They operate in the green glow of night vision in Southwest Asia and stalk through the jungles of South America. They siepata men from their homes in the Maghreb ja shoot it out with heavily armed militants in the Horn of Africa. They feel the salty spray while skimming over the tops of waves from the turquoise Caribbean to the deep blue Pacific. They conduct missions in the oppressive heat of Middle Eastern deserts and the syväjäädyttää of Scandinavia. All over the planet, the Obama administration is waging a secret war whose full extent has never been fully revealed — until now.
Since September 11, 2001, U.S. Special Operations forces have grown in every conceivable way, from their numbers to their budget. Most telling, however, has been the exponential rise in special ops deployments globally. This presence — now, in nearly 70% of the world’s nations — provides new evidence of the size and scope of a secret war being waged from Latin America to the backlands of Afghanistan, from training missions with African allies to information operations launched in cyberspace.
In the waning days of the Bush presidency, Special Operations forces were reportedly käyttöön in about 60 countries around the world. By 2010, that number had swelled to 75, mukaan Karen DeYoungille ja Greg Jaffelle Washington Post. In 2011, Special Operations Command (SOCOM) spokesman Colonel Tim Nye kertoi TomDispatch that the total would reach 120. Today, that figure has risen higher still.
In 2013, elite U.S. forces were deployed in 134 countries around the globe, according to Major Matthew Robert Bockholt of SOCOM Public Affairs. This 123% increase during the Obama years demonstrates how, in addition to conventional wars and a CIA:n drone-kampanja, julkinen diplomatia ja laajaa sähköistä vakoilua, the U.S. has engaged in still another significant and growing form of overseas power projection. Conducted largely in the shadows by America’s most elite troops, the vast majority of these missions take place far from prying eyes, media scrutiny, or any type of outside oversight, increasing the chances of unforeseen blowback and catastrophic consequences.
Kasvuteollisuus
Formally established in 1987, Special Operations Command has grown steadily in the post-9/11 era. SOCOM is reportedly on track to reach 72,000 personnel in 2014, up from 33,000 in 2001. Funding for the command has also jumped exponentially as its baseline budget, $2.3 billion in 2001, hit $6.9 billion in 2013 ($10.4 billion, if you add in supplemental funding). Personnel deployments abroad have skyrocketed, too, from 4,900 “man-years” in 2001 to 11,500 in 2013.
Viime tutkimus by TomDispatch, using open source government documents and news releases as well as press reports, löytyi evidence that U.S. Special Operations forces were deployed in or involved with the militaries of 106 nations around the world in 2012-2013. For more than a month during the preparation of that artikkeli, however, SOCOM failed to provide accurate statistics on the total number of countries to which special operators — Green Berets and Rangers, Navy SEALs and Delta Force commandos, specialized helicopter crews, boat teams, and civil affairs personnel — were deployed. “We don’t just keep it on hand,” SOCOM’s Bockholt explained in a telephone interview once the article had been filed. “We have to go searching through stuff. It takes a long time to do that.” Hours later, just prior to publication, he provided an answer to a question I first asked in November of last year. “SOF [Special Operations forces] were deployed to 134 countries” during fiscal year 2013, Bockholt explained in an email.
Globalized Special Ops
Last year, Special Operations Command chief Admiral William McRaven explained his vision for special ops globalization. In a statement to the House Armed Services Committee, he said:
“USSOCOM is enhancing its global network of SOF to support our interagency and international partners in order to gain expanded situational awareness of emerging threats and opportunities. The network enables small, persistent presence in critical locations, and facilitates engagement where necessary or appropriate…”
While that “presence” may be small, the reach and influence of those Special Operations forces are another matter. The 12% jump in national deployments — from 120 to 134 — during McRaven’s tenure reflects his desire to put boots on the ground just about everywhere on Earth. SOCOM will not name the nations involved, citing host nation sensitivities and the safety of American personnel, but the deployments we do know about shed at least some light on the full range of missions being carried out by America’s secret military.
