Kafin yakin an yi tashe-tashen hankula. Rikicin soji tsakanin 'yan awaren da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha da gwamnatin Ukraine na kara ta'azzara - kuma da yawan wadanda suka jikkata, tsakanin mayaƙa da fararen hula. Masu ra'ayin gurguzu a Rasha da Ukraine suna ƙoƙarin gina ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da na aiki a kusa da ka'idodin ƙasashen duniya da yaƙi da yaƙi, suna shiga cikin yunƙurin da suka dace don ƙaddamar da motsin zaman lafiya, da jayayya game da yadda mafi kyawun yin hakan. Tsakanin wadannan tattaunawa shine kima na masu fafutuka na boren Ukraine wanda a watan Fabrairu ya saukar da shugaban kasar Viktor Yanukovich, da kuma nasarorin da aka samu da gazawar bangaren hagu a cikin wannan yunkuri - saboda wannan tashin hankalin ne ya haifar da martani daga gwamnatin Rasha, wacce ta kare Yanukovich hade da Crimea, da kuma dakarun 'yan kishin kasa na Rasha da na farkisanci wadanda suka shiga cikin 'yan ta'adda masu dauke da makamai da ke iko da sassan gabashin Ukraine. Wannan rahoton KIRILL BUKETOV na Cibiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ya kasance wanda aka buga yau akan Mutane & Nature, kuma na farko ya bayyana a cikin harshen Rashanci a shafin Hagu 'Yan adawa. Gabriel Levy (Mutane & Hali).
A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, an gudanar da wani taro kan Hagu da Maidan a Kyiv, wanda ya tara masu fafutuka daga kungiyoyin ‘yan gurguzu, masu ra’ayin gurguzu da na gurguzu wadanda suka shiga harkar Maidan a karshen 2013 – farkon 2014. ("Maidan" = square, bayan Independence Square a Kyiv inda aka fara motsi.) Shirin gudanar da taron ya fito ne daga kungiyar 'yan adawa ta hagu (Liva oppozitsiya), Cibiyar Nazarin Al'umma (Tsentr doslydzhennya suspyl'stva), Cibiyar Nazarin zamantakewa da Ma'aikata (Tsentr sotsyal'nikh i trudovykh doslidzhen') da kuma mujallar sukar zamantakewa Spil'ne (Na gama gari). Gidauniyar Rosa Luxemburg ta tallafa masa. Taron ya ba da dama ga masu fafutuka na siyasa na hagu don yin la'akari da shigar da suka yi a cikin jama'a, nazarin kurakuran da suka yi, da kuma tattauna yiwuwar wasu ayyuka.
Yawan ’yan fafutuka da ke wakiltar kungiyoyi daban-daban na siyasa da tsare-tsare da ke tasowa a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyar Maidan, ita kanta shaida ce a kan zargin rashin hagun a cikin kungiyar Maidan. Tattaunawar an gina ta ne a kan tambayar dalilin da ya sa bangaren hagu ya kasa yin wani tsari na kungiya kuma ya zama abin da ake iya gani na Maidan a matsayin takwarorinsu na dama.
Maidan Hagu: farkon
Ƙungiyar Maidan tana canzawa cikin sauri da ban mamaki tare da kowace rana. An fara a matsayin wani mataki na nuna adawa da kin amincewa [da Yanukovich] don sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai, an rikiɗe zuwa wani yunkuri na adawa da yaudara da lalata na tsohuwar gwamnati, sannan kuma a kan rikici da 'yan sanda da yunkurin kafa dokokin da suka saba wa demokradiyya.
A matakin farko, masu fafutuka na hagu ba su ba da muhimmanci ga zanga-zangar ba, suna ganin taken haɗin gwiwar Turai baƙon abu ne a gare su, tare da iyakance shigarsu ga ƙananan ayyuka marasa yawa waɗanda za su gabatar da bukatun zamantakewa da sukar manufofin EU na adawa da zamantakewa. .
