N. Dajkovic
akwai
wasu jigogi ne masu tsayi a cikin tarihin Balkan. Bayan husufin
kimanin shekaru 50 bayan yakin duniya na biyu, suna da karfi da yawa
tashin hankali ya sake kunno kai cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tunani kan tsarin, George
Kennan ya tabbatar da cewa “ba shakka, matsala ce ta tarihi mai zurfi
tushen.” "Mummunan kishin ƙasa" da aka samo asali a cikin "zurfin halayen
halin da aka gada, mai yiwuwa, daga kabilanci mai nisa” ya ci gaba da cewa
cutar da yankin kuma "da alama yana da yanke shawara a matsayin mai ƙayyade
mawuyacin hali, mai ban tsoro da haɗari wanda ke nuna wannan ɓangaren
duniya a yau." Kennan ya bayyana ra'ayi da ke da rinjaye a siyasar yammacin Turai
da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, da kuma yin hidima don tabbatar da manufofin siyasa.
Lallai, kallo
a tarihin Balkan ya bayyana babban sa hannun tarihi. Amma Balkans a'a
ya fi kowane sashe na duniya fuskantar tashin hankali ko kiyayyar kabilanci,
masana tarihi sun yarda. Sojojin waje, fiye da rarrabuwar kawuna, suna da
bisa ga al'ada sun kasance "masu yanke hukunci" na tarihin yanki. Nisa daga
kasancewar masu sa ido ba sa son shiga, kasashen waje sun yi kwadayin
yankin shekaru aru-aru da neman tabbatar da mulkinsu a can-ko
ta hanyar kafa iko kai tsaye ta hanyar cin galaba na soja ko ta hanyar sarrafa
abubuwan siyasa na cikin gida a fakaice. Mallakar su ta kasance koyaushe
tare da cin gajiyar albarkatun cikin gida da kuma ba da haƙƙin mallaka na
yawan jama'a. Idan za a jaddada jigon tarihi guda ɗaya don tasirinsa a kai
Tarihin Balkan da tsayin daka a kan lokaci, mulkin mallaka ne na kasashen waje, ba
"kiyayyar kabilanci."
Halin da ake ciki
a halin yanzu na Yugoslavia abin misali ne. Ko da yake yana bisa ka'ida
Har yanzu tarayyar Serbia da Montenegro, Kosovo lardin ne
Serbia, Yugoslavia ba a san shi da manyan iko ba, a fili
suna jiran ƙudurin ƙarshe na matsayinsa, daidai da bukatunsu. A
A halin yanzu, Kosovo tana karkashin ikon kasashen waje ne, ta hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Montenegro ya shiga "haɗin kai tsakanin Atlantika," matsayin Serbia
sauran rashin tabbas.
Montenegro da
jami'an yammacin duniya sun yaba a matsayin misali ga yankin Balkan. Lokacin, a watan Fabrairu
na bana, firaministan Montenegrin ya ziyarci Washington, Amurka
Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Madeleine Albright ta ce "ta karfafa goyon bayan Amurka ga shirin
kokarin gwamnatin Montenegro akan dimokiradiyya da tattalin arziki
gyara.” A lokacin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta jaddada cewa Montenegro ita ce
"bautawa a matsayin abin koyi da kuma kara kuzari ga canji" a yankin. Robert Gelbard,
Tsohon wakilin Amurka a yankin Balkan, ya bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi lokacin da ya kira
Montenegro "haske mai jagora" a cikin shaidarsa ga Majalisar Dattijai ta kasashen waje
Kwamitin hulda.
Bai wa
zance mai daukaka, duban kud da kud da “kokarin tabbatar da dimokradiyya da
sake fasalin tattalin arziki” da Montenegro ke bi, zai ba da alama
"canjin" da Amurka ke tada hankali a yankin Balkan. Zai nuna
hanyar da "haske mai jagora" ke nuna duk yankin.
A lokacin farkon shekarun wargajewar Yugoslavia, hukuma
Montenegro ya goyi bayan haɗin kai. Ya kasance tare da Serbia ko da bayan wasu
jamhuriyoyin sun balle. Mafi yawan jama'a kuma sun rage
Yugoslavia, don haka Montenegrin kishin kasa tare da ballewa
dabi'un da aka sami ƙarancin tallafi. A shekarar 1997 aka samu baraka a jam’iyya mai mulki.
Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS), wanda ya kasance har zuwa wannan lokacin da aminci
tsarin mulkin Yugoslavia. An sami rarrabuwar kawuna da farko saboda bambance-bambancen da aka fi so
manufa don tabbatar da dakarun waje, tare da bangaren da Djukanovic ke jagoranta
daukar matakin biyayya da sauran jam'iyyar
mai juyayi kuma ya himmatu ga kididdigar Yugoslavia tare da wasu maganganu na hagu. The
Amurka ta yi amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna, wanda ba karamin ma'auni ya haifar ba saboda matsin lambar Amurka.
don ci gaba da manufofinta a yankin, kuma ta canza manufofinta ga Montenegro.
Zbigniew
Brzezinski, wani babban mai nazarin dabarun Amurka, ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa. The
Grand Chessboard: Farko na Amurka da Mahimmancin Geostrategicsa, da
hadin kan jiga-jigan siyasar kasashen waje a matsayin muhimmiyar hanya don ci gaba
Amurka ta duniya hegemony. Bayan takardar sayan Brzezinski, Robert Gelbard
"Ya fara ganawa da Djukanovic tun kafin ya zama shugaban kasa
Montenegro," kamar yadda ya sanar da kwamitin hulda da kasashen waje na Majalisar Dattawa. Dangantaka
tsakanin Amurka da Montenegro kawai ya ƙarfafa bayan an zaɓi Djukanovic
shugaban kasa da kawancensa sun lashe zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki da suka biyo baya, a
wani bangare saboda tallafin kudi na waje da diflomasiyya.
A waje
tallafi, ta hanyar taimakon kasafin kuɗi, ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙarfin
gwamnati mai ci, wacce ke fuskantar matsaloli masu tarin yawa na zamantakewa
sanadiyyar shekaru goma na shakuwar tattalin arziki da yake-yake. Tare da manufa guda a ciki
A hankali, Amurka ta kebe Montenegro daga takunkumin da ta kakaba wa Yugoslavia da
Montenegrin da jami'an Amurka suna haduwa akai-akai don daidaita manufofin. A ciki
Baya ga tallafin kasafin kuɗi, Montenegro na samun taimakon taimako daga ƙasashen waje
directed zuwa abin da ake kira "taimakon fasaha" shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don kawowa
game da "dimokradiyya da sake fasalin tattalin arziki."
Ba
har sai da Montenegro ya jajirce wajen “aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki
}ungiyar taimakon fasaha ce ta ba da shawarar” da Amurka ta bayar
wanda aka sanya a matsayin "haske mai jagora" da "samfurin" ga wasu. James
Pardew, wakilin Amurka a yankin Balkan, ya jaddada wannan alkawari a matsayin nasara
Manufofin Amurka a yankin a cikin shaidar da ya bayar ga Harkokin Waje na Majalisar
Kwamitin a cikin Maris 1999. Sanya hanyoyin da wannan "ƙaddara" ya kasance
da aka samu a gefe, bari mu bincika umarnin “ƙungiyar.”
The
Ana ba da “ƙungiyar taimakon fasaha” ta Hukumar Amurka don
Ci gaban kasa da kasa (USAID) don haka ana gudanar da shi bisa umarninta da kuma
manufofinta gaba daya. USAID kayan aiki ne na manufofin ketare na Amurka,
ba hukuma ce mai zaman kanta da ke da manufofin jin kai ba, don haka gaba dayanta
Ma'aikatar Jiha ce ke jagorantar tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare kuma tana ƙarƙashin tsarin
Muhimman manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka. Taimakawa ga ƙasashe masu canji
-hakika, gaba dayan tsarin mika mulki-ana daidaita shi zuwa
ƙarin muradun Amurka, muradun sauran al'ummomi, gami da
mazaunan Montenegro, kasancewarsu kawai a cikin tsara manufofi.