Last April and May, for instance, Special Ops personnel took part in training exercises in Djibouti, Malawi, and the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean. In June, U.S. Navy SEALs joined Iraqi, Jordanian, Lebanese, and other allied Mideast forces for irregular warfare simulations in Aqaba, Jordan. The next month, Green Berets traveled to Trinidad and Tobago to carry out small unit tactical exercises with local forces. In August, Green Berets tehty explosives training with Honduran sailors. In September, mukaan media reports, U.S. Special Operations forces joined elite troops from the 10 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations — Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and Cambodia — as well as their counterparts from Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, China, India, and Russia for a US-Indonesian joint-funded counterterrorism exercise held at a training center in Sentul, West Java.
In October, elite U.S. troops suoritettava commando raids in Libya and Somalia, kaappaus a terror suspect in the former nation while SEALs killed at least one militant in the latter before being ajettu pois under fire. In November, Special Ops troops conducted humanitarian operations in the Philippines to aid survivors of Typhoon Haiyan. The next month, members of the 352nd Special Operations Group tehty a training exercise involving approximately 130 airmen and six aircraft at an airbase in England and Navy SEALs were wounded while yritys an evacuation mission in South Sudan. Green Berets then rang in the new year with a January 1st combat mission alongside elite Afghan troops in Bahlozi village in Kandahar province.
Deployments in 134 countries, however, turn out not to be expansive enough for SOCOM. In November 2013, the command announced that it was seeking to identify industry partners who could, under SOCOM’s Trans Regional Web Initiative, potentially “develop new websites tailored to foreign audiences.” These would join an existing global network of 10 propaganda websites, run by various combatant commands and made to look like legitimate news outlets, including CentralAsiaOnline.com, Sabahi which targets the Horn of Africa; an effort aimed at the Middle East known as Al-Shorfa.com; and another targeting Latin America called Infosurhoy.com.
SOCOM’s push into cyberspace is mirrored by a concerted effort of the command to embed itself ever more deeply inside the Beltway. “I have folks in every agency here in Washington, D.C. — from the CIA, to the FBI, to the National Security Agency, to the National Geospatial Agency, to the Defense Intelligence Agency,” SOCOM chief Admiral McRaven said during a panel discussion at Washington’s Wilson Center last year. Speaking at the Ronald Reagan Library in November, he put the number of departments and agencies where SOCOM is now linnoittautuneet Osoitteessa 38.
134 Chances for Blowback
Although elected in 2008 by many who saw him as an sodanvastainen ehdokas, President Obama has proved to be a decidedly hawkish commander-in-chief whose policies have already produced notable instances of what in CIA trade-speak has long been called takatulen. While the Obama administration oversaw a U.S. withdrawal from Iraq (neuvotellaan by his predecessor), as well as a nostoa of U.S. forces in Afghanistan (after a major military surge in that country), the president has presided over a ramping up of the U.S. military presence in Afrikka, The elvyttämisen of ponnisteluja in Latinalainen Amerikka, and tough talk about a rebalancing or “kääntää Aasiaan” (even if it has amounted to little as of yet).
The White House has also overseen an exponential expansion of America’s drone war. While President Bush launched 51 such strikes, President Obama has puheenjohtajuus over 330, according to research by the London-based Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Last year, alone, the U.S. also engaged in combat operations in Afghanistan, Libya, Pakistan, somaliaja Jemen. Viimeaikaiset paljastukset kansallisen turvallisuusviraston ilmiantajalta Edward Snowden have demonstrated the tremendous breadth and global reach of U.S. electronic surveillance during the Obama years. And deep in the shadows, Special Operations forces are now annually deployed to more than double the number of nations as at the end of Bush’s tenure.
In recent years, however, the unintended consequences of U.S. military operations have helped to sow outrage and discontent, setting whole regions aflame. More than 10 years after America’s “tehtävä suoritettu” moment, seven years after its much vaunted syntyy, the Iraq that America helped make is liekeissä. A country with no al-Qaeda presence ennen USA:n hyökkäys and a government vastakkainen to America’s enemies in Tehran now has a central government linjassa Iranin ja kaksi kaupunkia flying al-Qaeda flags.
