Shekaru biyu bayan faduwar gwamnatin Fernando Lugo da kuma shekara guda bayan hawan Horacio Cartes na jam'iyyar Colorado, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa sun nuna alamun sake ginawa, tare da kyakkyawan jagoranci na ƙungiyoyin campesino suna fuskantar kasuwancin noma da danniya.
"Yaya za ku ce 'sandunan tafiya' a Guaraní?" An zana murmushi a kan wata matsananciyar fuska, mai kimanin shekaru 60, mai siririn gemu da taushin fuskar fuska. "Alamar," in ji shi, yana ɗaga sanda mai tsawon santimita 50, goge, wanda a kan shi za a iya karanta acronym FNC. Yana kama da wanda kusan dukkanin campesinos da campesinas suka taso a gaban ma'aikatar Hacienda, wani yanki na rabin titin Asunción mafi tsakiya. “Alamar gwagwarmaya da iko,” muryar mace ta shiga ciki. Mutumin ya yi murmushi, yana nodding, yana kallon alamarsa da kulawa, kuma-kamar mantra-yana maimaita kalmar “iko.” Suna nuna girman kai na wani yunkuri da aka haifa a karkashin mulkin kama-karya, [wani yunkuri] wanda bai daina fada a karkashin kowace gwamnati ba, ko na Jam'iyyar Colorado ko kuma gwamnatin Lugo mai ci gaba, [wani yunkuri] ya dawo da tituna daga gwamnatin Hugo Cartes. laifi na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa.
A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta ne rana ta biyu a cikin kwanaki uku na zanga-zangar adawa da kungiyar Campesino ta Paraguay, tare da toshe titina, da tarukan da ake yi a sassa daban-daban na kasar, da maci a birane. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka tattara, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Campesino (FNC, Federación Nacional de Campesinos), Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Ƙauye da Mata na Ƙasa (Conamuri, Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Rurales e Indígenas), Ƙungiya don Ƙungiyar Ƙasa (OLT, Organización de Lucha por). la Tierra) da kuma sassan kungiyar kwadago da dama da jam’iyyun siyasa sun yi fice. Daga cikin matsayarsu: adawa da dokar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu, wanda ke shirin mayar da ayyukan jama'a, kiwon lafiya, da ilimi masu zaman kansu; adawa da tashe-tashen hankula na jihohi da laifin aikata zanga-zangar; da kuma bukatar sake fasalin noma-a cikin ƙasar da ke da mafi girman yawan filaye a duniya. Babban jigon taron ya ce duka: "Ba a sayarwa Paraguay ba."
Karin waken soya, karin danniya
Adela da Adelaida, watanni shida da shekaru uku daga mazaunin Húber Duré, sun mutu a ranar 21 ga Yuli, mai yiwuwa gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ne. Matsugunin-kilomita 330 daga Asunción a cikin sashin Canindeyu- yana da iyalai 260 na FNC waɗanda suka ci hekta dubu biyar a cikin 2000. Suna fama da mutuwar mutane huɗu a cikin su, daga cikinsu Húber Duré ɗan shekara 22.
A lokaci guda kuma, an yi wa rukunin yara 18 da manya 19 magani don samun alamomi iri ɗaya: amai, ciwon baya, tashin zuciya, zazzaɓi, da gazawar numfashi. Ko da yake jami'an kiwon lafiya sun musanta yuwuwar kamuwa da maganin kashe kwari, 'yan unguwar sun yi ikirarin cewa an yi feshin noman waken soya da ke kusa da wurin kwana biyu kafin mutuwar 'yan matan. Matsugunin yana kewaye da GM monocultures. Nimia Galeano, mai kula da lafiyar matsuguni, ta ce a duk lokacin da aka sami fumigation na waken soya, ana rubuta alamun iri ɗaya a tsakanin mazauna. Bayan wata daya, William, dan wata 10 da aka haifa da nakasa, ya mutu, kuma al’umma sun yi rajistar mutuwar shanu 43, alade 30, akuya, da kaji 319 cikin ‘yan kwanaki. "Hatta hankaka ba sa cin daruruwan matattun dabbobin, kuma kare da ya ci gawar saniya ya mutu a nesa da 'yan mitoci."
