A cikin Nuwamba 1989, makonni uku kafin mamayar Amurka, na halarci wani taro a Panama wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Panama ta shirya don sanar da wakilan Amirka 118 game da abin da ke faruwa. Tuni dai sojojin Amurka na ci gaba da kai wa 'yan kasar Panama hare-hare a kai a kai, wadanda ke gudanar da atisayen soji na kusan kullu yaumin a yankin na Panama inda aka wajabta wa sojojin Amurka bisa yarjejeniyar kin gudanar da ayyukansu. Mutanen Panama da suka halarci taron da suka hada da shugaban rikon kwarya Francisco RodrÃguez da Janar Manuel Noriega, sun bayyana karara cewa batun ba Noriega ba ne ko dimokaradiyya ko kuma tsaron lafiyar 'yan kasar Amurka. Batun shine ikon mallakar Panama na tantance tarihinta. Yawancin mutane a Amurka ba su da masaniya game da tarihin Panama. Wannan tarihin tarihi, wanda na rubuta a cikin 1990, ƙoƙari ne na samar da mahallin tarihi game da mamayewar.
1501: An fara binciken Mutanen Espanya na isthmus. Masu cin nasara sun gabatar da bauta da Katolika.
1519: An kafa Old Panama City. Baturen buccaneer Henry Morgan ya kora a 1671.
1751: Wani ɓangare na Mataimakin Mutanen Espanya na New Granada, ciki har da a wancan lokacin Jamhuriyar Colombia, Ecuador, da Venezuela.
1821: Independence daga Spain a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai da aka yi tare da jagorancin Simón BolÃvar. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar BolÃvar Greater Colombia na Colombia, Venezuela da Ecuador. (A cikin wannan ƙungiyar ta Colombia ta yau ana kiranta New Granada kuma ta haɗa da Panama.) An zaɓi BolÃvar shugaban ƙasar Kolombiya.
1823: A ranar 2 ga Disamba, a cikin abin da aka sani da Monroe Doctrine, Shugaba James Monroe ya kaddamar da yammacin Hemisphere a matsayin wani yanki na Amurka na musamman.
1830: Lokacin da ƙungiyar BolÃvar ta rushe, Panama ta ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na New Granada (wanda ke daukar sunan Colombia a 1863).
1846: Gwamnatin Amurka ta kulla yarjejeniya da New Granada tana cewa Washington za ta ba da tabbacin 'cikakkiyar tsaka tsaki' na isthmus.
1855: Tashar jirgin kasa ta Panama a fadin isthmus daga Atlantic zuwa Pacific an ƙare ranar 28 ga Janairu.
1856: Sojojin Amurka sun sauka a Panama Satumba 19-22 don kare muradun Amurka, musamman hanyar jirgin kasa.
1865: Sojojin Amurka sun sauka a ranar 9-10 ga Maris don kare rayuka da dukiyoyin jama'ar Amurka da kuma hanyar jirgin kasa yayin ayyukan juyin juya hali.
1873: Sojojin Amurka sun sauka a Bay of Panama, Colombia, Mayu 7-22 da Satumba 23-Oktoba 9 don kare muradun Amurka a lokacin tashin hankali kan wanda zai shugabanci Panama.
1885: Sojojin Amurka sun sauka a Colón Janairu 18-19 don kiyaye kayayyaki masu mahimmanci a kan hanyar jirgin kasa ta Panama da kuma kare kariya da ma'auni na Kamfanin Railroad na Panama. A cikin Maris, Afrilu da Mayu Sojojin Amurka suna Panama a ƙarshen layin dogo, Colón da Panama City, don kare hanyar jirgin ƙasa yayin ayyukan juyin juya hali.
1898: Nasarar Amurka a kan Spain a Yakin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka ya ba da yankuna hudu tare da manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na Amurka Navy: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, da Guam.
1901: Sojojin Amurka sun sauka a Panama Nuwamba 20-Disamba 4 don kare dukiyar Amurka da kuma bude hanyar jirgin kasa. Tabbas Washington ta yanke shawarar gina mashigar ruwan Panama.