Manufofin
na USAID an rubuta su a cikin dabarunta na masu ra'ayin gurguzu
kasashe, Daga Canji zuwa Haɗin kai. Wuraren taimako uku ne
wanda aka zayyana: sake fasalin tattalin arziki, sauyin dimokradiyya, da zamantakewa
mika mulki. Manufar gwamnatin Amurka na kawo karshen wannan mika mulki
shi ne "domin kafa haɗin gwiwa mai dorewa tsakanin Amurka da Amurka
kasashen Turai da Eurasia, tsakanin wadannan kasashe da sauran yankuna na
duniya, da kuma tsakanin kasashen su kansu."
kafin
ci gaba, ya kamata a lura cewa yawancin ƙasashe a halin yanzu
"Tsarin" yana da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin su, Turai, da sauran
duniya. Yugoslavia kasa ce mai nasara wacce ke da dangantaka da gabas biyu
da Yamma da kasashe masu tasowa, kuma sun mamaye wani matsayi na
shahara a fagen kasa da kasa. Yamma, musamman Amurka.
aiwatar da manufofi game da Yugoslavia waɗanda ke da tasiri a cikin
mutuwar kasar. Hanya daya tilo don fassara mayar da hankali na yanzu akan
kafa haɗin gwiwa inda aka lalata haɗin gwiwa shine nasu
sabuwar cikin jiki za a yanke shawarar a kan ta duniya "regent" -zuwa
aro sunan Brzezinski - don haka an tsara shi cikin sha'awar sa.
A Montenegro,
Hukumar ta USAID ta zama babban karfi wajen sake fasalin tattalin arziki da al'umma.
Yana kan aiwatar da kitsa juyin juya halin zamantakewa mai girman gaske.
wanda tabbas tasirinsa zai kasance a dukkan bangarori na al'umma da kuma ta mutane
daga dukkan azuzuwan tattalin arziki. Masana USAID sun ba da "taimakon fasaha"
wanda ya shafi rubuta dokoki daban-daban daga baya aka aika wa majalisar
ga roba stamping. A madadin, ana tsara manufofin kai tsaye zuwa ga
reshen zartarwa.
A cikin yankin
na "sake fasalin tattalin arziki" mafi shahararren misali shine dokar kwanan nan akan
zuba jari na kasashen waje. Mahimmanci ga rayuwar tattalin arzikin ƙasa, saka hannun jari
An tsara Montenegro ta wata tsohuwar doka, wacce aka zartar a cikin 1994 kuma ta kasance
gaba ɗaya daidai da tattalin arzikin kasuwa. An rubuta ba tare da
taimakon kwararrun kasashen waje kuma ya samar da wasu kariya ga kasar
dabarun kadarorin, hana sauƙin canja wurin su zuwa ƙasashen waje marasa lissafi
sarrafawa. Domin wannan dokar ba ta dace da manufofin Amurka ba, ta
ƙwararrun Hukumar USAID ne suka sauƙaƙa yin bita da kullin kwanan nan. Ba mamaki,
sun kawar da duk wani fifiko ga masu zuba jari na cikin gida, suna sanya Yammacin Turai
kasashen ketare daidai gwargwado da kamfanonin cikin gida da daidaikun mutane da aka lalatar da takunkumi.
Ɗayan tsinkaya
Sakamakon sabon sassaucin ra'ayi na zuba jari na kasashen waje shine mafi girma
Kamfanonin kasashen waje za su sayi kadarorin Montenegrin mai riba, suna barin
Al'ummar Montenegro don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikata, tare da tabbatar da hakan
Ribar da aka samu ta haka ana mayar da su zuwa ga amincin masu zuba jari'
kasar da ba a yi amfani da su a cikin gida don zuba jari ba. Gwamnatin Amurka ce
daukar masu neman takara a tsakanin kamfanonin Amurka. Thomas Pickering, karkashin
sakataren harkokin siyasa na kasar, ya karfafa shugabannin 'yan kasuwa na Amurka
don saka hannun jari a yankin Balkan saboda, a kiyasinsa, tattalin arzikin Balkan
Jihohi sun buga "rock kasa" wani lokaci a cikin 1999 a cikin sakamakon
Nasarar "dan adam" a Kosovo. “Hakika kasan shine lokacin
saya, lokacin da kasuwa ta yanke kauna kuma bukatu ya yi rauni,” inji shi
Majalisar Kasuwanci don fahimtar kasa da kasa a Washington. Wanda ake zargin
altruistic "shigin dan adam" don haka, mai yiwuwa a sa'a,
ya zama mai fa'ida ga yankuna masu ƙarfi a cikin Amurka
Domin
sauƙaƙe canja wurin dukiyar jama'a ta Montenegrin zuwa baƙi na Amurka a
Farashin "rock kasa", Amurka da Montenegro sun kammala zuba jari
yarjejeniyar ƙarfafawa a farkon wannan shekara. Zuba Jari Masu Zaman Kansu
Corporation, Hukumar Tarayyar Amurka wacce ke ba da sabis na saka hannun jari ga
Kasuwancin Amurka yana faɗaɗa cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da kasuwanni masu tasowa, an yi
"samuwa ga masu zuba jari na Amurka cikakken kewayon ayyukansa," gami da
"Inshorar haɗarin siyasa da kuma ba da kuɗin ayyukan."