Mutuwar yara na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin fuskoki na samfurin waken soya da aka dasa a Paraguay a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Amma samfurin ya zo tare da yanayi guda biyu wanda ya sa ya yiwu: danniya da maida hankali na ƙasa. Bayanai sun ce Paraguay na da kadada miliyan 40 na fili, wanda miliyan 24 ke noma. Kusan miliyan 8 ne tierras malhabidas, ba bisa ka'ida ba daga jihar tun 1954. Ko kuma, tun farkon mulkin kama-karya na Stroessner.
Paraguay ita ce ƙasa mafi rashin daidaito a Latin Amurka. A cewar Dirección de Estadísticas y Censos, 1% na masu mallakar filaye ne ke iko da kashi 77% na ƙasa mai albarka, kuma 40% na manoma sun mallaki kashi 1% kawai na ƙasar. Hectare miliyan 9.7 an tattara su a tsakanin masu mallakar fili 351 kawai, yayin da akwai 300,000 da ba su da ƙasa. Ita ce kasar da ke da yawan mazauna karkara a yankin, amma kashi 53% na fama da talauci. Mai gida daya, Tranquilo Favero, yana da hekta miliyan daya da aka sadaukar don samar da shanu da waken soya ta hanyar Grupo Favero, tare da hanyar sadarwa na kamfanoni goma da ke da alaƙa da samarwa, ajiya, sufuri da fitar da hatsi, dabbobi da masana'antar noma. Ƙungiyoyin Campesino suna buƙatar kwace wani yanki na waɗannan ƙasashe da suke ganin an samu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.
Baya ga maida hankali kan ƙasa, ana lura da ikon mallakar ƙasar waje mai ƙarfi. Kusan kadada miliyan 8, ko kuma kashi 30% na filayen noma, suna hannun kasashen waje: kusan miliyan biyar mallakar Brazil ne kuma 'yan Uruguay sun sayi miliyan biyu. Suna hasashen farashin ƙasa: hectare ɗaya a cikin Paraguay Chaco yana da darajar dalar Amurka $350, yayin da a Brazil hectare ɗaya ya tashi daga $5,000 zuwa 10,000 USD. Shekaru goma da suka wuce, lokacin da aka fara hasashe, farashin ya kasance kawai $50 USD/hectare.
Don isa ga waɗannan matakan tattara ƙasa da mallakar ƙasashen waje, jihar [Paraguay] da masu mallakar filaye sun ƙaddamar da yaƙi a kan sansanin. A cikin shekaru 25 tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya na Stroessner, sun samu raguwar mazauna karkara da kusan kashi 50%. Rahoton Chokokue, 1989-2013 ta Mai Gudanar da Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Paraguay (Codehupy) yana nuna wannan gaskiyar.
Kurkuku na agribusiness
A yayin taron karawa juna sani na "Agribusiness a cikin Kudancin Cone, juriya da madadin", wanda Gidauniyar Rosa Luxemburg, Serpaj Paraguay, da Cibiyar Nazarin Zamani (Base Investigiones Sociales) suka shirya a Asunción, an shirya ziyarar wakilai zuwa gidan yarin Tacumbú. Yawancin mata ne suka tafi: mata daga Malvinas Argentinas (inda, a unguwar Cordoba, sun yi nasarar dakatar da Monsanto), mata masu shirya taron karawa juna sani, da mata daga Conamuri, tare da mutanen Brazil, Argentina, da Uruguay.