1902: Sojojin Amurka sun sauka Satumba 17-Nuwamba 18 don ci gaba da bude hanyar jirgin kasa.
HALARTAR DA RUNDUNAR MU NA DUNIYA
1903: A watan Nuwamba, Theodore Roosevelt Administration injiniyoyi sun yi aikin rabuwar Panama daga Colombia. Sojojin Amurka sun zama na dindindin.
1904: Karin sojojin Amurka don hana tayar da zaune tsaye a lokacin zabe. A halin da ake ciki kuma, manufofin Amurka suna raunana kuma suna raunana sojojin kasa. Babu wani dan Panama da zai iya zama shugaban kasa ba tare da amincewar Washington ba.
1908: Karin sojojin Amurka don hana tayar da zaune tsaye a lokacin zabe.
1912: Karin sojojin Amurka don hana tayar da zaune tsaye a lokacin zabe. A watan Mayu, Washington ta nada wani kwamiti na manyan hafsoshin sojojin Amurka don kirga kuri'u a zaben watan Yuni.
1914: Canal Panama ya buɗe. Sojojin Amurka suna iko da yankin Canal mai fadin mil goma a tsakiyar kasar. Domin tsallakawa daga wannan bangare na kasarsu zuwa wancan, dole ne 'yan Panama su bayyana kansu ga sojojin Amurka. A Yankin, ma'aikatan Amurka suna karɓar fiye da sau biyu albashin da 'yan Panama ke karɓa. A wannan lokacin oligarchy yana mulki da ƙasa da kuɗi ga kaɗan yayin da kashi 90 ba a cire su ba. Ana aiwatar da rarrabuwa ta tsarin dokoki kamar dokokin Jim Crow a Amurka.
1918-20: Ƙarin sojojin Amurka don ba da aikin 'yan sanda a Chiriquà (yammacin Panama) a lokacin tarzomar zabe da tashin hankali na gaba. A cikin 1918, Shugaba Ciro Urriola ya ba da wata doka da ta dage zaɓe. Washington ta ba da umarnin soke dokar kuma sojojin Amurka sun mamaye birnin Panama da Colón.
1920: Babban yajin aikin da William Preston Stoute ya jagoranta, wanda aka kore shi daga ƙasar.
1925: Karin sojojin Amurka a ranar 12-23 ga Oktoba don kiyaye oda da kare muradun Amurka yayin hare-haren haya da 'yan haya ke kaiwa.
1930s-40s: Ana tilasta wa Washington yin yarjejeniya lokaci-lokaci. Misali, don musanya ƙarin wuraren sojan Amurka a wajen yankin Canal a jajibirin shiga yakin duniya na biyu, gwamnatin Amurka ta soke wasu basussuka, ta ba da diyya ta kuɗi don wuraren, ta tura wa Panama wasu kaddarorin Kamfanin Railroad na Panama da sarrafa su. Tsarin ruwa da magudanar ruwa na Panama City da Colón, yana ba da ikon ikon mallakar Panama.
1947: A ranar 10 ga Disamba, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Panama Francisco A. Filos da Jakadan Amurka Frank Hines sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Filos-Hines don tsawaita kasancewar sansanonin sojan Amurka 140 da wuraren tsaro da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Nasarar adawar Panama ta kai ga rashin nasarar yarjejeniyar a Majalisar Dokokin kasar makonni biyu bayan haka.
1954: CIA ta hambarar da gwamnatin Guatemala, ta kori zababben shugaban kasa, Jacobo Arbenz, da kuma kafa mulkin kama-karya na soja na Kanar Carlos Castillo Armas.
1954: Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta zartar da hukuncin yanke hukunci a makaranta (Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka). Haɓaka Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Amurka yana da tasiri sosai a Panama.
1955: Washington ta yarda da biyan ƙarin kuɗin Canal, don barin Panama ta karɓi haraji daga ma'aikata ban da 'yan Amurka da wasu, da kuma mayar da ɗan ƙaramin dukiya zuwa Panama.
1958: Gangamin neman daidaiton matsayi ga harshen Sipaniya da tutar Panama a yankin Canal. Hukumar Eisenhower ta yarda duka tutoci za su iya tashi a ƙayyadadden wuri.