Tushen shari'a
Hukumar USAID ce ta shirya wannan tallafin
taimako, "Yanzu masu zuba jari na kasashen waje suna da 'yanci don zaɓar tsakanin
mafi kyawun kasuwancin Montenegrin da aka rage darajar shekaru na takunkumi da yaƙe-yaƙe. Amurka
masu zuba jari suna da fa'ida sosai, idan aka yi la'akari da tallafin gwamnatin Amurka
hukumomi, ta yadda za a tabbatar da karfin tattalin arzikin Amurka a yankin.
mafi qarancin
garantin samun kudin shiga a Montenegro yana cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a Turai, ƙasa da $50 a
wata. Matsakaicin albashin wata-wata bai wuce $100 ba kuma rashin aikin yi yana kan 30
kashi dari. Ganin cewa al'ummar Montenegrin gabaɗaya suna da kyau
masu ilimi, kasuwa mai sassaucin ra'ayi ba shakka yana da kyau ga kasashen waje
kamfanonin da ke neman haɓaka riba ta hanyar rage farashi a cikin gasa ta duniya
tattalin arziki. Matsaloli a kasashe masu tasowa suna tasowa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya duniya
Rahoton Zuba Jari kalamai, “lokacin da bukatun masu zaman kansu na masu zuba jari suka bambanta
daga muradun tattalin arziki na kasashen da suka karbi bakuncinsu." Duk da haka, da asymmetry
yin ciniki tsakanin gwamnatocin wadannan kasashe da na kasashen waje
kasashen ketare na hana ingantaccen gudanar da jarin kasashen waje zuwa ga
amfanin kasa. Yayin da tsarin yanzu ya tabbata zai yi hidima ga
bukatun masu zuba jari na kasashen waje, da alama yawan jama'a zai iya fitar da amfanin
waɗanda suke a mafi kyawun gefe.
Don tabbatar da hakan
An biya daidai bukatun, gwamnati, shawara da USAID kwararru, ne
matsawa kungiyoyin kwadagon kar su nemi karin albashi, ganin haka
rashin hankali na iya hana masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje, da ake matukar bukata don farfado da tattalin arzikin kasar.
A cikin wata sana'a ta al'ada wacce ake sake fasalinta tare da taimakon
Kwararrun Amurkawa, ma’aikata ba a biya su albashi ba a cikin watanni, duk da cewa nasu
matsakaicin abin da ake samu a kowane wata shine $60 a cikin ƙasa inda farashin kowane wata
abinci shine $260. Duk da haka, ayyukan ƙungiyar ya kusa yiwuwa saboda
matsin lamba na gwamnati da USAID, ta yadda wakilin ƙungiyar ɗaya kwanan nan
ake kira yanayin "marasa jurewa."
wani
Muhimmin yanayin "sake fasalin tattalin arziki" a Montenegro ya kasance
m canji a cikin tsarin kudi. Karkashin jagorancin Steve Henke, an
Masanin tattalin arziki na Amurka, Montenegro ya gabatar da alamar Jamusanci, saboda haka
Yuro, a matsayin kudin doka a cikin jamhuriyar, nan da nan don maye gurbin gaba daya
Yugoslavia dinari. A cewar tsare-tsaren, Montenegro shine ya sami babban bankin tsakiya
ba tare da iko na gaske ba, kawai aikin kulawa. Ko da yake akwai shaida akan
Sakamakon "dala" (wani lokaci da aka saba amfani da shi azaman gajere zuwa
koma ga amfani da kowane kuɗin waje, ba dalar Amurka kaɗai ba, a matsayin doka
m) ba shi da yawa, masana tattalin arziki sun yarda cewa barin ikon sarrafa kuɗi
manufofin sun kawar da daya daga cikin levers da gwamnatoci ke amfani da su wajen tafiyar da tattalin arziki.
