Da kyau kafin karni na 2014 na farkon "yakin da za a kawo karshen yaƙe-yaƙe," yakin duniya na farko ya kasance ba zato ba tsammani a ko'ina cikin rayuwarmu. Stephen Spielberg War Horse An bude a kan fina-finai 2,376 kuma ya tattara sunayen Oscar shida, yayin da babbar nasara wasa ya dogara ne akan har yanzu yana tattarawa a cikin taron jama'a a New York kuma ana shirye-shiryen samarwa na biyu don rangadin ƙasar.
Bugu da kari, wasan opera na sabulun kallo na TV na watanni biyun da suka gabata. Downton Abbey, yanzu ya gama kakarsa akan sumba mara tsammani. A cikin sassa bakwai, duniyar sama-kasa ta haramtacciyar ƙauna da matsalolin dynastic sun ɗauki masu kallon Amurka daga tsakiyar yakin, 1916, bayan Armistice, tare da Abbey da kansa ya juya ya zama asibitin kwantar da hankali ga sojojin da suka ji rauni. Wasu wasan kwaikwayo game da yakin 1914-1918 suna kan hanya, daga cikinsu akwai ma'aikatun HBO-BBC dangane da Ford Madox Ford. Ƙarshen Parade Quartet na litattafai, da kuma daidaitawar TV na littafin Sebastian Faulks Birdsong daga wani kamfanin samar da tallafi na NBC.
A gaskiya, babu wani sabon abu a cikin wannan. Masu shirya fina-finai da marubuta sun daɗe suna sha’awar yadda kyakkyawan fata, hasken rana, kafin 1914 na Turai na sarakunan da ke sanye da hular kwalkwali da hussa a faretin da sauri suka rikiɗe zuwa wurin yanka jama’a a sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Kuma akwai dalilai masu kyau don kallon Yakin duniya na farko a hankali kuma a hankali.
Bayan haka, ita ce ke da alhakin mutuwar wasu sojoji miliyan tara da ma adadin fararen hula. Ya taimaka wajen tayar da kisan kiyashi na Armeniya da juyin juya halin Rasha, ya bar manyan yankuna na Turai cikin rugujewar hayaki, kuma ya sake mayar da duniya ga mafi muni a kusan kowace hanya da ake tunani - sama da duka, ta hanyar shimfida harsashi na daƙiƙa kuma ma fi mutuwa, har ma fiye da haka. yakin duniya.
Akwai kuma dalilai masu kyau da ya kamata mu ji daɗin abin da ya faru a waɗannan shekarun yaƙi ga ƙasar da ke cikin waɗannan fina-finai huɗu da na TV: Biritaniya. A shekara ta 1914, wannan al’ummar ta kasance a kololuwar ɗaukaka, wato ƙwaƙƙwaran duniya da babu shakka, tana sarauta bisa daula mafi girma da aka taɓa gani a duniya. Bayan shekaru hudu da rabi bashin da ake bin kasar ya karu har sau goma, sama da sojojin Birtaniya 720,000 suka mutu, da kuma wasu daruruwan dubban da suka samu munanan raunuka, da dama daga cikinsu sun rasa hannaye, kafafu, idanu, al'aura.
Adadin ya fadi ne musamman kan azuzuwan ilimi wadanda suka kai matasan hafsoshi da kyaftin da suka jagoranci dakarunsu daga cikin mahara da kuma harbin bindiga. Idan muka ba da misali guda ɗaya mai ban sha'awa, na mutanen da suka sauke karatu a Oxford a 1913, an kashe kashi 31%.
"An Kashe A Cikin Jajayen Kiyayya"
Amma duk da haka abin mamaki, ga duk abubuwan kallo na yaro da doki, tuhume-tuhumen mahaya doki, ramukan laka, da soyayya da asara lokacin yaƙi, masu yin Dokin Yaki, Downton Abbey da — ba ni da wata shakka - irin abubuwan da aka shirya nan ba da jimawa ba za mu fara kallo sosai. tsallake mafi girman wasan kwaikwayo na ɗabi'a na waɗannan shekarun rikice-rikice, wanda ke ci gaba da bayyana a lokacin namu na yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsada da tsada. Suna yin hakan ne ta hanyar barin wani ɓangare na jigon jigon wannan lokacin. Yaƙin Duniya na farko ba yaƙi ne kawai tsakanin runduna masu gaba da juna ba, amma kuma yaƙi ne mai ƙarfi, idan mai gefe ɗaya ne, yaƙi tsakanin waɗanda suka ɗauka yaƙin yaƙin ƴan sabi ne mai daraja da waɗanda suke ganin hauka ne.
Masu adawa da yakin sun shiga kurkuku a kasashe da dama. Akwai mutane fiye da 500 da ba su yarda da imaninsu ba da aka daure a Amurka a waɗannan shekarun, alal misali, da wasu da aka daure don sun ƙi shiga cikin rikici. Eugene V. Debs ya san gidan yari tun lokacinsa na shugaban kungiyar jirgin kasa, amma ya dauki tsawon lokaci a gidan yari - sama da shekaru biyu - saboda rokon mazan Amurka da su bijirewa daftarin. Da aka same shi da laifin tayar da zaune tsaye, har yanzu yana cikin gidan kurkukun tarayya da ke Atlanta a watan Nuwamba 1920 lokacin da, da dadewa bayan yakin ya kare, ya samu kuri’u kusan miliyan daya a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar gurguzu.
