Shekaru dari da suka wuce yau shine watershed 1913 mata 's suffrage Maris a birnin Washington, DC Plus, Juma'a ita ce ranar mata ta duniya. Don haka lokaci ne da ya dace don yin tunani a kan dabaru da dabaru na tsararraki da yawa na mata masu ban mamaki.
Dukanmu mun san cewa zaɓen ya ci nasara a ƙarshe ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙuri'a ga matan Amurka a cikin 1920. Amma tsayawa da wannan gaskiyar ita ce rasa abubuwan ban mamaki, mai ban sha'awa, sau da yawa cizon ƙusa da yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya gabata kafin nasarar su, da kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe. darussan da suke da shi ga masu fafutuka a yau.
Kafin wayar tarho, kafin talabijin, kafin gidan yanar gizo, waɗannan matan sun tattara tarin jama'a a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe mai ban sha'awa. Dabarunsu masu nasara na ci gaba da tsara kamfen a yau, koda kuwa da yawa masu shirya ba su san inda waɗannan dabarun suka samo asali ba. Amma a'a, wannan ba zai yiwu ba saboda jinsin 'yan takara da kuma rashin cikakken nazarin tarihi kan al'amuran mata har sai 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ... hmmm.
Da farko, yana da girma
Tarihin zamani sau da yawa yana ba da ra'ayi cewa zaɓe ya kasance da aka ba ga mata da maza ke fuskantar matsin lamba daga wasu tsirarun gungun mata masu fafutuka. Tabbas, akwai ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jirgin, amma wannan asusun ya yi nisa da abin da gaske ya faɗi.
A ƙarshen 1800s, masu fafutuka masu tsaka-tsaki, irin su waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata ta Amirka, sun zaɓi tsara haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a a matsayin haɓaka na dabi'a na abin da aka yi la'akari da shi ya dace da mata don kada a raba masu goyon baya. Maimakon rage matsayin maza, sun yi jayayya cewa mata suna buƙatar kuri'a don cika aikinsu na reno, masu ɗabi'a, masu kula da al'adu, zuciyar gida. A matsayinsu na uwaye da waliyyai da ake ganin sun fi maza mu’amala da dabi’u, an dora mata matsayi na yin kira ga cin hanci da rashawa da kuma dorawa ‘yan siyasa maza da mata. "Siyasa ita ce kiyaye gida a babban sikelin," Jane Addams yace a lokacin.
Babban yanayin motsi mai faɗi yana nunawa a cikin layi daga tutar da ke cikin fareti kafin Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican na 1916: “Don Tsaron Ƙasar / ?Ga Matan Ba da Kuri’a / Domin Hannun da Yake Girgiza Jaririn/? Kuna tsammanin da gaske suna nufin hakan, ko kuwa kawai isar da sako ne na PR? Ko ta yaya, kafin SignOn.org, Twitter ko Facebook, waɗannan matan sun tattara fiye da miliyan daya sa hannu a alkalami da tawada, duk ta hanyar tuntuɓar hannu-da-hannu, da Nuna su yayin da suke tafiya zuwa Fifth Avenue a New York tare da magoya bayan 20,000 da kuma kimanin rabin miliyan mutane a cikin taron a 1917. Wannan shi ne isa ga takardar koke!
Wannan wata babbar hanya ce ta jawo hankalin jama'a, tare da saƙo da hotunan mata masu ƙarfi da inganci a idanun jama'a. Amma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suma suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa wuraren aiki da damar tattaunawa. A cikin shekaru 70 da 15 na rubuce-rubucen gwagwarmaya don gyara kundin tsarin mulki, ƙungiyoyin zaɓe sun kunna duka al'amuran al'ada da kuma mafi yawan masu fafutuka, suna rarrabuwa kan rashin jituwa game da manufofinsu - alal misali, kan ko za su goyi bayan XNUMXth Kwaskwarima kan wariyar launin fata ko a'a. taka kan hanyar samun zaɓen mata - amma ta hanyar dabarun tafiya zuwa gaba ɗaya kafin farkon karni wanda zai ba su damar yin nasara.
