Lokaci yayi da ka'idar tattalin arziki ta samo asali
Muna buƙatar ka'idar tattalin arziki wacce ta fi dacewa da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na zamani, wanda ya ƙunshi rashin tabbas da rashin daidaituwa.
FORTUNE - Na kammala karatun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Princeton; in waiwaya baya ga tsoffin litattafai da manhajoji, da sauraron tsofaffin furofesoshi suna muhawara game da al'amuran tattalin arziki na yanzu, ba zan iya taimakawa ba sai dai na ji kamar na " sauke babban ɗari da hamsin a kan ilimi [I] na iya samun dala hamsin a cikin marigayi. caji daga ɗakin karatu na jama'a," in faɗi ɗaya daga cikin finafinan da na fi so, Good Will farauta.
Amma da alama ba ni kaɗai ba. A watan da ya gabata, sabbin mutane saba'in a Harvard sun fita daga lacca na gabatarwa na Gregory Mankiw na tattalin arziki 10; sun rubuta wa sanannen masanin tattalin arziki cewa tsarinsa "yana da takamaiman ra'ayi - kuma iyakance - ra'ayi na tattalin arziki wanda muka yi imani yana ci gaba da matsaloli da rashin ingantaccen tsarin rashin daidaituwar tattalin arziki a cikin al'ummarmu a yau." Kuma wannan, "Kamar yadda ajin ku ba ya haɗa da tushen farko kuma da wuya ya ƙunshi labarai daga mujallu na ilimi, ba mu da damar samun dama ga madadin hanyoyin tattalin arziki."
Masanin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan Steve Keen ya rubuta cewa "Tattalin Arziki yana da matukar muhimmanci a bar wa masana tattalin arziki." Idan baku taɓa jin labarinsa ba saboda baya rubutawa New York Times ko kuma ya ci abinci a Davos, kodayake a cikin 2010 ya sami lambar yabo ta Revere Award for Economics saboda kasancewarsa "masanin tattalin arziki wanda ya fara gargadin duniya game da rikicin hada-hadar kudi na duniya mai zuwa."
Keen, marubucin Fassara Ilimin Tattalin Arziki, babban mai sukar masana tattalin arziki ne. Yayin da ya yi gargadin a farkon 2001 cewa "ka'idar tattalin arziki ta kasance mai rikitarwa wajen karfafa gwiwar jama'a na Amurka don sake yaudarar kanta cikin rikici," masu ra'ayin zamani kamar Alan Greenspan, Ben Bernanke, da Tim Geithner sune shugabannin tattalin arzikin mu wadanda suka baiwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu damar yin amfani da su. lever har zuwa matakin da ba zai dore ba (bashin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zuwa GDP na 300%) kuma bai ba da gargadi game da hatsarin da ke tafe ba. A yau ma sun kasa aiwatar da manufofin da suka dace don fitar da mu daga koma bayan tattalin arziki saboda ba su fahimci abin da ya jawo hakan ba.
Kamar wadancan sabbin daliban Harvard, Keen baya jin tsoron cewa 'Sarakunan Tattalin Arziki' na yau ba sa sanye da kowane kaya. Yana da gaskiya.
Masana tattalin arziki da ke yanke shawara mai mahimmanci na tsarin kuɗi na duniya, masana tattalin arziki iri ɗaya ne da na saurari a zauren lacca kuma waɗanda suka rubuta litattafai na. Duk da yake abin sha'awa a zahiri, ra'ayoyinsu ba su da tabbataccen shaida, suna cike da rashin daidaituwa na ciki, kuma sun dogara ne akan zato. Musamman, samfuran su an gina su ne a kan ƙwanƙolin buƙatu na gangara, ƙwanƙolin samar da kayayyaki zuwa sama, cikakkiyar gasa, masu amfani da hankali, masu mulkin kama-karya, da daidaito na gaba ɗaya; babu wani bincike mai zurfi, babu la'akari da rashin daidaituwa, kuma babu rawar bashi na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
Wace ainihin duniya, tattalin arzikin kasuwa ke manne da ka'idojin da manyan masana tattalin arzikinmu suka ayyana?