Wata zanga-zangar Amirka ta nuna adawa da yaƙin ta rikide zuwa bala'i lokacin da, a shekara ta 1917, 'yan sandan Oklahoma suka kama kusan 500 daftarin aiki - farare, baƙar fata, da 'yan asalin Amirka - suna shiga cikin abin da suka kira. Koren Masara Tawayen da "yakin mai arziki, yaƙin talaka." An kashe mutane uku tare da jikkata da dama.
An kuma jefa masu adawa da yaki a kurkuku a Jamus da Rasha. Amma ƙasar da ke da mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun tsarin yaƙin yaƙi - kuma a nan ne masu ƙirƙirar waɗannan fina-finai da wasannin kwaikwayo na TV so masoyi ta Anglophile masu sauraro na Amurka sun rasa wata muhimmiyar dama - ita ce Biritaniya.
Babban dalilin da ya sa adawa da yakin ya kasance mai ƙarfi akwai sauƙi: a cikin 1914, ba a kai hari ga tsibirin tsibirin ba. Jamusawa mahara sun yi tattaki zuwa Faransa da Beljiyam, amma Jamus na fatan Birtaniyya za ta fice daga yakin. Haka kuma wasu 'yan Birtaniyya. A lokacin da kasarsu ta shiga fadan bisa hujjar cewa Jamus ta keta hurumin ‘yan tawayen Belgian, ‘yan tsirarun ‘yan tsiraru sun ci gaba da dagewa cewa tsalle-tsalle a tsakanin sauran kasashe babban kuskure ne.
Keir Hardy ya kasance fitaccen abokin hamayyar yakin farko. Shugaban kungiyar kwadago kuma dan majalisa, tun yana dan shekara 21, ya riga ya shafe rabin rayuwarsa a matsayin mai hakar kwal kuma bai taba zuwa makaranta ba. Duk da haka, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zance na wannan zamani, yana ɓata gungun jama'a da balaga, da huda, idanunsa masu nauyi, da jajayen gemu. Cike da rashin bege cewa miliyoyin ma'aikatan Turai suna kashe junansu maimakon yin sanadin gama gari a yaƙin neman yancinsu, gemunsa fari, ya mutu a shekara ta 1915, har yanzu yana ɗan shekara 50.
Daga cikin wadanda suka jajirce wajen kalubalantar zazzabin yaki, wadanda galibi ‘yan sanda ko ’yan daba masu kishin kasa suka yi ta tarwatsa taronsu, akwai sanannen masu tsatsauran ra’ayi na mata. Charlotte Despard. Kanenta, abin mamaki, shine Field Marshal Sir John French, babban kwamandan Western Front na farkon shekara da rabi na yakin. Iyali mai kama da juna shine sanannen dangin Pankhurst na zaɓe: Sylvia Pankhurst ta zama babbar abokiyar adawar wannan rikici, yayin da 'yar uwarta Christabel ta kasance tun daga farko ma'aikacin ganga mai zafi don kokarin yaki. Ba wai kawai sun daina magana da juna ba, amma sun buga jaridu masu hamayya da kai hari kan aikin ɗayan.
Babban dan jarida mai bincike a Burtaniya, Edmund Dene Morel, kuma fitaccen masanin falsafanta, Bertrand Russell, duka biyun sun kasance masu sukar yaƙi masu kishi. Russell ya rubuta: “Wannan yaƙin ba kome ba ne, domin dukan girmansa. "Babu babban ka'ida da ke cikin hadari, babu wani babban manufar dan Adam da ke da hannu a kowane bangare." Ya yi mamakin ganin ’yan’uwansa ‘yan ƙasa “sun tafi da su cikin jajayen ƙiyayya.”
Ya rubuta da ban mamaki game da yadda yake da wahala a fuskanci halin da ake ciki na zazzabin yakin kasa "lokacin da al'ummar kasar ke cikin tashin hankali na gama gari. Kamar yadda ake buƙatar ƙoƙari sosai don guje wa raba wannan jin daɗin kamar yadda ake buƙata don ficewa daga matsananciyar yunwa ko sha'awar jima'i, kuma akwai irin wannan jin daɗin gaba da ilhami. "
Russell da Morel sun yi watanni shida a kurkuku don imaninsu. Morel ya yi aiki a wa'adinsa na aiki tuƙuru, yana ɗauke da tulun jute mai nauyin fam 100 zuwa taron bitar gidan yari yayin da yake ci gaba da cin abincin ƙashin ƙashi a lokacin sanyi mai sanyi lokacin da murhun gidan yari ya kasance na ƙarshe a kan ƙarancin wadatar kwal a ƙasar.