1959: Ranar 1 ga Janairu, juyin juya halin Cuban ya yi nasara, yana tasiri sosai ga mutanen Panama. Rikici yana faruwa a kowane watanni huɗu na farkon wannan shekara.
1959: A Ranar 'Yancin Kai 'yan Panama sun yi tattaki zuwa yankin Canal don daga tutar Panama; Sojojin Amurka sun mayar da su baya. Washington ta fara mayar da 'yan sanda cikakken soja. Daga baya Washington ta ji tsoron wannan sojan saboda karfin da yake da shi a matsayin dakarun kishin kasa.
1964: A ranar 9 ga Janairu, ɗaliban Amurka sun ɗaga tutar Amurka da kanta a makarantar sakandare a yankin Canal. 'Yan Panama masu zanga-zangar sun yi maci zuwa yankin kuma sojojin Amurka sun mayar da su baya. Wannan dai ya kai ga kwashe kwanaki biyu ana zanga-zangar inda sojojin Amurka suka kashe fararen hula sama da 20 tare da raunata sama da 300. Panama ta karya huldar diflomasiyya tare da neman sake gyara yarjejeniyoyin. Dangantaka ta koma cikin watan Afrilu bayan da Washington ta amince da tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyoyin.
KASASHEN OLIGARCHY
1968: A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, National Guard, karkashin Col. Omar Torrijos, ya hambarar da gwamnatin oligarchy kuma ya kafa mulkin soja wanda Torrijos ya zama shugaban. Ya jagoranci sojojin kasar 1968-81. Torrijos yana motsawa zuwa 'yancin kai daga Washington, yana dogara ga tushen kishin kasa. Torrijos baya cikin oligarchy; Asalinsa yana fitowa ne daga waɗanda aka kora. A karkashin jagorancinsa, Rundunar Tsaro ta Panama ta zama wani bangare na yunkurin 'yantar da kasa. A lokacin gwamnatin Torrijos da National Guard, makarantun gwamnati sun ƙaru daga ƙasa da 2,000 zuwa fiye da 3,000; mace-macen jarirai yana raguwa daga 40 zuwa 25 a cikin 1,000 masu rai; An tsawaita tsaro na zamantakewa da fiye da miliyan 1; ana kawo hanyoyi da wutar lantarki zuwa yankunan karkara; ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata suna girma.
1972: An tabbatar da Junta ta hanyar zabe. Torrijos ya kasance a matsayin shugaban rundunar tsaron Panama.
1974: Panama da Cuba sun sake kulla huldar diflomasiyya.
1976: Janar Omar Torrijos ya kai ziyarar aiki Cuba. A cikin sanarwar hadin gwiwa da kasashen biyu suka fitar, Cuba na goyon bayan fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Panama a yankin Canal.
1976: A ranar 8 ga Disamba, Daraktan CIA George HW Bush ya gana da Manuel Noriega don cin abincin rana a gidan jakadan Panama a Amurka. Noriega, wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Makarantar Amurka, yana kan albashin CIA.
1977: Hukumar Carter ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin guda uku da aka sani da yarjejeniyar Carter-Torrijos, tana shirya dawo da yankin Canal na Panama zuwa Panama a tsakar dare Disamba 31, 1999.
1979: Yarjejeniyar Carter-Torrijos sun fara aiki Oktoba 1 da kashi 65 na Canal Zone an koma Panama. Yankunan da har yanzu suke ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka ana kiran su koren yanki; wadanda ke karkashin ikon Panama fari ne yankuna. Washington tana da alhakin aiki da kare Canal har zuwa Disamba 31, 1999, amma ba bayan haka ba.
1981: Ronald Reagan ya zama shugaban kasa a ranar 20 ga Janairu, tare da alkawarinsa ba zai 'rasa' Canal ba. Bayan watanni shida, a ranar 31 ga Yuli, Janar Omar Torrijos ya mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama.
