Rushewar kuɗin da aka fara a watan Satumba na 2008 ya samo asali ne na jarin da aka yi akan takarda "mai guba" - kayan aikin kuɗi marasa amfani da aka yi ciniki don riba mai yawa, duk da cewa sun kasa nuna wata ƙima a cikin ainihin tattalin arziki. "Kayan Kayayyakin Guba" da "Takarda Mai Guba" ba sa nufin kasuwancin kamfanonin kasuwanci da masu guba. Har yanzu yana nufin mutuwa, amma mai mutuwa ga cibiyoyin kuɗi da bankuna saboda waɗannan haɗarin da ke tattare da su.
Akwai irin wannan "takardu masu guba" da ake samarwa a cikin kare amfanin gona na GM, musamman Bt. Auduga. Kamar takardu masu guba na Wall Street ba su da tushe a zahiri. Suna ɗauka cewa murƙushe lambar ƙarya na iya zama madadin gaskiya. Kuma suna da kisa ga tsaron abinci da noma, da rayuwar manoma.
Wata takarda ta kwanan nan daga IFPRI "Bt Cotton and Farmers Suicides in India" ta fada cikin wannan rukuni na takarda mai guba sau biyu saboda tana rufe haɗarin kwayoyin halitta masu guba kuma ta rabu da gaskiyar. Duk da haka yana da nufin tsara ra'ayi na jama'a game da amfanin gona na GM ta hanyar yin amfani da kowane dabara a cikin cinikayya don raba tasirin amfanin gona na GM akan manoma daga nau'in iri da fasaha na samar da wadanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, mai guba mai guba ta hanyar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta.
Bt. Auduga shine kawai amfanin gona na GM da aka amince don dashen kasuwanci a Indiya har zuwa yau.
Yawancin manoma da ke kashe kansu a Indiya girbi ne na ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba na Bt. Auduga. Bt. Gene a zahiri kwayar halitta ce mai guba. Yana samar da guba mai yawa. Bt. A cikin injiniyoyin amfanin gona na halitta sun bambanta sosai da na Bt a cikin halittar ƙasa da ke faruwa ta halitta, Bacillus Thurengensis. Ka'idar karya ta "Babban daidaitaccen daidai" yana ɗaukar hakan saboda Bt. Fesa ba shi da lafiya, injiniyoyin Bt. Abubuwan amfanin gona irin su Bt. Auduga lafiya. Wannan zato bai dace ba. Bt. sprays ba sa haifar da rashin lafiyan halayen, Bt. amfanin gona yi. Ci gaba da sunadaran Cry a cikin Bt. Fesa yana raguwa a cikin makwanni biyu bayan fallasa ga hasken UV. Wannan ba ya faruwa a cikin amfanin gona na Bt tun lokacin da ake samar da toxin Bt a ciki a cikin hatsi da sauran ƙwayoyin shuka. Har ila yau, Bt. Ana amfani da fesa sau ɗaya kawai ko sau biyu a cikin kakar wasa, yayin da Bt. Toxin a cikin amfanin gona na GM yana fitowa a kowane lokaci, ta kowane bangare na shuka, don haka yana kara haɗari daga bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum. A ƙarshe, Bt. sprays sun ƙunshi endo gubobi a cikin wani nau'i na crystalline mara aiki. Suna zama mai guba ne kawai a cikin hanjin wasu kwari waɗanda ke sarrafa crystal zuwa protoxin sannan kuma guba mai aiki. A gefe guda kuma, Bt. An kera amfanin gona ta hanyar halitta don samar da Bt. Toxin wanda ke aiki. Sakamakon Bt a cikin amfanin gona na GM yana da illa ga nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) kamar yadda binciken da aka yi a kan malam buɗe ido daga Cornell, da kuma mutuwar dabbobi daga Indiya sun nuna.
Duk da haka gubar Bt. Shuka amfanin gona ya fi zurfi da fadi fiye da gubar kwayoyin halitta.