Mata suna so Violet Tillard ya tafi gidan yari shima. Ta yi aiki da wata jaridar antiwar da aka dakatar a shekara ta 1918 kuma an daure ta ne saboda ta ƙi bayyana wurin da take buga bugu a ɓoye. Kuma daga cikin jaruman da ba a waka ba na wancan lokacin antiwar akwai Emily Hobhouse, wanda ya bi ta Switzerland mai tsaka-tsaki a asirce zuwa Berlin, ya sadu da ministan harkokin wajen Jamus, ya tattauna kan yiwuwar zaman lafiya, sa'an nan ya koma Ingila ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi daidai da gwamnatin Birtaniya. Jami’an hukumar sun yi watsi da ita a matsayin wata ‘yar tsanar kerkeci, amma a rikicin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane miliyan 20, ita kadai ce dan Adam da ta yi ta tafiya daga wannan gefe zuwa wancan ta sake komawa don neman zaman lafiya.
Me Yasa Muka Sanin Yaki Fiye da Zaman Lafiya
A karshen yakin, fiye da mutanen Birtaniya 20,000 sun yi watsi da daftarin kuma, bisa ga ka'ida, mutane da yawa sun ki yarda da madadin sabis da aka tsara don masu adawa da lamiri, kamar motar motar asibiti a gaba ko aiki a masana'antar yaki. Fiye da 6,000 daga cikinsu an tsare su a gidan kurkuku - har zuwa lokacin mafi yawan mutanen da aka taba daure su a gidan yari saboda dalilai na siyasa a dimokuradiyyar yammacin Turai.
Babu wani abu mai sauƙi game da wannan. An yi wa waɗanda suka ƙi daftarin izgili da izgili ( ƴan gungun mutane sun jefe su da ruɓaɓɓen qwai lokacin da aka ba su dama), an daure su a cikin yanayi mai tsauri, kuma sun rasa ’yancin zaɓe na shekaru biyar. Amma da ƙarshen yaƙi, a cikin ƙasar da ta lalace tana baƙin ciki da asarar da aka yi kuma suna mamakin abin da zai iya tabbatar da kisan da aka yi na shekaru huɗu, mutane da yawa sun ji daban game da masu adawa. An zabi sama da rabin dozin daga karshe a majalisar dokokin kasar kuma dan jarida Morel ya zama babban mai magana da yawun majalisar dokoki kan harkokin kasashen waje na jam'iyyar Labour. Shekaru talatin bayan Armistice, an nada wani ɗan kasuwa mai suna Arthur Creech Jones, wanda ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari a matsayin mai adawa da yaƙi, a majalisar ministocin Biritaniya.
Jarumtakar irin waɗannan maza da mata wajen faɗin tunaninsu a kan ɗaya daga cikin manyan tambayoyi na wannan zamani ya jawo musu wahala: a cikin raini a cikin jama'a, ɗaurin kurkuku, rarrabuwar iyali, rasa abokai da ayyukan yi. Amma duk da haka an manta da su a yau a daidai lokacin da ya kamata a yi bikin tsayin daka da yaƙe-yaƙe marasa ma'ana. Madadin haka, kusan koyaushe muna yin bikin waɗanda suke yaƙi - nasara ko rashin nasara - maimakon waɗanda ke hamayya da su.
Ba kawai fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da muke kallo ba, amma abubuwan tarihi da gidajen tarihi da muke ginawa. Ba abin mamaki ba, kamar yadda Janar Omar Bradley ya taɓa faɗa, cewa mun "san sanin yaƙi fiye da yadda muka sani game da zaman lafiya." Mun yi la'akari da yaƙe-yaƙe a matsayin lokuta na jaruntaka, kuma a cikin ƙunci mai sauƙi, za su iya zama. Amma babban jarumtaka, wanda aka rasa a Washington a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ya ta'allaka ne a cikin yunƙurin yin tunani ta hanyar ko yaƙin ya cancanci faɗa kwata-kwata. A cikin neman darussa a yaƙe-yaƙe da suka gabata, akwai labari mai zurfi da za a ba da shi fiye da na yaro da dokinsa.
Adam Hochschild shine marubucin Fatalwar Sarki Leopold da Bury the Chains, da sauran ayyuka. Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan da ya fi shahara, Don ƙare duk yakin: Labari na aminci da tayarwa, 1914-1918 (Houghton Miffin Harcourt), yana mai da hankali kan masu sukar yaƙin yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. Yanzu ana samunsa a cikin takarda, shi ne ɗan wasan ƙarshe na duka lambar yabo ta Critics Circle Award da lambar yabo ta Los Angeles Times Littafi. Don sauraron sabuwar hira ta Tomcast na Timothy MacBain, wanda Hochschild ya tattauna batutuwan da ba a san su ba na waɗanda ke Ingila waɗanda suka yi adawa da shiga yakin duniya na ɗaya da kuma saƙon da suke bayarwa don namu lokaci, danna. nan, ko sauke shi zuwa ga iPod nan.
Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana akan TomDispatch.com, gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar ta Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Daular Amurka, marubucin Ƙarshen Al'adun Nasara, kamar na labari, Kwanakin Ƙarshe na Bugawa. Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan shine Hanyar Yakin Amurka: Yadda Yakin Bush Ya Zama na Obama (Littattafan Haymarket).