1983: A ranar 5 ga Janairu, a kokarin sasanta rikice-rikicen Amurka ta Tsakiya, ministocin harkokin waje na Colombia, Mexico, Panama da Venezuela sun hadu a tsibirin Contadora na Panama tare da tsara wata shawara ta farko, suna kira da a kawo karshen duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje a yankin. , dakatar da duk wani taimako na soji, da tattaunawa don kawo karshen yakin basasar El Salvador da fada a Nicaragua tsakanin sojojin gwamnati da 'contras'.
1983: Janar Manuel Noriega ya karbi ragamar mulki a watan Agusta a matsayin kwamandan rundunar tsaron Panama. Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa tana baiwa Sojojin Tsaro da iko mai yawa (masu iko akan National Guard wanda aka hade a cikinta, sauran sojoji da 'yan sanda, al'amuran Canal, da ayyuka kamar kula da shige da fice da tsarin jiragen farar hula). Noriega yana aiki tare da CIA tun aƙalla 1959 (a matsayin wakilin kwangila tun 1966 ko 1967). Sojojin Amurka sun sanya shi a cikin albashin su a matsayin kadari na sirri a 1955 kuma suka ajiye shi har zuwa 1986. Amma Noriega kuma yana fuskantar zabi idan yana son samun iko na gaske (duba 1968): zabi tsakanin Washington da tushen kishin kasa.
1983: A watan Disamba, mataimakin shugaban kasa George HW Bush ya gana da Janar Noriega, wannan lokacin a filin jirgin saman Panama lokacin da Bush ke neman goyon baya ga 'contras' a Nicaragua. Haka kuma a taron akwai shugaban kasar Panama Ricardo de la Espriella da mai baiwa mataimakin shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro Donald P. Gregg. (A lokacin yakin neman zabensa na 1988, mataimakin shugaban kasa Bush ya musanta cewa ya taba haduwa da Noriega, amma hoton wannan taron ya sake dawo da tunaninsa.)
1984: Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Mayu 6 yaudara ne da ma'aikatan Reagan Administration da Noriega suka shirya. Nicolas Ardito Barletta, tsohon jami'in bankin duniya ne ya yi nasara. Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka George Shultz ya halarci bikin kaddamar da kariyar sa (Ardito Barletta ya kasance mataimaki ga Shultz lokacin Shultz na farfesa a Jami'ar Chicago) don yaba zaben a matsayin dimokuradiyya a aikace.
1985: An kashe Hugo Spadaforo, wanda ke adawa da Noriega.
1985: A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, Darakta na CIA William Casey ya gana da Noriega a Washington kuma ya koka game da bangaren Noriega na kasuwanci da Cuba wanda ke taimakawa wajen kaucewa takunkumin cinikayyar Amurka kan Cuba.
1985: Daga baya Noriega ya gaya wa CBS (tattaunawar da aka watsa a kan 'minti 60,' Fabrairu 7, 1988) cewa yayin wani taro a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1985, tare da mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka, Admiral John Poindexter, ya koyi shirin Washington na mamaye Nicaragua. Noriega ya ce rashin ba shi hadin kai ne ya sa aka tuhume shi a watan Fabrairun 1988.
1986: Hukumar Reagan ta ba da shawarar juya tsarin Canal zuwa Panama ta 1990 idan sansanonin sojan Amurka na iya kasancewa har zuwa 2015.
1986: A watan Fabrairu, Washington ta nada Arthur Davis a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Panama.
1986: A ranar 12 ga Yuni, Seymour Hersh ya ba da rahoto a cikin New York Times cewa babban ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, Fadar White House, Pentagon da jami'an leken asiri sun ce Noriega ya kasance yana ba da bayanan sirri ga Cuba da Amurka tsawon shekaru 15 kuma cewa shi 'dan adam ne. masu saka hannun jari na sirri a kamfanonin fitar da kayayyaki na Panama wadanda ke sayar da takaitaccen fasahar Amurka zuwa Cuba da kasashen gabashin Turai.'