"Rasa babban bankin cikin gida a matsayin mai ba da lamuni na karshe" yana haifar da matsaloli
a tabbatar da "isasshen ruwa ga kowane bankunan da ke bukata," yin su
dogara ga "layin bashi daga bankunan kasashen waje," masani a fannin
ya kiyaye. Bugu da ƙari, “akwai tsadar haɗa zagayowar kasuwanci… tare da
kasar da ake amfani da kudinta. Adadin riba ya tashi da faɗuwa tare da na
Ƙasar waje" wanda "hukumar kuɗi… ke jagorantar manufofinta
amfanin kansa da ake gani, ba lallai ba ne na dalar Amurka.”
Gabaɗaya, a cikin
fannin tattalin arziki manufofin da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta gabatar ta hannun USAID su ne
gaba daya bai dace da abubuwan tarihi na ci gaban tattalin arziki ba.
Sun dogara ne akan zato cewa "rarrabuwar tattalin arziki
amfanin, na ciki da na duniya, ba za su yi daidai ba,” kuma
dogmatically nace a kan bude kasuwanni ba tare da wani sharadi ba, da kuma
raguwa ko kawar da shingen kasuwanci. Masana tarihin tattalin arziki, duk da haka,
lura da tarihin ci gaba da masana'antu maras bambanci wanda ke nuna a
yanayi mai kyau na tsari, gami da shingen kasuwanci, don zama mahimmanci a ciki
inganta ci gaba ta hanyar kare masana'antun cikin gida daga shigo da kayayyaki masu rahusa.
Nace
a kan "cinikin 'yanci" za a iya fahimta ta hanyar dabarun dabarun da ake da'awar
manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka, wanda aka tsara don ciyar da muradun Amurka gaba, ba
muradun mutanen da ke nesa a yankin Balkan. A matsayin masanin tattalin arziki
Arthur MacEwan ya lura cewa, “kasashen da suka ci gaba sosai za su iya amfani da ciniki cikin 'yanci
mika ikonsu da sarrafa dukiyar duniya, da kasuwanci
zai iya amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙi da aiki. Mafi mahimmanci, ciniki na kyauta zai iya iyakancewa
yunƙurin sake rarraba kuɗin shiga daidai, yana lalata zamantakewar ci gaba
shirye-shirye, da kuma hana mutane sarrafa tattalin arzikinsu ta hanyar demokradiyya
rayuka,” don haka kiyaye “rarrabuwar dukiya, duka biyun
na duniya da kuma cikin gida,” kamar yadda aka tsara.
Manufofin
Hukumar USAID ta aiwatar a kasashen Balkan, to, za ta tabbatar da cewa
kar a sami ci gaban tattalin arziki mai zaman kansa amma aiki azaman yankunan sabis
ga kasashen da suka ci gaba, samar da albarkatun kasa da arha aiki, haka nan
a matsayin kasuwanni don samar da rarar kayayyaki daga kasashen yamma da suka ci gaba.
A bisa ra'ayi, hangen nesa na tattalin arziki na yanzu ga Balkan yana kama da wannan
of Erganzungswirtschaftsraum, ko ƙarin sararin tattalin arziƙi, ana amfani da shi a cikin
tsare-tsaren dabarun ta hanyar kawai sauran ikon hegemonic wanda ke da cikakken
tsare-tsare na yankin.
Amma gyara a
Montenegro yana ci gaba a cikin sauran wurare kuma. Don kawar da yuwuwar
barazana daga kungiyoyin farar hula, an kafa sabuwar doka da ta tsara masu zaman kansu
kungiyoyi. An kuma rubuta shi tare da taimakon kwararrun USAID kuma yana da a
tanadi na musamman wanda gwamnati ke da ikon ƙi
rajista - don haka aiki na doka - ga kowace ƙungiya mai zaman kanta.