Amma duk da haka, a lokacin da hukumomi suka yi amfani da tashin hankali da zubar da jini, lamarin ya canza sosai. Al'amura sun dagule sosai; dandalin ba ya zama wurin tarukan masu goyon bayan hadewar kasashen Turai ba, amma ya zama wurin haduwar masu adawa da mulkin danniya. A wannan lokacin ne halayen Hagu suka canza zuwa zanga-zangar. Ko da yake ba wanda aka shirya don irin wannan jujjuya al'amura, ba shakka, aƙalla na duka hagu. "A baya can, mun kasance muna yin wasu ayyukan da'ira don ilmantar da mutane da wayar da kan jama'a, amma ba mu da masaniyar shiga cikin gangamin jama'a da ayyukan zanga-zangar" (Nina Potarskaya ce a taron).
Yanayin jama'a yana canzawa tare da sauri mai ban sha'awa. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2014, an shirya wani babban mataki na adawa da Fascist a Kyiv, domin tunawa da Stanislav Markelov da Anastasia Baburova da aka kashe a birnin Moscow a shekara ta 2009. Duk da haka, a wannan rana 'yan sanda suka fara lakada wa masu zanga-zangar mugun duka, wanda ya fitar da mutane da yawa. cikin tituna. Da bai dace ba kawai ga Hagu su nisanta daga yunkurin yakar 'yan sanda. “Ayyukan yaki sun fara, kuma dole ne mu canza tsarin ayyukanmu; lalle ne, ba zai zama abin da ba za a yi tsammani ba don kawai yin tsalle-tsalle a cikin dandalin ɗaukar hotuna tare da kyamarar ku lokacin da mutanen da suka ji rauni suka faɗi kewaye da ku, mutanen da ke buƙatar taimako " (Nina Potarskaya).
Abun ciki da tsari
Maidan wani yunkuri ne na dimokuradiyya mai fa'ida wanda aka yi wa gurbatattun hukumomi na gwamnatin Yanukovich, kuma dangane da launin siyasarsa, ba shakka, ba a bar shi ba, kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne. Idan za mu amince da zaben, kashi 93% na mahalarta Maidan sun yi nisa da siyasa. Kashi 7% ne kawai ke da matsayi na siyasa kuma suna cikin wata ƙungiya ko wata. Daga cikin waɗancan kashi 7%, masu ra'ayin gurguzu suna da alkiblarsu.
A cikin wannan faxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxexaxe,kowace fukafukan siyasarsa ya samu damar bayyana kansa da kuma yin aiki da dabarunsa. Amma, bayan shiga Maidan daga baya fiye da sauran, Ukrainian ya bar sun sami kansu a cikin matsayi mai rauni fiye da abokan adawar su daga dama. A lokaci guda - ba kamar, alal misali, Rasha ta bar waɗanda suka ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici na tituna tare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama da kuma kafa tsarin kariyar kansu - 'yan gurguzu na Ukrainian sun tabbatar da cewa ba su da shiri don adawa da cin zarafi da kuma shirya tashin hankali na dama.
Wannan ya tilastawa Maidan na hagu nade bakar su da jajayen tutoci, da rufe ido ga kasancewar ’yan rajin dama da kuma amfani da dabarun shiga cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya na gama-gari ta hanyar tayar da hankali a cikin fafutukar farar hula. "Muhimmin abu shine isar da sakonmu ga mutane maimakon bayyana kanmu [a matsayin hagu]" (Irin Kogut). "Bayyana kai a fili a matsayin 'hagu' zai haifar da tashin hankali ne kawai daga kungiyoyin masu ra'ayin dama, yana sa mutum ya kasa yin aikinsa" (Nina Potarskaya).
