Russell
Dama don yin sauyi na juyin juya hali wani lokaci ba a gane su ba kuma ana samun su
rasa. Lokacin da mutane kaɗan suka cika fahimtar yuwuwar abin da ke gabansu
akwai gazawa wajen gabatar da karfi na al'umma don tabbatar da gyara. Kamar yadda
Vijay Prashad ya lura (Welfare a cikin CT / Mayu 17)
Andre
Gorz ya banbanta tsakanin "sauyin gyara" da "sake fasalin da ba na kawo sauyi ba."
Tsohon yana bakin tekun tsarin kawai, yana ba da damar tsarin jari-hujja don yin aiki da ƙari
yadda ya kamata yayin da "sake fasalin da ba na kawo sauyi ba" a cikin tsari mai tarin yawa
canza tsarin. "Ban kawo gyara ba" in ji Prashad shine "siffar
hulɗar zamantakewa wanda kuma yana da damar sanya zamantakewar da ake ciki
tsarin cikin rikici." Dokar Amurkawa masu nakasa (ADA) ta gabatar da ɗaya
irin wannan budewa a cikin tunaninsa na "madaidaicin masauki" wanda ke fuskantar kalubale
Ƙarshen ƙa'idar son rai da ke mamaye dangantakar aiki a yau.
Kodayake ba sau da yawa ana gabatar da su kamar haka, ADA lissafin tattalin arzikin aiki ne da aka yi niyya
don ƙara yawan aikin ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa. Gwagwarmayar don
aikin naƙasassun ma'aikata shine, a tushe, ɗaya tsakanin jari da aiki.
A al'adance, an gane naƙasa a matsayin abin la'akari da ya dace a ciki
yanke shawara akan aikin, galibi dalilin korar ma'aikaci ko rashin daukar ma'aikata
daga farko. Masu daukan ma'aikata sun sami 'yancin daukar aiki da korar kowa yadda ya kamata.
Koyarwar da aka daɗe tana aiki na son rai shine babban ɗaukakar mu
tsarin jari-hujja. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata na iya korar, kora, ƙarewa ba tare da wani dalili ba
ma'aikacin da suke so ta kowace hanya marar hankali ko ta sabani. Ma'aikatan da suka yi takara irin wannan
harbe-harbe a karkashin rashin kuskure sun sau da yawa gano cewa rashin gargadi ko
sanarwa, rashin hankali a cikin kimantawar mai kula da ayyukansu ko ma
son rai ba shi da tushe don samun sauƙi.
Tabbas yanayin likita ba ƙari ba ne a ra'ayi na ma'aikata.
Nakasassu, masu ciwon sukari, mutanen da ke da wasu yanayi sun kasance
a kai a kai suna dakatar da koyo na rashin aikinsu. Yanzu
Hakkokin jama'a na nakasa suna gaya wa waɗannan kasuwancin cewa dole ne su daidaita
ma'aikaci maimakon sauke su a matsayin wani lokaci. Don haka, ADA
yana tasiri kan koyarwar da aka daɗe tana ƙarewa da son rai ta hanyar buƙatar ma'aikata
don samar da ma'aikaci naƙasasshiyar wurin zama mai ma'ana akan aikin.
The
mayar da hankali na ADA shine daidaita filin wasa don ma'aikatan nakasassu, don haka
suna da damar shiga aikin kamar yadda wasu suke yi.
Koyaya, ADA ta wuce haƙƙin farar hula na gargajiya saboda ta gane hakan
domin nakasassu su samu daidaito, akwai bukatar a
m masauki.
Ana buƙatar masu ɗaukan ma'aikata su canza buƙatun aiki don mayar da martani ga na mutum
nakasa. Tun da farko an tsara wurin aiki don dacewa da nakasassu
ma'aikata (wanda ke cire nakasassu na al'ummarmu), ADA shine
da nufin gyara wannan yanayin ta hanyar gaya wa ma'aikata dole ne su bi da su
nakasassu daban da ma'aikatan da ba nakasassu ba ta hanyar yin wuraren aiki
m, samar da fasaha na taimako da masu fassara inda ake buƙata,
gyara aikin, da sauransu. An bayyana nuna bambanci a cikin ADA, a wani ɓangare,
a matsayin gazawar yin masauki masu ma'ana.
So
ina yuwuwar rikicin tsarin tattalin arzikin da ake ciki?
The
barazanar da ADA ke haifarwa ga kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba kotu ba ta lura da su ba
ko ta hanyar kasuwanci. Doka da tattalin arziki icon Alkali Richard Posner hukunci ga
mai aiki-wanda ake tuhuma yana bayyana tsarin kasuwanci na ƙididdigar farashi/fa'ida ga
ADA:
“Idan
Ma'aikatan kasar suna da yuwuwar wajibcin kudi marasa iyaka zuwa 43
nakasassu miliyan miliyan, da Dokar Nakasa ta Amirka za ta sanya
Harajin kaikaice mai yuwuwa ya fi bashin kasa. Ba mu sami wani
niyyar kawo irin wannan sakamako mai tsauri a cikin harshen dokar
ko tarihinsa. Gabatarwa a zahiri "kasuwanni" Dokar a matsayin mai ceton farashi,
yana nuna "biliyoyin daloli a cikin kudaden da ba dole ba sakamakon
dogara da rashin amfani." Tattalin arzikin zai zama abin ban tsoro idan masu aiki suna
ana buƙatar kashe biliyoyin da yawa a masauki fiye da yadda za a cece su
ba da damar nakasassu suyi aiki." (Vande Zande v. Jihar Wisconsin Dep't. na
Admin., 44 F.3d 538, 543 (7th Cir. 1995)
In
wannan shari'ar, Posner ya hana ma'aikacin naƙasasshen canjin dala 150 da zai yi
ya ba ta damar ci gaba da gudanar da aikinta.