Alama ce
Tun daga farko, masu jefa ƙuri'a sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ɗauka gumaka launuka da hotuna. Suna so a gani a cikin taron jama'a, don rarrabe cikin sauƙi wanda masu shaguna ke goyon baya, su iya yin magana ba tare da sun ce uffan ba. Ƙungiyar Amurka ta yi amfani da fari, zinari da shunayya don maɓalli, fil, sashes, tutoci, tufafi, dawakai - kuna suna. Farin alamar tsarki; zinariya, bege; da purple, mutunci. Sanye da fararen kaya kuma wata hanya ce ta nuna tsaftar su ta hanyar mayar da martani ga mazaje suna zagi kamar “Kowace mace in titin dole ne mata of tituna” don bata sunan aikinsu. Zinariya da aka samu daga furen jihar Kansas, sunflower, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a yakin jihadi a farkon yakin. Ya haifar da hasken rana da hangen nesa na wayewa inda mata da maza zasu kasance daidai a karkashin doka. Fashewar rana sun kasance ruwan dare a bangon hotuna kuma.
Gina motsi a kusa da launuka na alama irin wannan ya zama ruwan dare tun daga lokacin, daga motsin Green na Iran, ko juyin juya halin Rose, Saffron, ko Orange, waɗanda duk sun yi amfani da irin wannan alamar launi mai inganci.
Launuka sun kasance farkon ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwaƙƙwaran zaɓe. An yi amfani da hotunan mata da na al'ada da yawa a cikin al'adun Amurka tun lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali, kuma 'yan takara sun rungumi hakan. Suna sanye da riguna a wuraren taron jama'a, suna nuna Amurka, Dimokuradiyya, 'Yanci da Adalci, don haka suna danganta alamomin kyawawan halaye na al'umma da zamantakewa ga 'yancin zaɓe ga mata.
Ya kasance mai ban mamaki da dabaru
Bayan ƙwaƙƙwaran amfani da launi da hotuna na yau da kullun, matan sun rungumi manyan abubuwan kallo - daga dogayen tafiye-tafiye na kwanaki da yawa da ke nuna Gandhi's Salt Maris zuwa ɗimbin fafatawa tare da mahalarta masu kayatarwa, yawo da tsari.
Don tura ƙuri'a a jihar New York a cikin 1912, akwai kwanaki 12, mil 170 "Hike zuwa Albany"; A shekara mai zuwa, 'Rundunar Hudson'' 'yar takara ta kammala tafiya mai nisan mil 225 daga New Jersey zuwa Washington, DC Wadannan sauye-sauye na jiki sun kasance wani ɓangare na "sabuwar mace" da ke nuna mata masu aiki, masu dacewa a cikin jama'a don lalata duk wani tunani. na kasan mata, ta jiki ko ta siyasa. A lokacin, hazikan marubuta sun yi tsokaci cewa irin wannan aikin na jama'a ya samar da miliyoyin daloli a tallata wannan motsi kyauta, da kuma damammaki masu yawa.
Jam'iyyar mata ta kasa mai fafutuka ta dauki wannan wani mataki na gaba tare da zaben fadar White House na farko. The "Silent Sentinels" kuma tutocinsu suna nan kowace rana daga Janairu 10, 1917, zuwa Yuni na 1919 - sai dai ranar Lahadi. Fiye da mata dubu ne suka halarci wannan lokacin. An kama mutane da yawa, an ki bayar da belinsu kuma an yi zaman su a cikin mugun yanayi na zaman kaɗaici, inda suka fuskanci duka da kuma ciyar da su da karfi lokacin da suka tafi yajin cin abinci. Bacin ran da aka yiwa mata masu fafutuka a gidan yari ya haifar da tausayawa ga zaben. Har ila yau, kamen na farko da aka yi a fadar White House, an same shi da laifin sabawa doka, wanda ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da ‘yancin gudanar da zanga-zanga a can har yau.
A cikin karni na 19, faretin siyasa da fafatawa sun zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummomin Amurka - don bukukuwan gida, zanga-zangar nuna fushi ko yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa da ke wucewa ta gari. Suffragists sun gudanar da fareti a farkon 1906, farawa a California. Wannan al'ada ta kai kololuwar daidai karni da suka gabata da me The New York Times wanda ake kira "daya daga cikin kyawawan abubuwan kallo da aka taba yi a kasar nan." Wannan 1913 Tsarin Zabar Mata An ruwaito cewa ya hada da makada tara, birged hawa hudu, masu shela uku, kusan 24 masu iyo sama da 5,000.