1987: A ranar 23-26 ga Janairu, Ovidio DÃaz, shugaban majalisar dokokin Panama, ya jagoranci tawagar 'yan majalisar dokokin Panama zuwa Cuba. Ganawar su da mataimakin ministan harkokin wajen kasar Ricardo Alarcón ya shafi tsarin zaman lafiya na Contadora. DÃaz ya shaidawa wakilin Granma cewa sulhunta rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Amurka ta tsakiya cikin lumana na da matukar muhimmanci ga Panama domin kaucewa wata hujjar da Washington za ta yi amfani da ita wajen karya yarjejeniyoyin Torrijos Carter na mika ikon mallakar mashigin ruwan Panama ga Panama nan da shekara. 2000.
1987: A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, an gurfanar da maza uku a Miami bisa zargin sayar da kayan aikin kwamfuta na fasaha fiye da dala miliyan 1 a 1985 zuwa Siboney International a Panama, wanda aka gano a matsayin 'gaba na Cuban.'
1987: A ranar 6 ga Yuni, Col. Roberto DÃaz Herrera, na 2 a kwamandan Rundunar Tsaro ta Panama (PDF), ya zargi Noriega da zamba da kisa na zabe kuma ya kafa zanga-zangar adawa da Noriega ta farko da 'yan sanda suka danne.
1987: Ranar 10 ga Yuni, Shugaba Eric Delvalle, wanda Noriega ya kafa, ya ayyana dokar ta-baci. 'Yan adawa sun ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar Crusade na Jama'a, wanda Washington ke taimakawa.
1987: A ranar 24 ga Satumba, Majalisar Dattijan Amurka baki daya ta amince da kudurin da ba shi da tushe, yana kira ga Panama ta kafa gwamnatin farar hula ko kuma ta fuskanci yanke tallafin Amurka.
1988: A ranar 17 ga Janairu, jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro Richard L. Armitage ya yi wata aikewa ta sirri zuwa Panama a farkon watan Janairu inda ya gaya wa Noriega 'ya fice daga siyasa cikin watanni uku domin kasar ta samu kwantar da mulkin farar hula kafin zaɓen shekara mai zuwa.'
1988: Kafin ya sami lokaci don 'fita daga siyasa,' Noriega an gurfanar da shi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu ta manyan alkalai biyu na tarayya a Tampa da Miami bisa zargin daukar $5.4 (Tsarin Tampa) da $4.6 (Miami) dala miliyan daga MedellÃn miyagun ƙwayoyi. kare ayyukan safarar hodar Iblis da safarar kudade a Panama. Irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa bai kai ga tuhume shi ba sai dai idan Washington ta yanke shawarar kai hari ga wanda ke da hannu. CIA ba baƙo ba ce ga cin riba da ƙwayoyi; Dubi Alfred W. McCoy, Siyasar Heroin: Ƙarfin CIA a Cinikin Ciniki na Duniya (New York: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991). Daga 1978 har zuwa 1987, Noriega ya sami wasiƙu masu yawa na godiya daga jami'an Amurka saboda haɗin gwiwar da ya bayar wajen yaƙar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi - alal misali, daga babban mai shari'a William French Smith a 1984 da kuma shugaban hukumar DEA John C. Lawn a 1987.
1988: Kwanaki hudu bayan tuhumar sa, Noriega ya bukaci a janye rundunar sojojin Amurka ta Kudu, wanda ke da hedkwatarsa a Panama.
1988: A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, Shugaba Delvalle ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya kori Noriega, amma Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta hana wannan yunkuri ta hanyar korar Delvalle a rana mai zuwa. Washington ta ci gaba da amincewa da Delvalle a matsayin shugaban kasa. Majalisar dokokin kasar ta nada ministan ilimi Manuel SolÃs Palma minista mai kula da fadar shugaban kasa.
1988: Panama ta rufe bankuna a ranar 4 ga Maris bayan da masu ajiya suka cire kudi mai yawa.
1988: A ranar 11 ga Maris, Hukumar Reagan ta sanya takunkumi, gami da kawar da abubuwan da ake so na kasuwanci da hana kudaden Canal.
1988: A ranar 16 ga Maris, Noriega ya kifar da yunkurin juyin mulkin da shugaban 'yan sanda ya jagoranta.