The
kotuna, wadanda a kwanakin nan suke aiki a matsayin hayar jari, sun kasance a bayyane
masu adawa da tanadin aikin ADA. A cikin shari'o'in wariyar aiki
wanda aka kai kotu, masu daukar ma'aikata sun yi nasara kashi 95% na lokacin. Masu daukan ma'aikata
ci gaba da nasara a kotu. Hukumar Kula da Tunani ta Amurka Bar Association
da Dokar Nakasa ta Jiki ta ba da rahoton cewa yayin da ma'aikata suka koka da
Yawancin rashin adalci a ƙarƙashin ADA, "al'amuran da ke da karfi suna ba da shawarar
akasin haka: Ana yiwa ma'aikata rashin adalci a ƙarƙashin Dokar saboda ɗimbin doka
fasaha na fasaha wanda sau da yawa yakan hana batun aiki
wariya daga taɓa yin la'akari da cancanta. "
Law
Farfesa Ruth Colker ya kammala da cewa kotuna suna amfani da dabarun da
yana haifar da "sakamakon masu kare wanda ake tuhuma a ƙarƙashin ADA" ta "cin zarafin da
na'urar yanke hukunci." Alƙalai suna yanke shawara waɗanda yakamata su je
juri. A tsari, ta bayyana, wannan yana haifar da sakamakon masu aiki saboda
juri, bisa ga al'ada sun fi karɓar yancin ɗan adam, ba sa sauraron
lokuta.
Robert Burgdorff, Jr., ɗaya daga cikin masu tsara ADA, yana nuna wani shari'a
dabi'ar kallon ma'aikata a matsayin neman fa'ida da kulawa ta musamman maimakon
daidai da hakki. Babban Alkalin Lardin Amurka Terrence W. Boyle, wanda Bush ya zaba a matsayin
Kotun daukaka kara ta 4, ta bayyana kai tsaye a cikin wani ra'ayi "ADA ba
dokokin gyara; yana keɓance aji don kulawa ta musamman…[saboda]
ADA na buƙatar haƙƙin don cimma burinta. " (Brown et al. v. Arewa
Ƙungiyar Motoci na Carolina, No. 5: 96-CV-689-BO(1)).
A fili kotuna suna dakile niyyar majalisa ta ADA ta hanyar juya baya
nakasassu masu neman maganin shari'a. Bugu da ari, Kotun Koli tana da
rage adadin mutanen da za su iya neman kariya a ƙarƙashin ADA ta
rage ma'anar nakasassu da kuma yanke hukuncin da ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki na a
ma'aikacin jihar ya kai karar jihar don samun diyya a karkashin dokar tarayya.
Masanin tattalin arziki Richard Epstein ya yi kira da a soke ADA saboda hakan
yana wakiltar "tallafin da aka ɓoye" wanda ke tsoma baki tare da kasuwanci.
Kasuwanci, a zahiri, ya yi sauri da fushi a kan ADA da tanadi ɗaya
Majalisar da aka ba da don kwantar da hankali shine batun "wahala mara kyau". Mai aiki
ba a ba da izini ba don samar da masauki idan yin hakan zai haifar da "rashin dacewa
wahala” kan kasuwanci. Domin akwai tsadar rayuwa wajen yin
wurin aiki daidai da samun dama ga nakasassu, haƙƙin ɗan adam yana shiga
cin karo da haƙƙin mallakar ma'aikata. Daga karshe ADA bai karya ba
tsayin daka da tsayin daka na 'yancin 'yan jari hujja na tarawa fiye da kowa
wani; riba har yanzu ta zarce haƙƙin naƙasasshen ma'aikaci na masauki
aikin.
amma
ta hanyar tsallake “wahalar da ba ta dace ba” da gazawar kotuna
yadda ya kamata a tilasta ADA, menene madaidaicin masauki ke nufi
ma'aikata gaba daya? An sami ci gaba tare da madaidaicin masauki
tanadi wanda yayi alƙawarin share fage fiye da “gyara” kuma da gaske
barazana ga dangantakar wutar lantarki a halin yanzu tsakanin ma'aikata da masu kasuwanci. Yana
juyin juya hali ne don ba da umarni kasuwanci don ɗaukar ma'aikata ɗaya. Idan kuma
Haƙƙin naƙasasshen ma'aikacin na wurin zama shine ya zube cikin wasu
bukatun kungiyoyin? Me zai faru idan an buƙaci ma'aikata su sake tsara jadawalin aiki don
uwa ko uba marasa aure, alal misali, don su fi dacewa da halartar iyayensu
nauyi? Idan ma'aikata za su sami ikon yin ma'aikata
masu amsa bukatun ɗan adam; don ɗaukar ma'aikata a matsayin daidaikun mutane, ba kawai azaman kayan aiki ba
don fitar da mafi girman riba daga aikinsu kamar yadda zai yiwu? ADA, by
shigar da kafa tare da madaidaicin masaukin da ake bukata, ya bude kofa
zuwa rushewar koyarwar aikin da aka so. Wataƙila Gorz zai yarda da hakan
raunana wannan koyaswar zai zama "sake fasalin da ba na kawo sauyi ba" da ƙima akan
Babban magatakardar jari-hujja a matsayin rikici. Abubuwan sha'awar kasuwanci da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya
ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da tsarin mulki, duk da haka, sun bayyana suna da rinjaye yayin da abin yake
bacewar ba ya bayyana akan allon radar jama'a kwata-kwata
Marta Russell ita ce marubucin Beyond Ramps: Nakasa a Ƙarshen Zamantakewa
Kwangila. Ana iya samun ta a [email kariya]