Bt. An gabatar da auduga don sarrafa Bollworm na Amurka, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa alamar kasuwancin Monsanto na Bt. Auduga shine "Bollgard". Hujjar ita ce ta hanyar injiniya ta Bt. Toxin a cikin shuka, shuka zai zama mai jure wa kwari. Koyaya, bollworm ya sami juriya ga Bt. Toxin da sababbin kwari sun fito. Cututtukan da ba a yi niyya ba ya haifar da karuwar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Nazarin filin mu a Vidharbha ya nuna karuwar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da manoma sau goma sha uku tun daga Bt. An gabatar da auduga a cikin 2004.
Yayin da gaskiyar ke nuna cewa Bt. Auduga ya kasa sarrafa kwari kuma a haƙiƙa ya haifar da ƙaruwar kamuwa da kwari da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, takardar “mai guba” daga IFPRI ta bayyana cewa Bt. Auduga yana rage yawan feshin magungunan kashe qwari da kashi 32 – 40 cikin 30, yana rage farashin magungunan kashe qwari da kashi 52 – 32 cikin 40, yana kuma kara yawan farashin kayayyakin da ake nomawa da kashi 34 – 42 cikin 52, ba ya da wani tasiri a kan farashin audugar iri, waxanda aka samu da kashi 71 – XNUMX cikin XNUMX. , kuma yana haɓaka net ɗin da kashi XNUMX – XNUMX cikin ɗari”.
Duk da'awar a cikin wannan magana karya ce. Babban farashin Bt. Ba wai kawai irin nau’in auduga ke nunawa manoma basussuka da kashe-kashen kai ba, an tabbatar da shari’ar da gwamnatin Andhra Pradesh (AP) ta kawo wa Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (MRTP) wadda ita ma gidauniyarmu ta shiga tsakani.
A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2006 gwamnatin AP ta shigar da karar Monsanto - Mahyco Biotech (India) Ltd na rashin biyayya ga umarnin hukumar na rage masarautun da Monsanto ke tuhumarsa a matsayin "halaye - kimar" Rs. 1750 kowace fakitin 450 g na iri. Tun da Monsanto ya gabatar, Bt. Auduga a Indiya kafin dokokin haƙƙin mallaka na Indiya sun ba da izinin haƙƙin mallaka akan tsaba na GM, ba za ta iya da'awar sarauta ba.
Kamfanin na sayen iri daga manoma akan Rs. 300/- a kowace fakitin gram 750 sannan kuma ta yi iƙirarin sayar da ita ga manoma a farashi mai tsada.
Takaddamar da gwamnatin AP ta yi shi ne cewa farashin Bt. Auduga yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa a tsakanin manoma. Lokacin da aka shigar da karar, manoma fiye da 3000 ne suka kashe kansu a AP kuma yawancinsu manoman auduga ne.
Takardar koke ta AP ta bukaci a rage “darajar dabi’a” daga Rs. Daga 1750 To Rs. 750 a cikin fakitin gm 450 da dawowar Rs. Biliyan 4 ga manoman akan cajin su fiye da kima. Monsanto ya rasa karar kuma an tilasta masa ya rage farashinsa.
Shari'ar MRTP ta fallasa da'awar karya ta IFPRI cewa "babu wani tasiri mai tasiri kan farashin auduga iri" a cikin Bt. Auduga. Hakanan yana fallasa son zuciya a cikin kunkuntar tushen wallafe-wallafen da aka yi amfani da su. Binciken da Monsanto da masana'antar Biotech ke daukar nauyin su ya zama tushen wallafe-wallafen "takwarorinsu da aka bita". Umurnin gwamnati, Umurnin Kotu, karatu mai zaman kansa gabaɗaya ana watsi da su.
Rahoton IFPRI kuma mai guba ne ta fuskar sabani da rashin daidaituwa. Rahoton ya yarda da karuwar farashin samarwa. Wannan yana fassara zuwa ƙananan kuɗin shiga ga manoma. Duk da haka duk da yawan kuɗin da gonaki ke kashewa, IFPRI na da'awar sama da kashi 71 cikin ɗari mafi girma.