Babu daya. Shi ya sa Milton Friedman ya bayar da hujjar cewa ba za a iya tantance ka’idar ta hanyar zato ba, sai dai ta hanyar daidaiton hasashenta. Amma wannan tsaron bai yi kyau sosai ba bayan kowane masanin tattalin arziki ya kasa yin hasashen rikicin kuɗi da kuma koma bayan tattalin arziki. A gaskiya ma, a cikin Agusta 2008, Olivier Blanchard, farfesa a MIT kuma yanzu babban masanin tattalin arziki a IMF ya bayyana a fili cewa, "Yanayin macro yana da kyau." Ko ta yaya, ko da a lokacin da manufar rukuni ya haifar da hargitsi a duniya, shugabannin tattalin arziki sun kasa yin hukunci akan yanayin tunanin tattalin arziki ta wurin daidaitattun hasashensu. A sakamakon haka, guda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - Geithner, Bernanke et al. - ci gaba da kasancewa cikin mahimman ayyuka na tsari ko da bayan an tabbatar da kuskure kafin da bayan 2008.
Kamar yadda Keen ya sanya shi, masanan tattalin arziki na zamani "sun yi aure da imani cewa jari-hujja yana da kwanciyar hankali. Ba za su iya kawo kansu don yin la'akari da madaidaicin ra'ayi cewa jari-hujja ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, da kuma cewa bangaren kudi yana haifar da mummunar lalacewa."
Maimakon fadada kewayon abubuwan mamaki waɗanda tattalin arziƙi za su iya bayyanawa, babban jigon ka'idar neoclassical yana mai da hankali kan kare ainihin imani daga hare-haren ra'ayoyi masu ma'ana. Haƙiƙa kimiyya ce mai lalacewa, idan ana iya ɗaukar ilimin tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya kwata-kwata. Ilimin kimiyya na gaskiya yana haɓaka kuma suna haɓakawa: ilimin halittu, ilimin halin ɗan adam, injiniyoyin ƙididdiga, ilmin taurari. Ilimin tattalin arziki yana kare kansa - akida ce.
Dangane da ci gaban kimiyya, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Jamus Max Planck ya ce, "Kimiyya na ci gaba da jana'iza daya a lokaci guda." Kuma Keen ya yarda cewa: "Ba za ku iya rinjayar mutanen da suka yi imani da hangen nesa na gaskiya ba kuma dukan rayuwarsu sun sadaukar da su ga imani da wannan hanya."
Kamar yadda ya shafi jagorancin tattalin arzikinmu mai haɗin kai a duniya, muna da kyakkyawan fata. Bacin ran jama'ar Amurka yana buƙatar saurin canji fiye da "jana'izar jana'izar daya a lokaci guda." Ganin cewa masana tattalin arziki na ilimi suna tafiya cikin sauri (idan suna motsi kwata-kwata), mutane ba su jin tsoron sauyi - za su ninka hannun da ba a so. Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta nuna na dan wani lokaci rashin gamsuwar jama'ar Amurka game da ayyukan Bernanke, misali.
Amurkawa suna son dakatar da wasa tare da masu hasara na shekara-shekara, yayin da masu cin nasara za su kasance a kan benci.
Ciki har da ra'ayoyi daga ka'idar sarƙaƙƙiya, tattalin arziƙin juyin halitta, tattalin arziƙin Austrian, tattalin arziƙin bayan Keynesian, da sauran madadin makarantun tattalin arziki - duk waɗanda shugabannin manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi suka ƙi su - zai zama kyakkyawan canji a gefe. Abin da muke bukata shine ka'idar tattalin arziki wanda ya fi dacewa da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na zamani - wanda ya rungumi rashin tabbas da rashin daidaituwa, yana dogara ne akan zato na gaskiya, ana yin hukunci da daidaito na tsinkayarsa, kuma inda bashi da kudi ke da mahimmanci, muhimman abubuwa.
Kamar Wall Street 1.0, Tattalin Arziki 1.0 ya karye kuma dole ne ya inganta. Keen dai ya ce, "Idan har ana son tattalin arziki ya zama kasa na addini kuma ya zama ilimi, to sai a ruguje harsashin tattalin arziki a maye gurbinsa." Muna kan hanya.
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Bada Tallafi