Wannan doka za ta iya zama ginshiƙin yin amfani da ikon gwamnati
ƙungiyoyin jama'a a lokuta inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a suka nuna rashin jin daɗi
mai zaman kansa. A gaskiya ma, kwanan nan an yi amfani da wannan tanadi don hana
rijistar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ba ta dace da “social media ba
sauye-sauye” kamar yadda ƙwararrun USAID suka yi hasashen da ke ba da shawara ga Montenegrin
gwamnati.
Tambayoyin
Za a ajiye “misalin dimokradiyya” a gefe, idan aka yi la’akari da hakikanin abin da ya faru
sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun nuna cewa dimokuradiyya mai mahimmanci ita ce
ba zai yiwu ba a ƙarƙashin tsarin yanzu.
Mu dawo
zuwa hanyoyin da Montenegrin "sauƙaƙa" akan "sauyi da aka ba da shawarar
ta ƙungiyar taimakon fasaha [Amurka]” ta samu. Da farko, ma'auni
Ana amfani da na'urorin geostrategic, gami da matsin lamba na siyasa da tattalin arziki,
da nunin karfin soja, wanda Montenegro ya shaida
abubuwa daban-daban daga farkon shigar Amurka cikin rikicin Yugoslavia.
Babu shakka, duk waɗannan hanyoyin sun yi tasiri a wannan ƙasa mai mutane 650,000
mutane. Amma, bisa ga umarnin babban kwamandan kawancen NATO, Wesley Clark,
Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro daga Washington ta haɓaka miliyoyin miliyoyin
simulation na kwamfuta na dala a sarari don manufar “nunawa shugabanni
a tsohuwar kungiyar ta Gabas tasirin tattalin arzikin da suka yanke. Sunan
simulation na kwamfuta shine SENSE, muhallin roba don Tsaron ƙasa
Ƙididdiga, kuma yana ba da damar mahalarta su yi tasiri ga ci gaban tattalin arziki
da kuma ci gaban ƙasa mai ƙima ta hanyar yanke shawara mai ma'ana,” in
tsarin “koyar da [koyarwa] ka'idodin siyasa, tattalin arziki da soja
dangantaka." Sunan ƙasar ƙagaggen shine Akrona, ta
makwabciyarta ita ce Koloniya.
A Fabrairu
1999, Montenegrin “gwamnati da shugabannin kasuwanci… waɗanda ke aiki kullum
don canza tattalin arzikin Montenegrin" ya shiga cikin "farko-har abada"
atisayen SENSE, wanda aka gudanar a Hukumar Tuntuba ta NATO a cikin
Hague. Manufar ita ce don samar musu da "mahimman bayanai game da su
illolin darussan aikin da suka gabatar,” yana mai tabbatar da fifiko cewa
manufofin da ba su dace da muradun Amurka da sauran NATO ba
kasashe ma ba za a yi la'akari da su ba.
Saboda sa
“daraja mai nisa,” “Wakilan Dindindin da yawa ga Arewa
Majalisar Atlantika da kuma Babban Kwamandan Allied na NATO [ya halarci]
motsa jiki a matsayin masu sa ido." Ikon darussan da SENSE ke koyarwa shine
ya bayyana sarai ga mahalarta kasa da wata guda bayan haka
Shisshigin 'yan adam' na NATO a cikin Yugoslavia wanda ya kai hari
kayan aikin farar hula tare da makamai masu linzami na rediyo da lalata manyan
rabon karfin samar da shi.
Abin ban tsoro
lokaci da saitin motsa jiki na SENSE sun haifar da damuwa ga wasu mahalarta
game da zama "'yan tsana." Lokacin da daya daga cikinsu ya buga waya ga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO domin jin ta bakinsa
Haƙiƙanin yanayin wasan, an ce masa “ka yi shuru, ka riƙe kansa
kasa." Tare da waɗannan darussan da aka koya, shugabannin Montenegrin suna bin
kawai manufofin halaltacce, don kaucewa hanyoyin lallashi mai ƙarfi
aiki a wasu jihohi, marasa ilimi.