An kuma karyata wannan da'awar na samun babban riba ta hanyar binciken fage da yawa. Binciken 2008 na Navdanya yana kwatanta Bt. Auduga mai auduga ya nuna cewa masu samar da kwayoyin suna samun kusan sau goma fiye da Bt. Manoman auduga.
Ƙididdigar Amfanin Kuɗi na Bt. Auduga da Organic Cotton
|
Bt. Auduga (Rs./acre)
|
Organic Cotton
(Rs./acre)
|
a) Kudade - iri, magungunan kashe qwari, taki, ban ruwa da sauransu.
|
8164
|
3788
|
b) Darajar fitarwa
|
8876
|
10075
|
Kudin shiga (a-b)
|
714
|
6287
|
Nazarin da muka yi a baya a AP, MP da Karnataka suma sun nuna cewa ba Bt. Manoman auduga suna da kuɗin shiga mafi girma fiye da Bt. Manoman auduga.
Input / Fitarwa Bt. / ba Bt. / Desi Cotton Per Acre
|
Bt. Auduga
|
Ba Bt. Matasa
|
Desi Iri
|
Shigar da Kashewa
(tsari, taki, magungunan kashe qwari, ban ruwa da sauransu)
|
Rs. 9700 / -
|
Rs. 5750 / -
|
Babu
|
Jimlar Haɓaka
|
2 quntal
|
10 quntal
|
5 quntal
|
Ƙimar fitarwa
|
Rs. 3300 / -
|
Rs. 16500 / -
|
Rs. 8250 / -
|
Asara / Riba a kowace kadada
|
Asara - Rs. 6400/-
|
Riba - Rs. 10750/-
|
Riba - Rs. 8250/-
|
Binciken Amfanin Kuɗi - Madhya Pradesh
|
Bt. Auduga
|
Ba Bt. Iri
|
Shigar da kashe kuɗi ( iri, taki, magungunan kashe qwari, ban ruwa, aiki)
|
Rs. 6675 / -
|
Rs. 7005 / -
|
Yawan amfanin ƙasa da ake tsammani
|
4.01 quntal
|
7.05 quntal
|
Ƙimar fitarwa
|
Rs. 7218 / -
(Rs. 1800/- quntal)
|
Rs. 12690 / -
(Rs. 1800/- quntal)
|
Riba a kowace kadada
|
Rs. 543 / -
|
Rs. 5685 / -
|
Binciken Amfanin Kuɗi - Karnataka
|
Bt. Auduga
|
Ba Bt. Iri
|
Shigar da kashe kuɗi ( iri, taki, magungunan kashe qwari, ban ruwa, aiki)
|
Rs. 8925
|
Rs. 10250 / -
|
Yawan amfanin ƙasa da ake tsammani
|
3.82 quntal
|
7 quntal
|
Ƙimar fitarwa
|
Rs. 7640 / -
(Rs. 2000/- quntal)
|
Rs. 14000 / -
(Rs. 2000/- quntal)
|
Asara / Riba a kowace kadada
|
Asarar Rs. 1285/-
|
Ribar Rs. 3750/-
|
Wani bincike da kungiyar Andhra Pradesh Coalition in Defence of Diversity (APCIDD) ta gudanar ya nuna yadda sakamakon binciken da Monsanto ya dauki nauyin binciken AC Nielson ya kasance.