“Mu ’yan’uwa goma ne,” Agustín Acosta ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na tunani daga kurkuku. Shi ne ɗa na tara na dangin campesino daga birnin Cagauzú, inda ba zai iya kammala makarantar sakandare ba saboda iyayensa ba za su iya [iya] tallafa masa ba. Yana da shekaru 19, a cikin 1991, ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Franciscan kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin fasto a unguwannin talakawa na Caaguazú. Har yanzu yana cikin Matasan Franciscan, ya goyi bayan jam'iyyar Patria Libre mai ra'ayin Marxist, yana halartar kwasa-kwasan horo a unguwannin masu aiki. A cikin 2003 ya kasance ɗan takarar Patria Libre na gwamnatin sashe na Caaguazú, sannan ya shiga ƙungiyar Jama'ar Noma (Movimiento Agrario Popular). Ya fuskanci tsanantawa a cikin tsarin tsarin gwamnatin George W. Bush na Shirin Paraguay-Plan Colombia, wanda "ya wargaza kungiyarmu ta siyasa, tare da mafi mahimmancin mutane da aka yi hijira zuwa Brazil da sauran compañeros / kamar yadda a cikin yanayin tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba."
Shi, tare da wasu shugabannin campesino (Basilian Cardozo, Gustavo Espínola, Arístides Vera, Simeón Bordón, Roque Rodríguez), sun sami mafaka a Argentina, inda aka kai su Paraguay bayan shekaru biyu da watanni bakwai a kurkuku. A cikin shari'a mai zurfi-kamar yadda alkalai da yawa suka gane, irin su Lawyers Guild na Argentina (Asociación Gremial de Abogados de Argentina), Nobel Peace Laureate Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, da alkalai daban-daban - an tuhume su da laifin sacewa da kisan wani tsohon. yar shugaban kasa. Wata hanya ce ta aikata laifuka da lalata ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa.
A cikin wannan gidan yarin Tacumbú da ke Asunción, mun sami Ruben Villalba, wanda ya tsira daga kisan kiyashin da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2012 Curuguaty, wanda ya kashe sansani 11 da ‘yan sanda 6 suka rasa rayukansu. Hakan ya kai ga juyin mulkin da majalisar dokokin kasar ta yi na hambarar da shugaba Fernando Lugo. Kamar sauran, shi shugaban campesino ne, wanda ya ji rauni daga harbin da aka yi masa a kai kuma ba shi da kulawar likita duk da rashin lafiyarsa.
Dukkan shari'o'in biyu sun tabbatar da son zuciya ga tsarin shari'a na Paraguay har zuwa ma'anar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka yi jayayya, a cikin shari'ar shida, an riga an rubuta hukuncin lokacin da aka kai karar. An yanke musu hukuncin mafi girman hukunci: shekaru 25 a gidan yari, da goma saboda an dauke su "masu hadari."
A cikin shekaru 25 na mulkin dimokuradiyya, an kashe shugabanni da mambobin kungiyoyin campesino 115 ko kuma sun bace. Ga Codehupy, ya zo ne ga aiwatar da "tsarin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa" a kan campesinsos, "tare da kin amincewa da tilasta musu hijira, domin dacewa da yankunansu" ta hanyar "hanyoyin ta'addanci." Kashi biyu bisa uku na kisan (67%) ‘yan banga ne suka yi, sauran ‘yan sanda da sojoji ne suka yi. Sai dai akwai shari'o'i biyu da aka kashe wadanda ake tsare da su a lokacin da suke karkashin kulawar fuerza pública. Amma mafi yawan alamun bayyanar - abin da ke bayyana yanayin adalci da kuma jihar Paraguay - shi ne cewa duk kisan kai ba a hukunta shi ba, kuma an hana yiwuwar yin gwaji na gaskiya don isa ga masu laifi.