An kammala tattakin ne a Ma'aikatar Baitulmali tare da mata da yara 100 da suka gabatar da hangen nesa na makoma mai haske tare da Adalci, 'Yanci, Sadaka, Zaman Lafiya da Bege wadanda mata suka yi sanye da riguna na gargajiya da kuma busa kaho. Hoton da aka fi sani a yanzu daga wannan tafiya shine wata budurwa kyakkyawa sanye da fararen riguna akan doki, a cikin ba tare da rufewa ba, 'yan bindigar sun yi wa Joan na Arc. Kai.
Bakan dabarunsu sun haɗa da ayyuka masu zafi, kuma. A wani lokaci a shekara ta 1919, an kona Shugaba Wilson a gaban fadar White House, inda ya kone kananan kaya a kan bluecoats. Na'urorin kashe gobara da ke tofa albarkacin bakinsu sun kasa hana kona kwali mai tsayin ƙafa huɗu na Wilson. (An kama kusan mutane 50 a wannan ranar.) Suffragettes sun sake yin amfani da harshen wuta lokacin da suka kunna wuta a wajen gidan wasan opera na birnin New York yayin da Wilson ke magana a wurin. Masu fafutuka sun rubuta kalamansa yayin da yake magana sannan suka kona takardar a bainar jama'a a waje - don haka suka yi Allah wadai da munafuncin kalamansa game da 'yancin duniya yayin da aka hana mata zabe a gida. Wadannan zanga-zangar sun kara nuna goyon baya ga matan, wadanda suka tsaya tsayin daka, masu kirkire-kirkire da kuma tsari. Sun bar ’yan sandan suna kallon rashin tsari da wauta, tare da ’yan adawa.
Yawancin lokuta na kafofin watsa labarai an tsara su daidai - sanannen, zababben shugaban kasa Wilson ya isa Washington kwana daya kafin a kaddamar da shi a titunan da babu kowa, yayin da jama'ar gari duk sun ja hankalinsu zuwa ga Matasan Suffrage Procession. Tabbas, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai masu sa ido da yawa da suka zo kawai don bikin rantsar da washegari - kimanin masu zanga-zanga 100 ne suka sauka a asibiti - amma tarzomar da aka yi da jama'a ya haifar da karin karfin gwiwa ga yakin.
Ya yi aiki akan matakan da yawa
Tsari-nau'i na 'yan takara na Amurka sun kasance jajirtattu, masu jajircewa, sadaukarwa kuma ƙwararrun mayaka da jagorori masu ban sha'awa - daga Elizabeth Cady Stanton zuwa Alice Paul. Dabarunsu da dabarunsu sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na al’ummarmu ta juriya ta yadda muke daukar su a banza.
Ba wai kawai abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance sababbin abubuwa ba, masu ƙarfin zuciya da ban mamaki, amma an kashe su da gangan don samun hankali a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na yau - jaridu da rediyo, da kuma hotuna na farko. Wasu mahalarta a tattakin New York na 1917 sun rubuta jawabai na minti daya da wuri Kinetophone rikodin silinda da aka kunna wa masu sauraro a cikin gidajen Vaudeville - kakan YouTube, watakila? Kafofin watsa labarai na ko'ina, na gaskiya ko mara kyau, sun yi nasarar taimakawa wajen ilmantarwa da mayar da jama'a su zama masu goyon bayan zaɓen mata.
Wannan jerin ayyuka da abubuwan da aka cimma na iya ci gaba da ci gaba. Alal misali, ba su ji tsoron yin zaɓe (wanda suka yi shekaru da yawa, tare da ƙarin ayyukan tsageru), kuma ba su jin kunya daga kamfen na siyasa, ko dai. Ba wai kawai su ne na farko da suka karbi fadar White House ba, amma kuma su ne farkon wadanda suka fara gudanar da jana'izar a matsayin taron siyasa da kuma abin tunawa a ginin Capitol - don Ina Millholland (shahararriyar rawar da ta taka wajen jagorantar faretin 1913 akan farin doki). Kuma, a ƙarshe, sun san cewa ingantacciyar fa'ida tana nufin sanya mutum ya zama siyasa; Bambaro wanda a ƙarshe ya karya bayan raƙumi kuma ya ba da damar zartar da gyare-gyare na 19, wanda ya ba da damar zaɓe ga matan Amurka, ita ce ƙuri'ar da aka jefa. matashin dan majalisa da bayanin mahaifiyarsa: “Ku yi gaggawar kada kuri’a don zabe… kar ku manta da zama yaro nagari!”
Ga mata nan!