Fuente: Instituto de Medios Independientes
Foto de Ryan Rodrick Beiler/Shutterstock.com
Estados Unidos ha comprado casi todas las existencias de remdesivir de Gilead, lo que hace casi imposible que este medicamento contra el COVID-19 esté disponible en cualquier otro lugar del mundo. Después de volver a enfermar a Estados Unidos, Trump está tratando de compensar el fracaso de su administración comprando la producción de Gilead para los próximos tres meses para Estados Unidos, sin dejar nada para el resto del mundo.
This makes it all the more urgent for India and other countries that destacado prominently in previous drug license fights against Big Pharma in the U.S. and around the world for more than a decade to break Gilead’s patent and issue licencias obligatorias to manufacture the drug locally. The patent laws of most countries and the World Trade Organization’s 2001 Declaración de Doha have clear provisions for compulsory licensing during a health emergency or an epidemic. COVID-19 obviously qualifies on both accounts.
En julio 1, el U.S. reached a point de mas de 50,000 nuevas cajas COVID-19 in a single day, about 23 percent of the 218,000 new cases worldwide that day, making it the global leader on how not to fight the COVID-19 epidemic. As of July 1, Brasil e India were in second and third place, respectively, for new cases.
Remdesivir is the only drug that in drug trials has shown some benefit in fighting the virus infection. Remdesivir works by reducing the replication of the virus in the human body, and this helps in shortening the hospital stay of the patient by about 25 percent. If the patient progresses to a more serious stage, needing oxygen support or ventilation, remdesivir is of un poco de ayuda. Here, anti-inflammatory drugs like dexametasona become important. Dexamethasone has shown efficacy treating COVID-19 patients in clinical trials, and, unlike remdesivir, it works by reducing lung inflammation arising out of the infection, rather than by fighting the infection itself. Dexamethasone is off-patent and is widely available at low costs.
Pero si remdesivir reduce el período infeccioso, no sólo es beneficioso para los pacientes que lo reciben, sino que también es útil para la sociedad. Al reducir el período infeccioso del paciente, se reduce la tasa de transmisión del virus.
He discutido previamente that after the battle for access to cheap AIDS drugs, the next big battle would be fought over COVID-19 medicines and vaccines. In the World Health Assembly, the U.S. was the only country that se opuso a la resolución that all medicines and vaccines should be put in a common patent pool, and accessible to all countries at reasonable costs.
Ahora sabemos el motivo de la oposición estadounidense. Quiere control sobre los medicamentos y las vacunas para la lucha contra la pandemia. Una razón es hacer que los ciudadanos estadounidenses sientan que Trump los está cuidando proporcionándoles medicamentos, incluso si su administración ha fracasado estrepitosamente en la lucha contra el COVID-19. La segunda razón es que al controlar la medicina para el resto del mundo, Trump puede negociar con ellos e intentar recuperar el estatus de hegemonía global que Estados Unidos ha perdido.
With this step, the U.S. has also made clear its intention regarding COVID-19 vaccines. The U.S. has backed a set of five companies with a $13 billion purse, as a part of its Operation Warp Speed to support vaccine development. One of these five is Moderna, a U.S. biotech company, and one of the frontrunners in the current vaccine trials. The other four backed by the U.S. are AstraZeneca (in consortium with Oxford University); Johnson & Johnson; Merck; and Pfizer with BioNTech. If any of these vaccines succeed and others do not, we can expect the U.S. will guard that vaccine as it is doing with COVID-19 medicine in the case of remdesivir. Fortunately for the world, there are a total of 17 vacunas in the World Health Organization’s list of ensayos clínicos en curso, and another 132 in the pipeline.
Apart from the U.S. buying up almost all of the remdesivir stock, the other issue in making remdesivir accessible to those who need it is the price at which Gilead is selling this drug. For U.S. patients, the cost is about $3,000 for a typical five-day course (which consists of six vials of the drug—two on the first day, and one per day after that). Gilead has concedido a handful of licenses to drug manufacturers in other countries—including three Indian companies, Cipla, Hetero and Jubilant—to sell generic remdesivir. This means a full course of remdesivir to Indian patients will cost about $400 (at $66 per vial, for six vials).