Taswirar Codehupy da ke rarrabawa tare da rahoton ya nuna cewa an yi kisan kai daidai a fannin fadada noman waken soya. Tsari ne mai daidaituwa tare da "ƙarshen siyasa" tare da manyan manufofi guda biyu: lalata ƙungiyar mutanen da ba a haɗa su ba, da sakin ƙasarsu zuwa kasuwancin noma. Darasin yana da wuyar gaske, amma ƙungiyoyin sun gane cewa: iko yana ci gaba zuwa tsarkakewa a cikin jama'a domin ya sa mai tarin dukiya da mulki.
Zuwa wani sabon salon gwagwarmaya
Ranar 26 ga Maris ita ce yajin aikin gama-gari na farko ga gwamnatin Cartes. Ma'aikata daga ƙungiyoyi bakwai sun zaɓi manyan hanyoyin shiga Asunción don hana shigowar abin hawa, suna neman ƙarin albashi na 25% (ya bambanta da kashi 10% da gwamnati ta bayar tare da soke haɗin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da ikon yin kwangilar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu). don ayyukan ababen more rayuwa). Yajin aikin ya zo dai-dai da taron shekara-shekara na Marcha Campesina karo na 21, wani gangamin neman kawo sauyi a fannin noma wanda mambobin FNC 10,000 suka shiga. Kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta, kasancewar campesino na da matukar muhimmanci ga nasarar yajin aikin farko cikin shekaru 18, tare da zanga-zangar da ta gabata a duk fadin kasar.
Abin lura shi ne, shekaru biyu bayan faduwar gwamnatin Lugo mai ci gaba, ana sake farfado da yunƙurin, sabbin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo—musamman ƴan wasan birane—suna bayyana, kuma ayyukansu na yin haɗin gwiwa, kamar yadda ya faru a tsakiyar watan Agusta. A cikinsu, duk da haka, zaku iya hango sauye-sauye masu alaƙa da abin da ya faru shekaru goma da suka gabata, lokacin da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa suka rage ɓangarorin kasuwanci a cikin 2002.
Wasu yunƙurin da suka fi ƙwazo su ne waɗanda suka kasance masu zaman kansu a lokacin gwamnatin Lugu maimakon sanya kansu a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati. Wataƙila wannan zaɓi ya ba su damar ƙarfafa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamar yadda yake tare da FNC da Conamuri. A wannan lokacin, yana da mahimmanci a san ƙarin bayani game da lamarin FNC (wanda ya zama ƙungiyar manoma mafi girma a Paraguay) ta hanyar shaida daban-daban da littafin Ñandekuéra. Duk Mu.
A cikin 1976, mulkin kama-karya ya wargaza Kungiyoyin Agrarian na Kirista (Ligas Agrarias Cristianas). A cikin 1980s ƙungiyar manoma ta sake tsarawa. A cikin 1986, Mai Gudanar da Ayyukan Noma na Ƙasa (CONAPA, Coordinadora Nacional de Productores Agrícolas) ya fito, kuma bayan faduwar mulkin kama-karya, an kirkiro FNC a cikin 1991. An bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "dimokradiyya, mai hankali, da fada." Tana da ƙungiyoyin yanki goma sha ɗaya da aka haɗa cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta ƙasa (wanda ke yin taro kowane watanni huɗu) da Babban Darakta, waɗanda hukumominsu suka dogara akan zaɓe kai tsaye.
FNC ta ci fiye da hekta 200,000 na fili, wanda sama da gidaje 14,000 - kusan mutane dubu 60 - ke zaune. Ba duk waɗannan filaye ba ne sakamakon tsarin ɗaukar hoto; Akwai wasu hanyoyin guda biyu: tsoffin ƙauyuka na campesino da ribar kwatsam, waɗanda suka je taron FNC don neman ilimi da tallafi. Don haka suna bambanta tsakanin sana'o'i, ƙauyuka, da al'ummomi. Sana'o'in suna kwace filaye wadanda mallakarsu (kungiyar) ke takaddama da masu mallakar filaye da kuma jihar. Ba su sami kwanciyar hankali ba kuma galibi ana tsananta musu. Matsugunai yankuna ne da ke kan aiwatar da amincewa da doka. Al'ummomi filaye ne na shari'a kuma jihar ta amince da su tuntuni. FNC kawai ta mamaye kadarori sama da hekta 3,000, burinsu shine manyan gidaje. A halin yanzu suna da ƙauyuka 40.