Kuma haka muke da
shi: "samfurin" da "haske mai jagora" ga dukan yankin. Don cancanta
Don irin wannan nadi nadi, Montenegro ya zama dole ya mika kai ga ikonta
da 'yancin kai a cikin mafi yawan yankuna masu mahimmanci ga mai mulkin duniya,
canja wurin yanke shawara a manufofin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa zuwa dabarun USAID
masu tsara shirye-shirye, waɗanda ke cika manufarsu ta ci gaban Amirka,
ba Montenegrin ba, sha'awa.
Barazanar
Ana rage zanga-zangar jama'a ta hanyar karkatar da hankali da kuzarin siyasa na
Talakawa zuwa ga zance na kishin kasa, da kuma yin shawarwari a kan abin da ya dace
'yancin kai daga Yugoslavia na ƙasa a fili, wanda mulkinsa ya kasance
ya jure na dogon lokaci. An cusa yawan jama'a da lalata, ƙanana
kishin kasa ta hanyar yada farfaganda akai-akai da aminci
ta tsarin koyarwa.
Tunda ya zama
“samfuri,” yanayin watsa labarai na Montenegro ya canza sosai. Ina
a da akwai mabanbanta ra'ayoyi a jaridu, yanzu akwai kusa
uniformity a cikin hoton da aka gabatar. Yugoslavia, da cibiyoyin tarayya a
Gabaɗaya, ana nuna su azaman hegemonic. Sabanin haka, ana siffanta Yamma a matsayin
m, da ciwon kawai Montenegrin bukatun a zuciya, kare su daga
Yugoslavia mamayar. Ana gudanar da yakin farfaganda a ko'ina cikin rukunan
tsarin. Kusan shekara guda da ta wuce, darektan dakin karatu na jama'a a
An kori Podgorica saboda dalilai na akida, ra'ayinsa na siyasa ba
daidai da layin jam'iyya. Hakanan jami'o'i suna mamaye su da murya
masu bin koyarwar halal, kamar yadda manyan kotuna suke. Sabon
Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dukljanska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti),
wani mawaƙi mai kishin ƙasa ya kafa shi kuma tare da kishin ƙasa na musamman
nembership, sannu a hankali yana maye gurbin tsohuwar, wanda ya tsira daga
Gurguzu Yugoslavia.
Farfaganda
yakin neman zabe, kamar yadda ake tsammani, yana samar da sakamako. A cikin shekaru biyu da ya zama
"samfurin," Montenegro ya shaida wani gagarumin tashin hankali na kishin kasa.
A halin yanzu, kusan kashi 35 na al'ummar kasar suna goyon bayan 'yancin kai
daga Yugoslavia, kuma kashi 20 cikin XNUMX na son samun sassaucin ra'ayi
tsari da Montenegro da aka sani na duniya. Wannan mai girma ne
karuwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, a lokacin da manufar
yanayi a kasar ya dan samu sauki.
Alamar
tsarin da ake samu a yankin a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, abin lura
kishin kasa a Montenegro, kamar yadda yake a sauran jamhuriyoyin da suka balle daga
Yugoslavia, ya biyo baya-ba a rigaya ba-canjin siyasa a mafi girma
matakan, wanda shi kansa ya haifar da arangama da dakarun waje.
Kishin kasa dole ne ya kasance (kuma har yanzu) ana ƙera shi ta hanyar maido da avivistic
da ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba, waɗanda aka ta da su zuwa manyan ayyukan fitattu, waɗanda su ne
haɗe da abubuwa masu ƙarfi na waje. Bukatun jama'a shine
ana yin watsi da su, kamar yadda yake a baya, kuma ba a yi watsi da yanayin abubuwan da ke faruwa ba
mai wuyar ganewa, idan aka yi la’akari da girman aiwatar da “ƙarfafa” iko
na maɗaukakin "samfurin" a cikin dukan yankin da kuma dagewa na
tsarin tarihi.
Z
Alex
Dajkovic dan takarar digiri ne na digiri a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar
Kansas. Asalinsa daga Yugoslavia, ya kasance a Amurka tun 1991. Ya
ya rubuta kuma ya ba da jawabi game da al'amuran zamantakewa da kuma yankin Balkan.