"Mun yi ƙoƙari na sanar da kafa ƙungiyar Anarchist Squadron, amma masu kishin ƙasa 70 ne suka halarci taron kuma dole ne mu naɗe, kuma muka fara aiki a cikin Majalisar Dalibai." (Bogdan Biletskyi). Amma duk da haka Majalisar tana da cikakken iko a karkashin kungiyar daliban anrchist Direct Action, kuma duk taken Majalisar na zamantakewa ne. An yi ta tayar da jijiyar wuya a Majalisar, an yi laccoci, an nuna fina-finan da suka shafi zamantakewa.
Ruhun 'yanci
Don haka, Maidan ba ta hagu ba ne dangane da abubuwan da aka tsara ta amma ta hagu, mai sassaucin ra'ayi a ruhi. An yi ta ne da zanga-zangar adawa da cin hanci da rashawa da mulkin kama-karya, da wulakanci da zalunci, da dimbin al’ummar da suka ji an cuci mutuncinsu da karyar shugabanninsu, kuma kwatsam suka fahimci kansu a matsayin kasa daya. Zanga-zangar adawa da bautar da su na kashin kansu da kuma burin samun 'yanci ne ya sa mutane da dama suka shiga dandalin.
Kuma ba wai kawai ƙwarin guiwa da yanayin Maidan ba ne ya yi magana a kan jigon ta na hagu, har ma da nasa. yanayin operandi. Maidan ta yi amfani da hanyoyin da mu [hagu] bisa ga al'ada muna ɗauka a matsayin namu: shiga kai tsaye, ƙungiyar kai, ayyuka kai tsaye, ƙin shugabanni, da kuma a'a ga rawar da jam'iyyu ke takawa. "Maidan ya jagoranci kawar da zalunci kuma ya haifar da ci gaban shiga kai tsaye da kuma gudanar da mulkin kai, wanda, a zahiri, ita ce hanyar gurguzu" (Alexey Simvolokov).
“Kungiyar kai ta tura masu shiga tsakani, na jiha da na siyasa, sun tattara kaya. An ƙi su. Yadda aka bai wa masu shiga tsakani buhu ya ingiza talakawa zuwa hagu, zuwa ga babban ikon al’umma a kan cibiyoyin siyasa da kuma jiha.” (Nadezhda Shevchenko). Haka nan kuma, ‘yan mulkin kama-karya, wadanda suka saba da jagoranci da tuki, ba su amfana da korar masu shiga tsakani ba. Yawancinsu sun yi suka kan wannan yunkuri. Jam'iyyun Kwaminisanci sun yi amfani da ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen su don ɓata Maidan, bisa ra'ayin cewa wani juyin juya hali ne ya kwace ikon, yayin da wasu suka yi gaggawar ƙirƙira da tallafawa "anti-Maidans" a kudu maso gabashin Ukraine.
Daya daga cikin mahalarta taron ya yi wa taken gabatar da shi Maidan a matsayin Nasara a kan Kwaminisanci, fassara "Communism" a cikin kalmomin Stalin. Wannan ya haifar da babban tattaunawa. Mutum na iya yin gardama game da nuances, amma ainihin abin da ya bayyana shi ne cewa tafiya kan Maidan ɗauke da hoton Stalin ba rashin hankali ba ne kawai amma kuma mara lafiya. Af, wannan ya shafi ɗaukar hoto na Hitler kuma. Maidan, bisa yanayinta, ba ta da wani wuri don alamun mulkin kama-karya da kama-karya.
Maidan Hagu
Waɗanda suka shiga zanga-zangar Maidan suna wakiltar ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da mulki, na dimokraɗiyya waɗanda ba za su iya kasancewa cikin hannu ba. “Dole ne mu kasance a wurin; hakika wannan zanga-zangar tana da tushen zamantakewa, sakamakon matsalolin zamantakewa ne”. (Vladimir Chemeris). “Tun daga farko Maidan ta samu goyon bayan kungiyoyin ‘yan kasuwa masu alaka da kungiyar ‘yan kasuwa ta Ukraine. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sune tushen tushe, mataki na farko na ƙungiyoyi masu aiki da kansu, kuma mu, masu ginin injin Dnepropetrovsk, mun fahimci Maidan a matsayin, da farko, zanga-zangar zamantakewa. Amma daga baya, kasar gaba daya ta fita, ta dauki mulkin kama-karya; ma’aikatan da suka zo tare da mu cikin sauri sun shiga siyasa” (Alexey Simvolokov).