A more recent U.S. military intervention to aid the ouster of Libyan dictator Muammar Qaddafi helped send neighboring Mali, a U.S.-supported bulwark against regional terrorism, into a downward spiral, saw a coup there carried out by a U.S.-trained officer, ultimately led to a bloody terror attack on an Algerian gas plant, and helped to unleash nothing short of a terrori diaspora alueella.
And today South Sudan — a nation the U.S. shepherded into being, has supported taloudellisesti ja sotilaallisesti (huolimatta siitä, että se on riippuvainen lapsisotilaat), ja sitä on käytetty a huh-hush pohja for Special Operations forces — is being torn apart by violence and sliding toward sisällissota.
The Obama presidency has seen the U.S. military’s elite tactical forces increasingly used in an attempt to achieve strategic goals. But with Special Operations missions kept under tight wraps, Americans have little understanding of where their troops are deployed, what exactly they are doing, or what the consequences might be down the road. As retired Army Colonel Andrew Bacevich, professor of history and international relations at Boston University, has noted, the utilization of Special Operations forces during the Obama years has decreased military accountability, strengthened the “imperial presidency,” and set the stage for a war without end. “In short,” he kirjoitti at TomDispatch, “handing war to the special operators severs an already too tenuous link between war and politics; it becomes war for its own sake.”
Secret ops by secret forces have a nasty tendency to produce unintended, unforeseen, and completely disastrous consequences. New Yorkers will muistaa No lopputulos of clandestine U.S. support varten Islamilaiset militantit vastaan Neuvostoliitto in Afghanistan during the 1980s: 9/11. Strangely enough, those at the other primary attack site that day, Pentagon, seem not to have learned the obvious lessons from this lethal blowback. Even today in Afghanistan and Pakistan, more than 12 years after the U.S. invaded the former and melkein 10 vuotta after it began conducting covert attacks in the latter, the U.S. is still dealing with that Cold War-era fallout: with, for instance, CIA drones conducting ohjusiskuja against an organization (the Haqqani-verkko) that, in the 1980s, the Agency supplied with missiles.
Without a clear picture of where the military’s covert forces are operating and what they are doing, Americans may not even recognize the consequences of and blowback from our expanding secret wars as they wash over the world. But if history is any guide, they will be felt — from Southwest Asia to the Mahgreb, the Middle East to Central Africa, and, perhaps eventually, in the United States as well.
In his blueprint for the future, SOCOM 2020, Admiral McRaven has touted the globalization of U.S. special ops as a means to “project power, promote stability, and prevent conflict.” Last year, SOCOM may have done just the opposite in 134 places.
Nick Turse on TomDispatch.com ja stipendiaatti Nation Institutessa. Palkittu toimittaja, hänen työnsä on ilmestynyt New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Ishayoiden opettaman Kansakunta, på den BBC ja säännöllisesti TomDispatchissa. Hän on viimeisimmän teoksen kirjoittaja New York Times menekkikirja Kill Anything, joka liikkuu: Real American War Vietnamissa (vain pokkari). Voit seurata hänen keskusteluaan Bill Moyersin kanssa kirjasta klikkaamalla tästä.
Tämä artikkeli ilmestyi ensin TomDispatch.com, Nation Instituten verkkoblogi, joka tarjoaa tasaisen joukon vaihtoehtoisia lähteitä, uutisia ja mielipiteitä Tom Engelhardtilta, joka on pitkäaikainen julkaisutoimittaja, julkaisun perustaja. American Empire ProjectLaatija Voiton kulttuurin loppukuten romaanista, Julkaisun viimeiset päivät. Hänen viimeisin kirja on Amerikkalainen sodantapa: Kuinka Bushin sodista tuli Obaman sota (Haymarket-kirjat).
ZNetwork rahoitetaan yksinomaan lukijoidensa anteliaisuudesta.
Lahjoita