1988: A cikin Afrilu, Gwamnatin Reagan ta ƙara takunkumin tattalin arziki; Reagan ya hana kamfanonin Amurka da gwamnati biyan kuɗi zuwa Panama tare da daskare dala miliyan 56 a cikin asusun Panama a bankunan Amurka. Fiye da sojojin Amurka 2,000 sun fara isa Panama.
1988: A ranar 8 ga Mayu, bankunan Panama sun buɗe don iyakacin janyewa bayan rufewar watanni biyu.
1988: Ranar 13 ga Mayu, Sanata Alfonse D'Amato (R-NY) ya ba da shawara akan ABC-TV cewa sojojin Amurka su shiga su fitar da (Noriega) daga Panama.
1988: A ranar 25 ga Mayu, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Shultz ya ba da sanarwar cewa tattaunawa game da yarjejeniyar tafiyar Noriega ta ruguje.
1988: A ranar 25 ga Mayu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ta zabi Panama da Cuba don wakiltar Latin Amurka a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
1988: A watan Yuli, kwamitin leken asiri na Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ya yi adawa da wani shiri na boye na kifar da Noriega. Ana kiran wannan makirci da sunan 'Panama 3' saboda shi ne karo na uku na juyin mulki da CIA ta shirya kan Noriega. Shugaba Reagan ya amince da shirin, amma kwamitin majalisar dattawa na fargabar za a kashe Noriega a lokacin juyin mulkin. Kasancewar wannan makircin ya bayyana ne bayan wani yunkurin juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba a watan Oktoban 1989. Panama ta kirkiro bataliyoyin mutunci, sananniyar tsagerun da za su taimaka wajen horar da ma'aikata da manoma don kare Panama daga mamayar Amurka.
GEORGE HW BUSH SHUGABAN KASA
1989: An rantsar da George HW Bush a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 20 ga Janairu.
1989: A ranar 18 ga Maris, da yake mayar da martani game da hana Amurka biza ga masu unguwannin Havana, Managua da Panama City don wani taro kan kwayoyi a birnin New York, magajin garin Bogota, Andres Pastrana Borrero, ya ce ba shi ko magajin garin New York, Ed Koch. sun goyi bayan wannan shawarar.
1989: Zaben shugaban kasa na Panama na ranar 7 ga Mayu ya cakumo Carlos Duque da Guillermo Endara. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da dala miliyan 10 a fili ga yakin Edara (ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dan takarar Amurka ya karbi kudaden zabe daga wasu kasashen waje). Gwamnatin Panama ta soke sakamakon zaben ranar 10 ga watan Mayu. Gwamnatin Bush ta aike da karin sojoji 2,000. Daga wannan lokaci, Sojojin Amurka suna gudanar da atisayen soji na yau da kullun a yankin Panama - yankunan 'fararen fata' - wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyoyin.
1989: A ranar 11 ga Mayu, Shugaba Bush ya tuno da jakadan Amurka kuma yana shirin tura sojoji kusan 1,700 da ma'aikatan ruwa 165 a matakai don karfafa sojojin da ke Panama.
1989: A watan Yuni Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta fitar da sanarwa cewa jami'an tsaron Amurka na iya kama wadanda suka tsere a kasashen ketare ko da gwamnatocin da ba su amince da su ba, suna shirya hanyar kama Noriega bayan mamayewa.
1989: Da yake magana da manema labarai a Guatemala ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, mataimakin shugaban kasa Dan Quayle ya yi gargadin cewa 'kuba, Nicaragua da Panama' suna adawa da Amurka da dimokuradiyya a yankin.
1989: Shirye-shiryen Washington na mamaye Panama wani sirri ne a bayyane. Alal misali, a ranar 21 ga Agusta, wani edita a cikin jaridar Cuban Granma ta yi kashedin game da harin da Amurka ta kai wa Panama.
1989: Shugaban wucin gadi Francisco RodrÃguez ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Satumba yayin da wa'adin Shugaba SolÃs Palma ya ƙare.
1989: A ranar 12 ga Satumba, gwamnatin Bush ta fadada takunkumi, ciki har da janye adadin sukari na 1989 da kuma tsawaita jerin kamfanoni da mutanen da aka hana su karbar kudade daga 'yan kasar Amurka.