Akwai adadi mai yawa na hagu akan Maidan kuma sun sami damar haɓaka nasu himma da tashin hankali. Masu fafutuka na Hagu sun tayar da hankali a karkashin tutar ja kuma daga baya suka shirya jerin sauye-sauyen zamantakewar maki 10 dangane da Lenin. Afrilu Theses da kuma tanadi na Trotsky's Shirin Canji. "An rarraba takardar a cikin harshen Ukrainian a cikin gidan Ukrainian kuma an amince da shi a matsayin shirin da ya dace da bukatun jama'ar Ukraine" (Zakhar Popovich).
"Rundunar Mata (Zhinocha sotnya) ta tsunduma cikin sukar jima'i a cikin Maidan da tayar da hankali kan akidar dama" (Nina Potarskaya).
An buɗe Majalisar Dalibai a cikin Gidan Ukrainian a ranar 28 ga Janairu, kuma abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun kasance cikakken hagu. Majalisar ta haɗu da shirye-shiryen ɗalibai da na matasa, sun tsara shirin don Jami'ar Kyauta, shirya ayyukan zanga-zangar, ɗaukar masu sa kai zuwa ƙungiyoyin agaji na likita, sun yi aiki akan shirye-shiryen gani a cikin Maidan " (Nina Khodorovska).
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan da Maidan Hagu ya aiwatar shine Watch Asibiti (Vakhta likaren'). "Aiki ne na yaki da 'yan sanda maimakon aikin jin kai kawai" (Irin Kogut). A asibitocin akwai bukatar a shirya kariya ga wadanda suka jikkata da kuma wadanda suka sha fama da rikicin ‘yan sanda. 'Yan sandan Yanukovich suna neman irin wadannan mutane a asibitoci da kuma yin gangami don kare su ya zama batun siyasa; manufar da ke tattare da wannan aikin ita ce baiwa mutane wasu gogewa na juriya ga zaluncin 'yan sanda da kuma jihar. Wannan yunƙurin ya ƙunshi kusan masu fafutuka 25, dukkansu ƴan barkwanci ne kuma sun gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a yawancin asibitocin Kyiv. Kullum da Kallon Asibiti ya kasance tare da masu aikin sa kai sama da ɗari waɗanda akai-akai suna maye gurbin juna.
Ra'ayoyi da kuma gane kai
Babban aikin na Hagu a cikin Maidan ba shine su bayyana kansu a matsayin haka ba amma a maimakon haka gabatar da ma'anoni da ra'ayoyin gurguzu a cikin motsi. Yanzu mun sami kanmu da suka da kuma zargin cewa Maidan Hagu ya ba da gudummawa ga hawan gwamnatin wucin gadi ta hannun dama. Wannan batu ba shi da inganci; Maidan a matsayin wani abin mamaki, faffadan gungun jama'a bai kamata a danganta shi da sabuwar gwamnatin Ukraine ba, ko kwararrun 'yan siyasa, ko wasu jam'iyyun da suka kasance wani bangare na shi. Bayan haka, babu shugabannin da ba na oligarchical a cikin siyasar Ukrainian kuma, duk abin da sakamakon Maidan zai kasance, ba za a sami wani wuri na hagu a kowace gwamnati ba. Duk wata gwamnatin Ukrainian za ta kasance mai hannun dama.