What is the actual cost of a course of remdesivir? According to an article in the Journal of Virus Eradication by Hill et al in April, the active pharmaceutical ingredient for one day’s treatment should not cost more than $1. If we add to that the cost of making it into the typical five-day course of six injections, the total cost should not be more than $6. Calculations by two authors from the Instituto de Revisión Clínica y Económica in the U.S. use Hill’s data to estimate that the price of remdesivir for a full course of treatment (they use a longer course of 10 days) in the U.S. should be less than $10.
Why should a full course of remdesivir, costing less than $10 to produce, be priced at $3,000, or 300 times its cost of production, in the U.S.? Even at Gilead’s concessional price of $400 for India, it is still 40 times the cost of its production! Gilead’s argument is that because its medicine decreases the duration of hospitalization, it saves COVID-19 patients about $12,000 each in hospital bills—and by charging only one-fourth of that, even if it is 300 times the cost of production, Gilead is doing the customers a big favor.
Como sabemos por la results of the clinical trials, remdesivir fights the virus, but if the patient becomes seriously ill, it no have a statistically significant impact on mortality rates. If it did, Gilead’s price probably would have factored in lifetime earnings saved by remdesivir, and its price would probably have been even 10 times higher!
But even if remdesivir becomes significantly cheaper, it is uncertain that it can get to countries outside the U.S. thanks to the U.S.’s plan to buy almost all of Gilead’s stock of the drug. So what can the rest of the world do? It may need to prepare to fight una larga batalla, ya que India and other countries did during the AIDS epidemic against the U.S. and its drug cartel allies like Switzerland, France, the UK and Germany.
Big Pharma priced AIDS drugs around $10,000-15,000 for a year’s worth of treatment in the U.S. and Europe, and a ‘concessional’ price of $4,000 for poor countries. Indian companies were manufacturing the generic version of these drugs at a fraction of these prices, but countries who wanted to import AIDS drugs from India enfrentado demandas y presión política de los EE.UU.
This battle was fought for nearly a decade. In the World Trade Organization’s Doha Round in 2001, the Declaración de Doha accepted that in the case of a health emergency or an epidemic, any country has the right to issue a compulsory license for producing lifesaving drugs. And the license to produce the drug could be issued even to a company outside the country’s borders. Indian generic drug manufacturer Cipla could then supply the AIDS drugs at $350 for a year’s course to a number of countries, which would otherwise have been completely bankrupted by patented drugs’ higher prices—or else they would see their AIDS patients die in large numbers without medicines.
La victoria para conseguir medicamentos genéricos baratos contra el SIDA sienta un precedente para la actual pandemia. Se estima que el COVID-19 ya ha matado a medio millón de personas e infectado a más de 10 millones. Nadie puede negar que se trata tanto de una emergencia sanitaria como de una pandemia. El remedio de utilizar una licencia obligatoria ya existe en las leyes de patentes de la mayoría de los países y en la Declaración de Doha.
¿Por qué, entonces, otros países no inician la fabricación de remdesivir? ¿Esperan que Gilead y Estados Unidos se comporten mejor que antes durante la epidemia de SIDA? ¿O temen la amenaza de sanciones de represalia por parte de Estados Unidos?
Every year, the U.S. Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) issues a Special 301 Report that it has used to threaten trade sanctions against countries that don’t comply with its patents. India figures prominently in this report year after year, for daring to issue a compulsory license in 2012 to Natco to sell the cancer drug nexavar for menos de 3 ciento of Bayer’s price of más de $ 65,000 al año. After India issued the compulsory license on Nexavar, Marijn Dekkers, the CEO of Bayer, said, “We did not develop this medicine for Indians… We developed it for Western patients who can afford it.”
In April, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi abrochado under Trump’s threat and exported hydroxychloroquine to the U.S. even though it was under an export ban at that time. Will he—and the leaders of other countries—be willing to stand up to the U.S. on remdesivir? Or will they agree with Trump that remdesivir should be reserved for only U.S. patients, even if they have the capacity to produce it for their people?
Este artículo fue producido en colaboración por Noticiasclick y Trotamundos, un proyecto del Independent Media Institute.
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