Gabaɗaya, ƙauyuka suna rarraba kimanin hekta 10 ga kowane iyali, inda suke noman amfanin gona, kuma suna barin wani yanki don amfanin jama'a. A cikin gida, kwamitocin iyalai ne suka shirya su tare da darakta ɗaya wanda majalisar wakilai biyu ta zaɓe ta kowane kwamiti, matasa biyu, da mata biyu. Yawancin lokaci akwai shago, makaranta, da kuma ɗakin kwana a tsakiyar kowace ƙauye.
Bayan shekaru uku ko hudu, suna samar da isasshen abin da za su iya ci da kuma samun rarar da za su sayar a kasuwa. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, sun shirya bikin baje kolin kasa da kasa na biyu (Feria Naciones de Producción) a Asunción, inda aka sayar da kayayyakin sasantawa da yawa: cuku, kaza, da qwai, wake kodan, rogo, masara, naman alade, chipá, tumatir, sitaci, zuma, gyada, da kayan lambu kamar latas, albasa, faski da barkono. Mutane da yawa sun yi mamaki da iri-iri da yawan kayayyakin.
[FNC] sun ayyana kansu a matsayin masu cin gashin kansu da masu zaman kansu kuma sun yi imani "haɗin kai kai tsaye da tsari ta hanyar tattaunawa, ƙungiya, gwagwarmaya, da cin nasara sune tushen tushe don haɓaka wayewar siyasa na campesinado da duka pueblo." Ba sa shiga cikin zaɓe kuma sun saba inganta ƙuri'un da ba su da tushe, suna ƙin tuhumar hukumomi.
A lokacin zanga-zangar 13-15 ga Agusta, FNC ta gana da Conamuri, OLT, Paraguay Campesino Movement, ƙungiyoyin siyasa da ƙungiyoyi. Teodolina Villalba, mace ta farko sakatare-janar na FNC, ta yi tir da tashin hankalin da campesinos ke fama da shi da kuma gurbacewar iska. "A karkashin gwamnatin Cartes, cin zarafi na kasuwancin waken soya ya karu, kuma wani tsari na kamfen na mika yankuna ga kamfanoni kamar Cargill da Monsanto." Perla Álvarez daga Conamuri ya yi maraba da mahalarta bikin da Duniya ta yi a cikin Pantheon of Heroes na kasa a cikin garin Asunción, wanda aka rufe kwanaki uku na zanga-zangar. Ta kare hadin kai a aikace da ikon cin abinci, al'amari na tsakiya ga mata matalauta. María García daga Jami'ar Tsaron Al'ummar Norte ita ma tana wurin. Kogin Paraguay da ke tasowa ya mamaye gidanta. A Bañado, wurin da ya fi talauci a Asunción, matan da suka shirya sun ƙi abincin da suka zo tare da alamun gwamnatin Colorado Party a cikin wani gagarumin alama na mutunci.
Sabon shugabanci yana samun karbuwa a tituna da kungiyoyi. Mutane daga "ƙasa," waɗanda ba su yi karatunsu ba a cikin cibiyoyi, tare da kasancewar mata da matasa. Zagaye na gaba na gwagwarmaya don Paraguay yayi alƙawarin sanya sabbin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - waɗanda aka fi sani da su daga shahararrun sassan-bayyani, waɗanda wataƙila za su nuna sabbin kwatance da buɗe sabon al'adun siyasa.
Raúl Zibechi editan dangantakar kasa da kasa ne a mujallar Brecha a Montevideo, mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kuma marubucin rahoton Zibechi na wata-wata na Shirin CIP Americas www.cipamericas.org
Fassarar: Paige M Patchin