Kuma na hagu bai yi aiki a cikin Maidan ba don neman oligarchs. Sun yi duk abin da za su iya don shigar da mutane da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin jama'a daban-daban masu adawa da izini, suna haɓaka ɗabi'a mai mahimmanci ga ra'ayoyin farkisanci, ɗan luwaɗi, da jima'i, da kuma shirye-shiryen tattalin arziƙi masu sassaucin ra'ayi. “Kusan rabin Maidan Hagu ’yan adawa ne, wadanda ba su taba neman karbar mulki ko shiga cikin hukuma ba. Muna aiki ne kawai don bunkasa cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu a matsayin madadin Jiha”. (Nina Khodorovska, Irina Kogut).
Babu shakka sakamakon wannan aiki zai bayyana kansa nan gaba kadan, lokacin da rayuwa ta koma kan tafarkinta na lumana kuma dimbin ma'aikata za su ji a wuyansu da kuncin rayuwa na shirin "taimakon tattalin arziki" da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa ke bayarwa.
Alhakin tarihi na hagu: a ina muka gaza?
A bayyane yake cewa Maidan ya zama babban kalubale ga hagu na Ukrainian. A baya dai kasar ba ta taba fuskantar irin wannan tashin hankalin na jama'a ba sakamakon bukatar kare 'yancinsu ta fuskar cin zarafin gwamnati. Al'amarin ya canza daga minti daya; babu lokacin da za a tattauna dabaru da dabaru; kowa ya yi abin da ya gaskanta cewa ana bukata. A yau, yayin jinkiri iri-iri, mutum zai iya waiwaya baya sosai, yayi bincike na farko akan abin da bai yi aiki ba don shirya sabbin abubuwan bayyanannu.
Rashin raunin Maidan bai isa ya shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da ma'aikata ba. Kashi 5-7% na dukkan mahalarta Maidan ne kawai za a iya rarraba su a matsayin ma'aikata, wanda, idan muka yi la'akari da shi, dabi'a ce: shiga cikin zanga-zangar jama'a yana da matukar wahala ga ma'aikata. "Ma'aikata suna aiki, ba za su iya samun damar daina aiki ba kuma suna iya yin hasarar ko da ƙarancin kuɗin shiga ga danginsu" (Yuri Samoilov).
Don haka, yana da ma'ana cewa yawancin zanga-zangar da aka kafa ta dalibai, 'yan fansho, ma'aikatan ofishin, ma'aikatan gwamnati, kananan 'yan kasuwa, da dai sauransu. zanga-zangar da kuma al'ummar ma'aikata. Kiraye-kirayen kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa na yajin aikin gama-gari ya rataya ne a tsakiyar sama.
Bayan haka, dukkan mahalarta taron sun nuna cewa, duk da yawan masu hannu da shuni da ke cikin Maidan, kusan babu wani hadin kai a tsakaninsu. Bayan sun shiga zanga-zangar bayan na hannun dama, na hannun hagu nan take suka ruga cikin ta, kuma ba su da lokacin da za su kirkiro tsarin kungiyarsu – sabanin bangaren dama da suka yi nasarar yin hakan. "Rashin haɗin kai tsakanin shirye-shiryen hagu - ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin gurguzu, masu ra'ayin demokraɗiyya, da masu mulkin kama karya - babbar matsala ce." (Bogdan Biletskyi).
Wuri na uku da 'yan Hagu suka kasa gano bakin zaren na da nasaba da karuwar ayyukan 'yan aware a kudu maso gabashin Ukraine. Yin la'akari da cewa ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar a duk yankuna sun dogara ne akan rashin gamsuwa da jama'a game da gurɓataccen tsarin mulkin Yanukovich, da tabarbarewar yanayin zamantakewar mutane - kuma an ƙiyayya da Yanukovich daidai a cikin Crimea da Volhynia [a arewa maso yammacin Ukraine, da ke iyaka da Poland]. - hagu ne wanda ke cikin matsayi don tsara shirin tsarin zamantakewar jama'a, wanda zai iya jin dadin goyon baya daidai a cikin Ukraine.