1989: A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Noriega ya sake yin wani yunkurin juyin mulki wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta taimaka.
1989: Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Gwamnatin Bush ta ce tana goyon bayan CIA a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulki, yana korafin cewa ƙuntatawa game da yiwuwar mutuwar hari yana da iyaka.
1989: A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, mai tabbatar da labarin da ya fara bayyana a cikin Los Angeles Times mako guda baya, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta sanar da cewa an nada Noriega a matsayin wakilin Cuba. Tunda gwamnatin Amurka ta haramta kasuwanci da wakilan Cuban, wannan yana nufin cewa an hana 'yan Amurka yin kasuwanci da shi. Matar Noriega, abokan hulɗa daban-daban, da kamfanoni da yawa ana ayyana su a matsayin wakilan Cuban a lokaci guda ko kuma ba da daɗewa ba.
1989: Shugaba Bush ya halarci bikin dimokuradiyya na Hemispheric wanda shugaban kasar Costa Rica Oscar Arias ya shirya. Ya kawo baƙi biyu, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro na Nicaragua da Guillermo Endara na Panama.
1989: A watan Nuwamba, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa bayan 31 ga Janairu, 1990, za ta hana jiragen ruwa rajista a Panama daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka.
1989: Ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, gwamnatin Bush ta tabbatar da wani shiri na wani juyin mulki don hambarar da Noriega. Wanda ake kira 'Panama 5' (akwai tsare-tsare 4 da suka gabata), yana da kasafin dala miliyan 3. Manufar ba kisa ba ce amma idan hakan ta faru, 'ba a takura ba,' in ji wani jami'in gwamnati. Ya kamata CIA ta daure ta da wani umarnin zartarwa na 1976 wanda ya haramta shigarta cikin makircin kisan kai.
1989: A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, a jawabinsa na godiya ga al'umma, shugaba Bush ya bayyana cewa 'iskokin canji' na 'canza Amurka' tare da 'wasu keɓancewa: Panama, Nicaragua da Cuba.'
1989: A ranar 27-29 ga Nuwamba, Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Panama ta gudanar da taro kan tsoma bakin Amirka a birnin Panama don sanar da wakilan Amirka 118 game da abin da ke faruwa. A wurin bude taron, shugaban wucin gadi Francisco RodrÃguez ya ce, "Za ku ga ra'ayoyi iri-iri da suka shafi ra'ayoyin siyasa na zamani, kuma dukkanin wadannan mahalarta sun kasance fitattun mutane na gwamnati, na tsarin kawo sauyi wanda mu 'yan Panama muka kuduri aniyar. don aiwatarwa.' Ya yi maganar 'kare 'yancinmu na cika 'yancin kai na Panama.' Ga 'yan Panama, batun a fili shi ne ikon mallaka.
1989: A ranar 15 ga Disamba, Majalisar Dokokin Panama ta nada Noriega shugaban gwamnati kuma ta bayyana cewa Panama tana cikin 'yanayin yaki' tare da Amurka saboda tsauraran takunkumin tattalin arziki da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi da kuma yunkurin soja na yau da kullun a cikin yankin Panama fararen yanki), atisayen da aka haramta ta yarjejeniyar Torrijos-Carter.
20 DECEMBER, 1989, MAMAYYA: AIKI KAWAI SANADIN
*Da karfe 1:00 na safe jami'an Amurka sun nada Guillermo Endara a matsayin sabon shugaban kasar Panama. An gudanar da bikin sirrin ne a sansanin sojoji-Fort Clayton, daya daga cikin sansanonin 13 a yankin Canal.