Monsanto ya ba da izini tare da nazari mai zaman kansa
Jihar
|
Bollworm
saukarwa
|
Rage Amfani da Maganin Kwari
|
Haɓakawa
|
Haɓaka cikin Riba Mai Rarraba
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
%
|
Rs
|
%
|
Quintals
/ Acre
|
%
|
Rs / Acre
|
Nazarin Monsanto
|
58%
|
1856 / -
|
24%
|
1.98
|
92
|
5138 / -
|
Andhra Pradesh
Nazarin APCIDD
|
14%
|
321 / -
|
2%
|
0.09
|
(-) 9%
|
(-) 750/-
|
Tun da binciken IFPRI ya kasance mai son zuciya a cikin zaɓin wallafe-wallafen, da'awar ta kuma ba ta dace ba. Kamar yadda tsare tsaren jinginar gidaje bai tabbatar da gidajen jama'a ba, sai dai tara kasuwanci a takarda mai guba kawai takardar da IFPRI ta yi amfani da ita ba ta tabbatar da tsira ga manoma ba, kawai tana tara takardu masu guba akan Bt mai guba. Auduga.
Takardar IFPRI gaba daya ta sabawa kariyarta na Bt. Fasaha. Inda amfanin gonar auduga ya gaza ko kuma kwari ya karu ko manoma suka kashe kansu, dalilin shi ne wauta manoma ko kuma laifin nau’in da ake shigar da Bt a ciki. Kamar yadda binciken ya bayyana "Asar da aka samu a wasu nazarce-nazarce ya samo asali ne saboda rashin isassun nau'ikan Bt. (musamman ga yanayin ruwan sama a karkashin ruwa), rashin ingancin auduga na wasu nau'in, tsadar iri na diyya ga raguwar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, da rashin amfani da fasahar da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin ilimin fasaha a tsakanin masu noman auduga, wato, fasahar da ake wakilta ta Bt, bai kamata a zarge shi ba, a maimakon haka, yanayin da aka bullo da shi. sayar da amfani da shi ya bayyana wasu asarar da aka gani a takamaiman yankuna na Indiya."
Lokacin da Bt. Auduga yana aiki da kyau shine "fasaha". Lokacin da ya yi muni, shi ne "halin". Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna na "fasaha" da "yanayin" lokacin da ya dace shine tushen hujjar ƙarya ta IFPRI cewa Bt. Kisan auduga da manoma ba su da alaƙa. Kamar yadda ya bayyana "A wasu yankuna da shekaru, inda Bt. Cotton zai iya ba da gudummawa a kaikaice ga manoma bashi (ta hanyar rashin amfanin gona) wanda ya kai ga kashe kansa, rashin nasararsa ya samo asali ne sakamakon yanayi ko yanayin da aka gabatar da shi ko dasa shi; Bt. . Auduga a matsayin fasaha ba laifi ba ne". Wannan hujja mai guba ce. Dukkan fasahohin an haɗa su cikin mahallin. Babu fasahohin da ba su da tushe, sai a cikin akida.
Bt. Toxins a cikin amfanin gona yana cikin nau'in iri, ana shuka iri a cikin ƙasa. Bt. Fasaha ba ta wanzu ba tare da iri ba, don haka akida ce mai tsafta don yin magana akan Bt. Cotton a matsayin fasaha mai zaman kanta daga iri da ƙasa. An sayar da iri ga manoma a matsayin "harsashin sihiri" a babban riba. Lokacin da Monsanto ya karɓi sarauta a matsayin "ƙimar dabi'a", yana karɓar daga manomi da ke da ruwa da kuma manomi mai ban ruwa, yana karɓar daga kamfanoni masu amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan don gabatar da Bt. Hali. Ba zai iya mallakar hali don tattara sarauta ba, kuma ya ƙi shi saboda mummunan sakamako na sanya kwayoyin halitta masu guba a cikin tsire-tsire don haifar da noma mai guba inda aka tura manoma su kashe kansu.
Kamar dai yadda takardu masu guba suka kawo titin Wall, takardun masu guba da Monsanto ke daukar nauyin kare muradunsa za su kawo koma baya ga noma. Amma ba kamar beli daga bankuna ba, lokacin da iri na ƙarshe ya “kare” kuma manoma na ƙarshe sun tafi, ba za a sami belin da zai yiwu ba.
Abin da ya sa muke buƙatar ƙirƙirar 'yancin GMO a yanzu. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da 'yanci daga takarda masu guba waɗanda ke sarrafa gaskiya yayin da manoma ke mutuwa.