Amma Maidan ta mayar da hankali kan ra'ayin kasa da na dimokuradiyya, maimakon ra'ayin adalci na zamantakewa. "Ya kamata Maidan na Crimean ya yi magana da 'yan Crimea a cikin harshen da za su iya fahimta" (Alexey Arunyan). Rashin ƙarar buƙatun zamantakewar jama'a a cikin Maidan, buƙatun da za su iya haɗa kan gabas da yamma na ƙasar, sun ba da gudummawa ga haɗawa da Crimea da kuma fitowar "anti-Maidans".
Menene gaba?
Ko wane irin sauyi ne lamarin zai biyo baya, ya zama wajibi bangaren hagu ya hada karfi da karfe domin samar da wani shiri na siyasa na hagu ta yadda za su iya adawa da na hannun daman da ke kan karagar mulki a yanzu da kuma ci gaban chauvinism na Ukraine cikin tsari. "Dole ne mu tsara matsayinmu a fili ta hanyar masu hannun dama kuma mu rabu da kanmu gaba daya." (Nadezhda Shevchenko).
Ana bukatar hakan ne domin kiyayewa da kare martabar dimokuradiyyar Maidan, 'yancin da sabbin hukumomi ke dannewa. "Maidan ya yi shiru, duk da haka ra'ayin anti-oligarchic bai samo tushe ba kuma ana tilasta wa mutane abinci da ma'anoni daban-daban na abubuwan da suka faru." (Igor Panyuta). "A gaskiya, sabuwar gwamnati da kanta ita ce mafi daidaito 'anti-Maidan'" (Alexey Simvolokov).
Dole ne a ci gaba da gwagwarmaya a karkashin taken zamantakewa. Hankalin jama'a ya riga ya hauhawa a kwanakin nan, saboda tabarbarewar yanayin zamantakewa. Muna ganin kwatsam kwatsam suna tashe a tashoshin mota lokacin da mutane ke nuna adawa da tashin farashin kaya. Za a sami ƙarin irin wannan zanga-zangar zamantakewa a nan gaba kuma za su yi girma a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Dole ne mu kasance a shirye don shi. Kuma shirin namu bai kamata ya kasance game da canza wani shugaban kasa zuwa wani ba, amma a maimakon haka canza tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Ukraine.
Yakamata kishin kasa da kasa ya karfafa dukkan ayyukanmu. A cikin kowane yaki ana amfani da rukunin ma'aikata azaman abincin gwangwani, yayin da oligarchs ke samun wadatar jinin mutane da hawaye. Dole ne mu tayar da yaki, muna tsara wannan a matsayin aiki mafi gaggawa ga ma'aikata na Ukraine da Rasha.
Bayani daga marubucin. Waɗannan su ne bayanin kula game da taron Hagu da Maidan. Taron ya ji daban-daban, sau da yawa sabanin ra'ayi. Rubutun ba ya ɗauka ya cika tattaunawar taro; a maimakon haka, wasu ƙididdiga na ainihi ne na marubucin da ke nuna ra'ayinsa na kashin kansa, goyon bayan da ya samu a cikin bayanai masu yawa daga mahalarta. An yi duk zance daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Marubucin ya ba da hakuri saboda rashin yiwuwar tabbatar da ainihin kalmomin bayanan. Eugene Kuprin ne ya fassara wanda aka buga akan Mutane & Hali 16 Yuni 2014.
Hagu da Ukraine: wasu hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa
Mai karanta rikicin Ukraine - Cibiyar Socialist ta Duniya (hanyoyi masu yawa)
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Sanarwa na kwamitin 19 ga Janairu (Rasha anti-fascists)
Rarraba a kan hagu na Rasha m - Ilya Budraitskis
Abokan tunanin mutane - Ivan Ovsyannikov
Mutane & Yanayin (ya ɗauki jerin labarai akan Ukraine)
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