*A yayin da ake gudanar da bikin rantsar da sabon shugaban kasar, sojojin Amurka da na sama da na ruwa sun mamaye kasar Panama, wani yanki da bai kai South Carolina ba, inda aka kai musu hari ta sama da ta kasa, da suka hada da sojoji kusan 28,000 da jiragen sama sama da 300. Jiragen yaki masu saukar ungulu sun yi luguden wuta a birnin Panama, inda aka kona gidajen talakawa na katako na El Chorillo. Daga baya jaridar New York Times ta bada rahoton cewa sojojin Amurka sun gamu da ‘mummunar turjiya’ a San Miguelito, wata unguwa mai aiki da mutane 200,000, amma Miguelito ya fusata. An lalata manyan sassan Colón. Dubban 'yan kasar ne ake tsare da su a gidan yari. Ana samun gawarwaki daga kango da kona su. Akwai jana'izar jama'a a ranar Kirsimeti. Babu wanda ya san adadin farar hula nawa aka kashe domin duk ba a kirga su; kiyasi sun kai dubunnan. Asibitoci sun cika da raunuka.
*Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta gwada daya daga cikin sabbin manyan makaminta-Lockheed F-117A jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu. Sakataren Tsaro Dick Cheney ya sanar da cewa kowane daya daga cikin F-117A 'Nighthawks' ya ba da bam mai nauyin kilo 2,000 tare da 'daidaitaccen daidaito'. Ya fusata sa’ad da ya ji bayan watanni, a cikin Afrilu, cewa ɗaya daga cikin bama-baman ya ɓace da ɗaruruwan yadi. Janar Colin Powell, shugaban hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin sojojin, wani bangare ne na babbar gazawar sadarwa game da manufar F-117As a yunkurinsu na tashin bama-bamai na farko.
* Kamar dai yadda Pentagon ta toshe labarai yayin mamayewar Grenada na 1983, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta tashi zuwa wani wurin da aka zaɓa na kafofin watsa labarai da ke Washington (maimakon Panama) zuwa Base na Sojan Sama na Howard sannan kuma ta helikofta zuwa Fort Clayton, inda aka keɓe su don riƙewa. dakin har aka gama babban fada. Ba a ba su izinin barin sansanin da kansu ba amma dole ne a yi musu rakiya kuma a hana su daukar hotuna na zahiri kamar lallatattun jirage masu saukar ungulu ko akwatunan sojojin Amurka. Jami'an soji suna bayar da bayanan karya game da asarar sojoji da fararen hula. A daya daga cikin gidajen Noriega, sun nuna wa manema labarai wani farin abu wanda Janar Maxwell Thurman, shugaban SouthCom, ya tabbatar da cewa hodar iblis ce. Wannan yana yin labarai na farko a Amurka, amma rashin fahimta ne; 'Cocaine' shine 'farina, abincin masara da man alade' da ake amfani da su don yin maza. CNN ta watsa lambar tarho don mazauna Panama su kira; waɗancan rahotannin sun ba da labaran yankunan fararen hula da aka kai hari.
*A wani taron manema labarai a ranar da aka kai harin, shugaba Bush ya shaidawa duniya cewa, 'Manufar Amurka ita ce ta kare rayukan Amurkawa, da kare dimokuradiyya a Panama, da yaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kare mutuncin Amurkawa. na yarjejeniyar Panama Canal,' ya kara da cewa ya umurci Sojoji da su gabatar da Janar Noriega gaban kotu a Amurka.
*Dakarun Amurka dauke da manyan makamai sun yi wa ofishin jakadancin Cuba da Nicaragua da Libya da ke birnin Panama kawanya bisa zargin cewa Manuel Noriega na cikin daya daga cikinsu, duk da cewa Janar Thomas Kelly da Rear Admiral Ted Sheafer na Hafsan Hafsoshin Soja sun amince da Amurka. Talabijin cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Noriega ya nemi mafaka a kowanne daga cikinsu. Har zuwa ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, sojojin Amurka na ci gaba da kewaye ofishin jakadancin Cuba da gidan jakadan Cuban a Panama, Lazaro Mora Secade, a wasu lokuta suna tsare jakadan da wasu jami'an diflomasiyyar Cuban. Ya zama cewa Noriega yana cikin gidan sarautar Paparoma a birnin Panama. A ranar 3 ga Janairu, ya mika kansa ga sojojin Amurka kuma nan take aka kai shi gidan yari a Florida.
Jane Franklin ita ce mawallafin Cuba da Amurka: Tarihin Tarihi (Melbourne da New York: Ocean Press, 1997). http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jbfranklins