke bincikar hauhawar rashin lafiya na yara ƙanana a cikin wannan ƙasa, zaku ga cewa yana bayyana a cikin kulle-kulle tare da rubuta abubuwan ƙara kuzari ga ADHD da masu rage damuwa don baƙin ciki…. Da zarar likitocin hauka suka fara sanya yara 'hyperactive' akan Ritalin, sun ya fara ganin yaran da suka fara balaga da alamun maniyyi." An kuma ba wa yara ƙanana magungunan kashe-kashe, irin su Prozac, kuma wani kaso mai tsoka na waɗannan matasa sun zama manic a lokacin da suka sami maganin damuwa.
Wadannan halayen manic masu ban tsoro suna haifar da magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta masu nauyi da kuma "magungunan kwayoyi" wadanda suka hada da magungunan tabin hankali. Whitaker ya gano cewa kashi mai yawa na waɗannan yara masu shan magani sun ƙare a matsayin "masu hawan keke cikin sauri," wanda ke nufin suna da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na bipolar da ke sa su kan hanyar da za su kasance marasa lafiya a duk rayuwarsu. Hakanan, magungunan kashe qwari irin su Zyprexa suna haifar da tarin matsalolin jiki, gami da ciwon sukari. Whitaker ya kammala da cewa, "Lokacin da kuka tattara duk waɗannan bayanan, za ku ƙare rubuta labarin yadda aka lalata rayuwar dubban ɗaruruwan yara a Amurka ta wannan hanyar."
Kasawar Kafafen Yada Labarai na Kamfanoni
SMe yasa Amurkawa ba su san game da matsananciyar matsalolin da aka haifar da amfani da magungunan tabin hankali na dogon lokaci ba? Amsa ɗaya ita ce, kamfanonin magunguna da abokan aikinsu na kafa ilimin tabin hankali ba sa bayyana hakan. Wata amsa kuma ita ce, aikin jarida na yau da kullun na Amurka da hukumomin gwamnati sun gaza jama'ar Amurka.
Whitaker, tsohon mai ba da rahoto na likita, ya bayyana yadda galibi ake samar da labaran likita. Manyan cibiyoyi, kamar kamfanonin magunguna da hukumomin gwamnati, suna fitar da sanarwar manema labarai da manema labarai suka dogara da su. Idan ba a fitar da sanarwar manema labarai ba, yawancin masu aiko da rahotanni ba su da masaniyar wani labari kuma ba a ba da rahoton komai ba. Whitaker, akasin haka, bai dogara ga fitar da manema labarai ba, amma a maimakon haka ya bincika wallafe-wallafen kimiyya kuma yayi hira da masu bincike.
Ya lissafa manyan binciken bincike na 16 wanda ke nuna hoto mai ban tsoro ga marasa lafiya na dogon lokaci da kuma hoto mafi kyau ga marasa lafiya marasa magani. Amma a lokacin da binciken da New York Times rumbun adana bayanai da kuma bayanan LexisNexis (wanda ya shafi yawancin jaridun Amurka), Whitaker bai iya samun misali guda ba inda aka bayar da rahoton sakamakon wadannan manyan binciken guda 16.
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nazarin, wanda yawancin Amirkawa ba su ji ba, ciki har da mafi yawan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, nazarin dogon lokaci ne na marasa lafiya schizophrenic waɗanda aka yi musu magani da kuma ba tare da magungunan tabin hankali ba. Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Duniya (NIMH) ce ta dauki nauyin binciken kuma an buga shi a cikin 2007 a cikin Jaridar Ciwon Jijiya da Hauka. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Martin Harrow a Jami'ar Illinois College of Medicine ya gano cewa bayan shekaru 4.5, kashi 39 cikin 60 na rukunin marasa magani suna "murmurewa" kuma kashi 6 cikin dari suna da ayyuka. Sabanin haka, a cikin wannan lokacin, yanayin majinyatan da aka yi amfani da su ya ta'azzara, inda kashi 15 cikin 28 ne kawai ke samun murmurewa kuma kaɗan ne ke riƙe da ayyukan yi. A cikin shekaru 64 da suka biyo baya, a cikin rukunin marasa magani, kawai kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX sun sha wahala daga duk wani bayyanar cututtuka na psychotic; Sabanin haka, a cikin rukunin masu magani, kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari sun kasance masu hankali sosai.
Shekarar da aka buga binciken Harrow, Whitaker ya ba da rahoton, "NIMH ta ba da sanarwar manema labaru 89, da yawa a kan al'amuran da ba su da mahimmanci. Amma ba ta ba da daya ba game da binciken Harrow, duk da cewa nasa shine mafi kyawun bincike na sakamakon dogon lokaci na schizophrenia. marasa lafiya da aka taba yi a Amurka." NIMH, kamar yawancin hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka, ana kallon masana'antu, a wannan yanayin Big Pharma, ta hanyar juyawa kofofin aiki.
Masu fafutuka sun ci yaƙi don jin Whitaker
Mainstream reviews na Anatomy na Annoba sun kasance, tare da ƴan kaɗan, ba a bayyane kuma an baiwa Whitaker ƴan tambayoyin kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun. Bugu da ƙari, aƙalla wata hukumar gwamnatin Amurka ta yi ƙoƙarin rufe shi, amma mutane suna yaƙi kuma, aƙalla harka guda, suna samun nasara.
Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka (SAMHSA), tun daga 1985, ta ba da tallafi don tallafawa Taron Zaɓuɓɓuka, wanda ke haɗuwa da ɗaruruwan masu amfani da lafiyar kwakwalwa daga ko'ina cikin Amurka. Masu shirya Taro na Alternatives a cikin 2010 sun tabbatar da gayyata tare da Robert Whitaker a matsayin babban mai magana. Duk da haka, a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2010, masu shirya gasar sun ba da rahoton cewa an janye tabbacin Whitaker, yana mai cewa sun sami rashin amincewa daga manyan jami'an gwamnatin Amurka.
Labari mai dadi shine cewa zanga-zangar tushen ciyawa ta haifar da SAMHSA ta sake komawa baya kuma an sake mayar da Whitaker a matsayin babban mai magana a taron Alternatives 2010 wanda aka shirya don Satumba 29 zuwa Oktoba 3 a Anaheim, California. MindFreedom, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi "masu tsira daga tabin hankali" ne suka ja-goranci wannan fafutuka mai inganci ta hanyar ba wa Amurkawa zaɓi na gaskiya da zaɓin magani iri-iri. Babu MindFreedom ko Whitaker anti-kwaya. Dukansu biyu kawai suna son Amurkawa su san babban binciken da ke gaya mana cewa amfani da magungunan tabin hankali na dogon lokaci ya kasance, ga yawancin masu karɓar sa, mummunan tunani. A cikin sashin mafita na Anatomy na Annoba, Whitaker ya bayyana yadda likitoci a arewacin Finland suke amfani da magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta a hankali kuma a cikin zaɓi na musamman, cikin taka tsantsan yayin da ake kula da marasa lafiya na farko. Har ila yau, ana ba da madadin hanyoyin warkewa iri-iri tare da yanke shawarar jiyya tare da marasa lafiya da danginsu. Sakamakon? "Sakamakon dogon lokaci," in ji Whitaker, "da nisa, mafi kyau a Yammacin Duniya."
Yakin a bayyane yake. So Anatomy na Annoba, kamar Rachel Carson Silent Spring, faɗakar da al'umma game da bala'in da masana'antu suka haifar da girman kai na amfani da sinadarai? Ko kuwa waɗanda ke cin riba daga halin da ake ciki za su iya rufe bakin Whitaker kuma su binne littafinsa?